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Northouse8e_PPT_01.pptx
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Introduction
Chapter 1
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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Overview
Importance of Leadership
Leadership Defined
- Ways of conceptualizing leadership
- Definition and components
Leadership Described
- Trait versus process
- Assigned versus emergent
- Leadership and power
- Leadership and coercion
- Leadership and management
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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The Evolution of Leadership Definitions
1900–1929--Control and centralization of power
1930s--Trait approach
1940s--Group approach
1950s--Group theory, shared goals, and effectiveness
1960s--Leadership as behavior
1970s--Organizational behavior
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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The Evolution of Leadership Definitions
1980s--Explosion of research
- Leader’s will
- Influence
- Traits
- Transformation
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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21st century--The process of leadership
- Authentic leadership
- Spiritual leadership
- Servant leadership
- Adaptive leadership
- Followership
- Discursive leadership
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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Conceptualizing Leadership
The focus of group processes
A personality perspective
An act or behavior
The power relationship between leaders and followers
A transformational process
A skills perspective
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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Some definitions view leadership as:
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Leader at center of group change & activity – represents the “will” of the group
combo of special traits/characteristics - allows them to affect others to accomplish tasks.
3. Things leaders do that bring about change
4. Leaders have power and use it to cause change
5. In helping group members achieve their goals/meet needs
Leadership Defined
Leadership
is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal.
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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Components Central to the Phenomenon of Leadership
Leadership
Is a process
Involves influence
Occurs within a group context
Attends to common goals
Leaders
And followers are involved together
And followers need each other
Often initiate and maintain the relationship
Are not above or better than followers
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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Leadership Described
Trait Versus Process Leadership
Assigned Versus Emergent Leadership
Leadership and Power
Leadership and Coercion
Leadership and Management
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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Trait Versus Process Leadership
Leadership is a property or set of properties possessed in varying degrees by different people (Jago, 1982).
Observed in leadership behaviors
Can be learned
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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Assigned Versus Emergent Leadership
Leadership based on occupying a position within an organization
Team leaders
Plant managers
Department heads
Directors
An individual perceived by others as the most influential member of a group or organization regardless of the individual’s title
Emerges over time through communication behaviors
Verbal involvement
Being informed
Seeking others’ opinions
Being firm but not rigid
Affected by personality and gender
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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Assigned
Emergent
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Leadership and Power
Power
The capacity or potential to influence
Ability to affect others’ beliefs, attitudes, and actions
Bases of Social Power
French and Raven (1959); Raven (1965)
Referent
Expert
Legitimate
Reward
Coercive
Information
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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Power is a relational concern for both leaders and followers.
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Leadership and Power
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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Leadership and Power
Position Power derived from office or rank in an organization
Personal Power is influence derived from being seen as likable and knowledgeable
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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Shift in Leadership Power, Kellerman (2012)
Power no longer the domain of leaders
Followers demand more from leaders
Access to technology has empowered followers
Leaders more transparent
Decline in respect for leaders
Leadership as social contract between leaders and followers
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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Leadership and Coercion
Coercion Involves
Use of force to effect change
Influencing others to do something by manipulating rewards and penalties in the work environment
Use of threats, punishments, and negative rewards
Examples of Coercive Leaders
Adolf Hitler
Jim Jones
Taliban leaders
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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Power and restraint used to force followers to
engage in extreme
behavior
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Leadership and Management, Kotter (1990)
Management Activities
Planning and Budgeting
Organizing and Staffing
Controlling and Problem Solving
Leadership Activities
Establishing direction
Aligning people
Motivating/inspiring
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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“Produces order
and consistency”
“Produces change
and movement”
Major activities of management and leadership
are played out differently; BUT, both are essential
for an organization to prosper.
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Leadership and Management, Zaleznik (1977)
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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Managers
Unidirectional Authority
Leaders
Multidirectional Influence
Are reactive
Prefer to work with people solving
Low emotional involvement
Are emotionally active and involved
Shape ideas over responding to them
Act to expand available options
Change the way people think about what is possible
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