Kim Woods Only (600 3.1)

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Chapter 4: Behavioral Approach

Overview

Behavioral Approach Perspective

Ohio State Studies

University of Michigan Studies

Blake & Mouton’s Leadership Grid

How Does the Style Approach Work?

Behavioral Approach Description

Emphasizes the behavior of the leader

Focuses exclusively on what leaders do and how they act

Composed of two general kinds of Behaviors

Task behaviors

Facilitate goal accomplishment: Help group members achieve objectives

Relationship behaviors

Help subordinates feel comfortable with themselves, each other, and the situation

Perspective

Definition

Ohio State Studies

Leadership Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ)

Identify number of times leaders engaged in specific behaviors

150 questions

Participant settings (military, industrial, educational)

Results

Particular clusters of behaviors were typical of leaders

Ohio State Studies, cont’d.

LBDQ-XII (Stogdill, 1963)

Shortened version of the LBDQ

Most widely used leadership assessment instrument

Results - Two general types of leader behaviors:

Initiating structure – Leaders provide structure for subordinates

Task behaviors - organizing work, giving structure to the work context, defining role responsibility, scheduling work activities

Consideration - Leaders nurture subordinates

Relationship behaviors – building camaraderie, respect, trust, & liking between leaders & followers

University of Michigan Studies

Exploring leadership behavior

Specific emphasis on impact of leadership behavior on performance of small groups

Results - Two types of leadership behaviors conceptualized as opposite ends of a single continuum

Employee orientation

Strong human relations emphasis

Production orientation

Stresses the technical aspects of a job

Later studies reconceptualized behaviors as two independent leadership orientations - possible orientation to both at the same time

Blake & Mouton’s Grid

Historical Perspective

Leadership Grid Components

Authority-Compliance (9,1)

Country Club Management (1,9)

Impoverished Management (1,1)

Middle-of-the-Road Management (5,5)

Team Management (9,9)

Paternalism/Maternalism (1,9; 9,1)

Opportunism

Historical Perspective Blake & Mouton’s Managerial Leadership Grid

Developed in early 1960s

Used extensively in organizational training & development

Designed to explain how leaders help organizations to reach their purposes

Two factors

Concern for production

How a leader is concerned with achieving organizational tasks

Concern for people

How a leader attends to the members of the organization who are trying to achieve its goals

Development

Purpose

Authority-Compliance (9,1)

Efficiency in operations results from arranging conditions of work such that human interference is minimal

Heavy emphasis on task and job requirements and less emphasis on people

Communicating with subordinates mainly for task instructions

Results driven – people regarded as tools to that end

9,1 leaders – seen as controlling, demanding, hard-driving, & overpowering

Role Focus

Definition

Country Club (1,9)

Thoughtful attention to the needs of people leads to a comfortable, friendly organizational atmosphere and work tempo

Low concern for task accomplishment coupled with high concern for interpersonal relationships

Deemphasizes production; leaders stress the attitudes and feelings of people

1,9 leaders – try to create a positive climate by being agreeable, eager to help, comforting, noncontroversial

Definition

Role Focus

Impoverished (1,1)

Minimal effort exerted to get work done is appropriate to sustain organizational membership

Leader unconcerned with both task and interpersonal relationships

Going through the motions, but uninvolved and withdrawn

1,1 leaders – have little contact with followers and are described as indifferent, noncommittal, resigned, and apathetic

Role Focus

Definition

Middle-of-the-Road (5,5)

Adequate organizational performance possible through balancing the necessity of getting work done while maintaining satisfactory morale

Leaders who are compromisers; have intermediate concern for task and people who do task

To achieve equilibrium, leader avoids conflict while emphasizing moderate levels of production and interpersonal relationships

5,5 leader – described as expedient; prefers the middle ground; soft-pedals disagreement; swallows convictions in the interest of “progress”

Definition

Role Focus

Team (9,9)

Work accomplished through committed people; interdependence via a “common stake” in the organization’s purpose, which leads to relationships of trust and respect

Strong emphasis on both tasks and interpersonal relationships

Promotes high degree of participation & teamwork, satisfies basic need of employee to be involved & committed to their work

9,9 leader – stimulates participation, acts determined, makes priorities clear, follows through, behaves open-mindedly and enjoys working

Definition

Role Focus

Paternalism / Maternalism

Reward and approval are bestowed on people in return for loyalty and obedience; failure to comply leads to punishment

Leaders who use both 1,9 and 9,1 without integrating the two

The “benevolent dictator”; acts gracious for purpose of goal accomplishment

Treats people as though they were disassociated from the task

Regards the organization as a family

Makes most of the key decisions

Rewards loyalty and punishes non-compliance

Definition

Role Focus

Opportunism

People adapt and shift to any grid style needed to gain maximum advantage

Performance occurs according to a system of selfish gain

Leader uses any combination of the basic five styles for the purpose of personal advancement

May be seen as ruthless and cunning

May also be seen as adaptable and strategic

Definition

Role Focus

Leaders usually have a dominant grid style used in most situations and a backup style that is reverted to when under pressure

How Does the Behavioral Approach Work?

Focus of Behavioral Approach

Strengths

Criticisms

Application

Behavioral Approach

Primarily a framework for assessing leadership as behavior with a task and relationship dimension

Offers a general means of assessing the behaviors of leaders

Focus

Overall Scope

Strengths

Behavioral approach marked a major shift in leadership research from exclusively trait focused to include behaviors and actions of leaders

Broad range of studies on leadership style validates and gives credibility to the basic tenets of the approach

At conceptual level, a leader’s style is composed of two major types of behaviors: task and relationship

The behavioral approach is heuristic—leaders can learn a lot about themselves and how they come across to others by trying to see their behaviors in light of the task and relationship dimensions

Criticisms

Research has not adequately demonstrated how leaders’ styles are associated with performance outcomes

No universal style of leadership that could be effective in almost every situation

Implies that the most effective leadership style is High-High style (i.e., high task/high relationship); research finding support is limited

Application

Many leadership training and development programs are designed along the lines of the style approach.

By assessing their own style, managers can determine how they are perceived by others and how they could change their behaviors to become more effective.

The style approach applies to nearly everything a leader does.