envierment

Most of the current experts and international authorities agree on 194 countries in existence, however, different international bodies differ greatly on how many countries there are. The 194 countries does not include Kosovo, or Palestine or Western Sahara or Taiwan or Greenland or many other partly recognized states .

Depending upon the source you acknowledge, there may be 189, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195 or 196 independent countries in existence upon our globe today.

As of May 1, 2008, the United Nations had 193 official members. This number does not include the Palestine or the Vatican/Holy See (who act as non-member observers),

Taiwan (whose credentials have at large been rejected by the UN since 1971), or Kosovo (which is not a UN member, but does participate actively in actions of the UN’s

International Monetary Fund and World Bank).

The United Nations Geoscheme: a system devised by the United Nations Statistics

Division (UNSD) to divide the countries of the world into regional and subregional groups

A continent is one of several very large landmasses. Generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria,

up to seven regions are commonly regarded as continents. Ordered from largest in area to smallest, they are: Asia,

Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.

Islands are frequently grouped with a neighboring continent to divide all the world's land into geopolitical regions.

The U.S. Department of Homeland Security breaks the world map into eight distinct geographic regions:

Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Central America, Europe, North America, Oceania and South America.

https://www.dhs.gov/geographic-regions

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme

Middle Africa

WesternAfrica

Africa •Northern Africa

•Sub-Saharan Africa

• Eastern Africa

• Southern Africa

Americas •Latin America and theCaribbean

Central America• Caribbean

• South America

•Northern America *Northern America, the Caribbean, and Central America together form the

geographic continent of North America.

Asia Eastern Asia

SouthernAsia

Northern Europe

Western Europe

•Central Asia

•South-eastern Asia

•Western Asia

Europe •Eastern Europe (including Northern Asia)

•Southern Europe

Oceania •Australia and New Zealand

•Micronesia Melanesia

Polynesia

• North America • Middle and South America • Europe • Russia and the Post-Soviet States • North Africa and Southwest Asia • Sub-Saharan Africa • South Asia • East Asia • Southeast Asia • Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific • Polar Regions • Space

Lydia Mihelic Pulsipher, Alex Pulsipher, and Ola Johansson, 2017. World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives: 7th Edition, W. H. Freeman, 752 p.

North America By Bosonic dressing - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America

North America https://www.dhs.gov/geographic-regions

Canada, Greenland, Mexico, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, United States, and the countries within the regions of the Caribbean and Central America.

The United Nations formally recognizes "North

America" as comprising three areas: Northern

America, Central America, and The Caribbean.

Northern America includes

https://www.internetworldstats.com/list1.htm

•Bermuda

•Canada

•Greenland

•United States

In the limited context of the North American Free Trade Agreement (United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement), the

term covers Canada, the United States, and Mexico,

which are the three signatories of that treaty.

a self-governing territorial overseas collectivity of France, situated in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean near the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador and the only part of New

•Saint Pierre and Miquelon -- France that remains under French control, with an area of 242 square kilometres (93 sq mi) and a population of 6,008 at the March 2016 census.

Lydia Mihelic Pulsipher, Alex Pulsipher, and Ola Johansson,

2017. World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local

Lives, 7th Edition, W. H. Freeman, 752 p.

Subregions of North America •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

New England and the Atlantic Provinces Quebec The Old Economic Core The American South (The Southeast) The Great Plains Breadbasket The Continental Interior The Pacific Northwest Southern California and the Southwest

Capitals Boston Quebec City Detroit Atlanta Kansas City Denver San Francisco Los Angeles

MiamiThe Nine Nations of North America is a 1981 book by Joel Garreauan (American journalist, scholar, and author), in which the author suggests that North America can be divided into nine nations, which have distinctive economic and cultural features. He also argues that conventional national and state borders are largely artificial and irrelevant, and that his "nations" provide a more accurate way of understanding the true nature of North American society. The work has been called "a classic text on the current regionalization of North America".

Rank Sovereign

state Total in km2 (mi2) Land in km2 (mi2) Water in km2 (mi2)

%

water Notes

– World 510,072,000 148,940,000 361,132,000

(196,940,000) (57,510,000) (139,434,000) 70.8

1 Russia

Largest country in the world (10.995% of the world's land mass); its Asian portion makes it the

largest country in Asia, and its European portion of roughly 3,960,000 km2 (1,530,000

sq mi) makes it the largest country in Europe.

– Antarctica

17,098,246 (6,601,670) 16,377,742 (6,323,482) 720,500 (278,200) 4.21

14,000,000 (5,400,000) 14,000,000 (5,400,000) 0 (0) 0 13,720,000 km2 (5,300,000 sq mi) (98%) of the land area is covered by ice. Though not itself a

country, areas are claimed by a number of countries.

2 Canada 9,984,670 (3,855,100) 9,093,507 (3,511,023) 891,163 (344,080) 8.93

Largest English and French-speaking country and the largest country completely in

the Western Hemisphere by total area (second-largest by land area, after the United

States), with the largest surface area of water. Total area and water area figures include

area covered by freshwater only, and do not include internal waters (non-freshwater) of

about 1,600,000 km2, or territorial waters of 200,000 km2.

3 China 9,596,961 (3,705,407) 9,326,410 (3,600,950) 270,550 (104,460) 2.82

Second-largest country in Asia (though the largest located wholly within the continent), and

second-largest country in the world by land area. Excludes Taiwan, disputed territories with

India, and disputed islands in the South China Sea. Figures for total area and water area also

exclude all coastal and territorial waters.

4 United

States

9,525,067 (3,677,649)

(264,837) –9,833,517 (3,796,742) 9,147,643 (3,531,925)

–685,924 6.97

9,147,593 (3,531,905)– 377,424 (145,724)

3.96– Largest country in the English-speaking world and the Western Hemisphere by land area

(second-largest by total area, after Canada). Secondary figures for total area and water

area denote the inclusion of all coastal and territorial waters into the statistical area.

Largest Portuguese-speaking country, largest country in South America and in the Southern

Hemisphere, and the largest contiguous territory in the Americas.

Third-largest English-speaking country and largest country in Oceania, largest country without

land borders, and the largest country completely in the Southern Hemisphere.

Third-largest country in Asia and largest country in South Asia.

Largest Spanish-speaking country and second-largest country in South America.

Largest landlocked country.[16] Second-largest Russian-speaking country, after Russia.

10

5 Brazil 8,515,767 (3,287,956)

6 Australia 7,692,024 (2,969,907)

7 India 3,287,263 (1,269,219)

8 Argentina 2,780,400 (1,073,500)

9 Kazakhstan 2,724,900 (1,052,100)

Algeria 2,381,741(919,595)

8,460,415 (3,266,584) 55,352 (21,372) 0.65

7,633,565 (2,947,336) 58,459 (22,571) 0.76

2,973,190 (1,147,960) 314,073(121,264) 9.55

2,736,690 (1,056,640) 43,710 (16,880) 1.57

2,699,700 (1,042,400) 25,200 (9,700) 0.92

2,381,741 (919,595) 0 (0) 0 Largest Arabic-speaking and Berber-speaking country, largest Islamic state, and largest

country in Africa and the Mediterranean Basin.

Countries by Area https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area

Rank Country or dependent

territory Region Population

% of world

Date Source (official or from

the United Nations)

– World 7,899,897,000100% 4 Oct 2021 UN projection

1 China Asia 1,411,778,724 17.9%1 Nov 2020 2020 census result The census figure refers to mainland China, excluding its special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau, the former of which returned to Chinese sovereignty on 1 July 1997 and the latter on 20 December 1999.

2 India Asia 1,382,679,458 17.5%4 Oct 2021 National population clock The figure includes the population of India-administered Kashmir but not of China- or Pakistan- administered Kashmir.

3 United States Americas 332,474,873 4.21%4 Oct 2021 National population clock Includes the 50 states and the District of Columbia, but excludes the U.S. territories. 4 Indonesia Asia 271,350,000 3.43%31 Dec 2020 National annual estimate

5 Pakistan Asia 225,200,000 2.85%1 Jul 2021 UN projection The figure includes the population of Pakistan-administered Kashmir but not of China- or India- administered Kashmir.

6 Brazil Americas 213,763,863 2.71%4 Oct 2021 National population clock 7 Nigeria Africa 211,401,000 2.68%1 Jul 2021 UN projection 8 Bangladesh Asia 171,466,220 2.17%4 Oct 2021 National population clock

9 Russia Europe 146,171,015 1.85%1 Jan 2021 National annual estimate Including the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol, Russia's disputed administrative areas on the Crimean Peninsula. The Ukrainian government and most of the world's other states consider the Crimean Peninsula de jure a part of Ukraine's territory.

10 Mexico Americas 126,014,024 1.60%2 Mar 2020 2020 census result[

11 Japan Asia 125,210,000 1.58%1 Sep 2021 Monthly national estimate 12 Ethiopia Africa 117,876,000 1.49%1 Jul 2021 UN projection 13 Philippines Asia 110,911,008 1.40%4 Oct 2021 Official 2020 census result 14 DR Congo Africa 105,044,646 1.33%1 Jul 2021 CIA World Factbook 15 Egypt Africa 102,398,748 1.30%4 Oct 2021 National population clock 16 Vietnam Asia 97,580,000 1.24%1 Jul 2020 National annual estimate 17 Iran Asia 84,831,574 1.07%4 Oct 2021 National population clock 18 Turkey Asia 83,614,362 1.06%31 Dec 2020 National annual estimate 19 Germany Europe 83,129,285 1.05%30 Jun 2021 National quarterly estimate

20 France Europe 67,486,000 0.854%1 Sep 2021 Monthly national estimate

Includes the integral 18 regions of France (including 5 overseas departments and regions). Figure excludes France's 5 overseas collectivities: French Polynesia, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and Wallis and Futuna, and the sui generis collectivity of New Caledonia, which are shown separately on this list. The French Southern and Antarctic Lands (an Antarctic territorial claim hosting only government officials and research station staff) and Clipperton Island (an uninhabited state private property of France) are not listed at all due to their extraordinary nature.

Sovereign states and dependencies by population https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population

In April, this year the United Nations unveiled data, revealing that India, with more than 142.86 crore population, has surpassed China, whose population stands at 142.57 crores. Since it started collecting data in 1950, this is the first time that India has topped the United Nation's list of most populous countries. Jul 11, 2023

Rank Country or

dependent territory Region Population

% of

world Date

Source (official or from

the United Nations) Notes

3 United States Americas 332,474,873 4.21%4 Oct 2021 National population clock Includes the 50 states and the District of

Columbia, but excludes the U.S. territories.

37 Canada Americas 38,427,521 0.486%4 Oct 2021 National population clock

Rank Country /

Dependency Total in km2 (mi2) Land in km2 (mi2) Water in km2 (mi2) % water Notes

2 Canada 9,984,670 (3,855,100) 9,093,507 (3,511,023) 891,163 (344,080) 8.93

Largest English- and largest French-speaking country; largest country completely in the Western Hemisphere by total area (second-largest by land area, after the United States); with the largest surface area of water. Total area and water area figures include area covered by freshwater only and do not include internal waters (non-freshwater) of about 1,600,000 km2, nor territorial waters of 200,000 km2.[4][5]

3 or 4

China 9,596,961 (3,705,407) 9,326,410 (3,600,950) 270,550 (104,460) 2.82

Largest country entirely in Asia, and second-largest country in the world by land area. Excludes Taiwan, disputed territories with India, and disputed islands in the South China Sea. Figures for total area and water area also exclude all coastal and territorial waters.[Note 4]

United States 9,525,067 (3,677,649) – 9,833,517 (3,796,742)

9,147,593 (3,531,905) – 9,147,643 (3,531,925)

377,424 (145,724) – 685,924 (264,837)

3.96–6.97

By land area, largest English-speaking country and largest country in the Western Hemisphere (second-largest by total area, after Canada). Secondary figures for total area and water area include all coastal and territorial waters.

The following two primary sources (non-mirrored) represent the range (min./max.) of estimates of China's and the United States' total areas. Both sources (1) exclude Taiwan from the area of

China; (2) exclude China's coastal and territorial waters. However, the CIA World Factbook includes the United States coastal and territorial waters, while Encyclopædia Britannica excludes the

United States coastal and territorial waters. The Encyclopædia Britannica lists China as world's third-largest country (after Russia and Canada) with a total area of 9,572,900 km2, and the United

States as fourth-largest at 9,525,067 km2.

The CIA World Factbook lists China as fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada and the United States) with a total area of 9,596,960 km2, and the United States as the third-largest at

9,833,517 km2.

Sovereign states and dependencies by population https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population

List of countries and dependencies by area https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area

North America’s Physical Geography: Physiographic Regions • Diverse physiographic regions

• Each exhibit natural landscape homogeneity.

• Well defined.

• Some high-relief regions:

• Pacific Mountains.

• Rocky Mountains.

• Appalachian Mountains.

• Some lowland regions:

• Great Plains.

• Interior Lowlands.

• Various Coastal Plains.

North America’s Physical Geography: Physiographic Regions • Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Plain

• Drained by many short rivers which flow from the interior to the coast.

• Some areas barely above sea level (Florida, Gulf Coast).

• Piedmont • Foothills to the east of the Appalachian highlands.

• Early settlements often were made at the fall line to take advantage of water power & because it was a break-in- bulk point.

• Appalachian Highlands • Low, old mountain range.

• No major impediment to transportation.

• Resource area – coal, iron ore etc.

• Canadian Shield (encircles Hudson Bay) • The oldest rock formations in North America.

• The “anchor” of the North American continent.

• Very thin soil – developed after the last glacial advance.

• Arctic coastal Plain (south coast Hudson Bay) • Cold area – difficult to develop.

• Permafrost.

• Great Plains • Semi-arid area – gets drier from east to west.

• Wheat growing areas of U.S. and Canada.

• Rocky Mountains • North-South orientation affects climate.

• Storehouse of many minerals.

• Lumbering & winter-sport tourism.

• Younger mountains than Appalachians, therefore more of an impediment to transportation.

• Intermontane Basins & Plateaus • Rather dry area.

• North/south oriented – Between the Rockies and Sierra Nevada/Cascade ranges.

• Pacific Mountains and Valleys • First interruption of westerly winds (orographic precipitation) –

north-south orientation.

• Three large, useful valleys:

California’s Central Valley.

Cowlitz-Puget Sound lowland of Washington and Oregon.

Lower Fraser Valley in British Columbia.

• Interior Highlands

• A dissected plateau known as the Ozarks.

• Interior Lowlands

• Much of the best agricultural land. • Parent material for the soil for much of the area is

glacial till.

The Appalachian Mountains, often called the Appalachians,

are a system of mountains in eastern North America. The

Appalachians first formed roughly 480 million years ago.

The Front Range of the Rocky Mountains near Denver, Colorado

The Rocky Mountains, also known as the Rockies, are a

major mountain range in western North America. The Rocky

Mountains stretch 3,000 km (1,900 mi) in straight-line

distance from the northernmost part of British Columbia, in

western Canada, to New Mexico in the Southwestern United

States. Located within the North American Cordillera, the Rockies

are distinct from the Pacific Coast Ranges, Cascade Range, and

the Sierra Nevada, which all lie farther to the west.

The Rocky Mountains formed 80 million to 55 million years

ago during the Laramide orogeny, in which a number of plates

began sliding underneath the North American plate.

• Very diversified, ranging from continental humid

to sub tropical.

• Large tracks of land are suitable for agriculture.

• Relatively simple weather system:

• Varies from west to east.

• Influenced by air masses moving from the

arctic (cold and dry) and from the gulf of

Mexico (hot and wet).

• Humid east experiences weather extremes

due to frigid Arctic and subtropical seasonal

air masses.

• The southeast section of the United States:

• A high precipitation level.

• Result of movements of air masses from the

gulf of Mexico.

• Subject to tropical storms coming from the

South Atlantic.

North America’s Physical Geography: Climate

https://kids.britannica.com/students/assembly/view/228159

Air Masses of North America

North America’s Physical Geography: Climate

■ North America is under the

influence of Pacific, Arctic

and Tropical air masses.

■ This distribution of land, sea

and mountains produces a

highly variable weather.

■ From one day to another,

mild, sunny air from the

Rocky Mountains may

replace moist, warm, cloudy

tropical air and then give way

to cold Arctic air.

Seasonal Air Flow over North America

NAVAIR, 1966

January

OctoberJuly

April

North America’s Physical Geography: Climate

■ East/west gradient in precipitation

• Wet air from the Pacific.

• When reaching the coastal chain and the Sierra Nevada is forced to gain

altitude.

• Air cooling process forces precipitation over the West Side of these mountain

chains.

• Once the ridges passed over, the air becomes dryer.

• Rainshadow effect of the western mountains:

• Blocks moisture to the Great Plains.

• Low level of rain falling over the high plateaus and the western part of the

Great Plains.

• As it moves east, air masses gain in humidity through land evaporation and

precipitation levels rise.

Precipitation in North America

Hot & Dry Hot & Wet

Cold

Precipitation

North America’s Physical Geography: Great Lakes and Great Rivers

■ Two great drainage systems between the Rockies and Appalachians:

• Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River into the northern Atlantic.

• Mississippi-Missouri Rivers into a delta on the Gulf of Mexico.

• Both have been modified by human engineering:

• Dams (hydroelectricity and flood control).

• Canals (navigation; St. Lawrence Seaway).

• Irrigation.

A diagram of the location of tornado alley and the related weather systems. Heavily based on File:Tor alley.jpg (public domain, NOAA) but modified to include data from File:Significant tornado alley.gif (public domain, NOAA). 18 September 2009 Dan Craggs

The United States

has the most

tornadoes of any

country, nearly four

times more than

estimated in all of

Europe. This is

mostly due to the

unique geography

of the continent.

Areas worldwide where tornadoes are most likely, indicated by orange shading

The United States has the most tornadoes of any country, nearly four times more than estimated in all of Europe, excluding waterspouts. This is mostly due to the unique geography of the continent. The United States averages about 1,200 tornadoes per year, followed by Canada, averaging 62 reported per year. NOAA's has a higher average 100 per year in Canada.

Picture Source: US Geological Survey

Hurricane Alex, a category 3

storm at its strongest,

traveled north along the east

coast of North America in

August 2004 causing

flooding, strong waves, and rip tides along the coast.

Credit: NOAA

A tropical cyclone is a rotating, organized system of clouds and thunderstorms that originates over tropical or subtropical waters and has a closed low-level circulation. Tropical cyclones rotate counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. They are classified as follows: Tropical Depression: A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of 38 mph (33 knots) or less. Tropical Storm: A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of 39 to 73 mph (34 to 63 knots). Hurricane: A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of 74 mph (64 knots) or higher. In the western North Pacific, hurricanes are called typhoons; similar storms in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean are called cyclones. Major Hurricane: A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of 111 mph (96 knots) or higher, corresponding to a Category 3, 4 or 5 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. Tropical cyclones forming between 5 and 30 degrees North latitude typically move toward the west. Sometimes the winds in the middle and upper levels of the atmosphere change and steer the cyclone toward the north and northwest. When tropical cyclones reach latitudes near 30 degrees North, they often move northeast.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Seismic Hazard

Map shows the strength of ground shaking that has a 1 in 50

chance of being exceeded in a particular place in the lower 48

states over a period of 50 years. These maps are used in

determining building seismic codes, insurance rates, and other

public decisions.

Earthquake hazard map

San Francisco fire 1906

San Francisco 360° panorama showing damage, 1906

Year Type Fatalities Damage (US$) Article Location Comments

1900 Tropical cyclone 6,000 to 12,000

$28,000,000 (approximate)

1900 Galveston hurricane Texas Fatalities estimated. Remains the deadliest natural disaster in United States history.

1899 Tropical cyclone 3,389 $20,000,000 (1899)

1899 San Ciriaco hurricane

Puerto Rico, East Coast of the United States

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_the_United_States_by_death_toll

1906 Earthquake and fire (urban conflagration)

3,000+ 1906 San Francisco earthquake

San Francisco, California

Conflagration followed quake; fatalities estimated; also major casualties in Santa Rosa and San Jose. Deadliest earthquake in U.S. history.

The 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck the coast of Northern California at 5:12 a.m. on Wednesday,

April 18 with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.9 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). High intensity

shaking was felt from Eureka on the North Coast to the Salinas Valley, an agricultural region to the south of the San

Francisco Bay Area. Devastating fires soon broke out in the city and lasted for several days. As a result, up to 3,000

people died. Over 80% of the city of San Francisco was destroyed. The events are remembered as one of the

worst and deadliest earthquakes in the history of the United States. The death toll remains the greatest loss of life from

a natural disaster in California's history and high in the lists of American disasters. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake

Benefits of ocean Transportation: •Suitable for a wide range of products • Large volume shipping •Most environmentally friendly within all modes of transport • Economical and cost effective. • Extensive worldwide coverage • Multiple carrier options

Western Hemisphere as the United States' sphere of interest

https://gwtimpex.co.uk/sea-vs-road-vs-air-freight/

The Monroe Doctrine was articulated in President James Monroe's seventh annual message to Congress on December 2, 1823. The European powers, according to Monroe, were obligated to respect the Western Hemisphere as the United States' sphere of interest.

President James Monroe’s 1823 annual message to Congress contained the Monroe Doctrine, which warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere. Understandably, the United States has always taken a particular interest in its closest neighbors – the nations of the Western Hemisphere. Equally understandably, expressions of this concern have not always been favorably regarded by other American nations. The Monroe Doctrine is the best known U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere. Buried in a routine annual message delivered to Congress by President James Monroe in December 1823, the doctrine warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs. The doctrine was conceived to meet major concerns of the moment, but it soon became a watchword of U.S. policy in the Western Hemisphere. The Monroe Doctrine was invoked in 1865 when the U.S. government exerted diplomatic and military pressure in support of the Mexican President Benito Juárez. This support enabled Juárez to lead a successful revolt against the Emperor Maximilian, who had been placed on the throne by the French government. Almost 40 years later, in 1904, European creditors of a number of Latin American countries threatened armed intervention to collect debts. President Theodore Roosevelt promptly proclaimed the right of the United States to exercise an “international police power” to curb such “chronic wrongdoing.” As a result, U. S. Marines were sent into Santo Domingo in 1904, Nicaragua in 1911, and Haiti in 1915, ostensibly to keep the Europeans out. Other Latin American nations viewed these interventions with misgiving, and relations between the “great Colossus of the North” and its southern neighbors remained strained for many years. In 1962, the Monroe Doctrine was invoked symbolically when the Soviet Union began to build missile-launching sites in Cuba. With the support of the Organization of American States, President John F. Kennedy threw a naval and air quarantine around the island. After several tense days, the Soviet Union agreed to withdraw the missiles and dismantle the sites. Subsequently, the United States dismantled several of its obsolete air and missile bases in Turkey. (Information excerpted from Milestone Documents [Washington, DC: The National Archives and Records Administration, 1995] pp. 26–29.)

The Distribution of Natural Resources

■ Abundant mineral reserves • Fossil fuels or oil, natural gas and coal energy sources.

• Oil:

• Not enough to satisfy demand, so imports are necessary.

• Oil dependence has been an enduring national policy issue.

• Substantial growth in domestic supply due to new technologies such as tar sands and oil

shale.

• Alternative energy sources, especially nuclear power, are not well-developed, but

growing fast.

• Natural gas:

• Usually associated with oil.

• Mainly used for power generation.

• Coal:

• Among the world’s largest reserves.

How long will world's oil reserves last? 53 years, says BP

Hasan Jamali/AP/File Oil pumps are shown in the desert oil fields of Sakhir, Bahrain.

The world's oil reserves will last 53 more years at current

extraction rates, according to BP's annual report.

The World’s Largest Oil Reserves By Country https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-world-s-largest-oil-reserves-by-country.html

The world has 53.3 years left to find an alternative to oil before current proved reserves run dry, according to BP. Of course, nations are finding new oil – meaning that number is rising – but new extraction methods are costly and can pose environmental threats.

July 14, 2014

By Andy Tully OilPrice.com https://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Energy-Voices/2014/0714/How-long-will-world-s-oil-reserves-last-53-years-says-BP

70% of oil deposits existing today were formed in the

Mesozoic age (252 to 66 million years ago), 20% were formed

in the Cenozoic age (65 million years ago), and only 10% were

formed in the Paleozoic age (541 to 252 million years ago).

Early crude production in the U.S.

Year Volume

1859 2,000 barrels (~270 t)

1869 4,215,000 barrels (~5.750×105 t)

1879 19,914,146 barrels (~2.717×106 t)

1889 35,163,513 barrels (~4.797×106 t)

1899 57,084,428 barrels (~7.788×106 t)

1906 126,493,936 barrels (~1.726×107 t)

The current level of U.S. crude oil

production as of September 2019

is 12,400.00 thousand barrels per day

(4,526,000,000 barrels/Year).

Rank Country Proven Oil Reserves in 2020 in millions of barrels

1 Venezuela 302,809

2 Saudi Arabia 267,026

3 Canada 167,896

4 Iran 155,600

5 Iraq 145,019

6 Kuwait 101,500

7 United Arab Emirates 97,800

8 Russia 80,000

9 Libya 48,363

10 United States 47,053 11 Nigeria 36,972

12 Kazakhstan 30,000

13 China 25,620

14 Qatar 25,244

15 Brazil 12,999

16 Algeria 12,200

17 Angola 8,273

18 Ecuador 8,273

19 Mexico 7,300

20 Azerbaijan 7,000

21 Norway 6,611

22 Oman 5,373

23 India 4,600

24 Egypt 4,400

25 Vietnam 4,400

Proven oil reserves in the United States were 43.8 billion barrels

(6.96×109 m3) of crude oil as of the end of 2018, excluding

the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. The 2018 reserves represent the

largest US proven reserves since 1972. The Energy Information

Administration estimates US undiscovered, technically recoverable oil

resources to be an additional 198 billion barrels.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_the_United_States

The United States

holds 35,230,000,000

barrels of proven oil

reserves as of 2016,

ranking 11th in the world

and accounting for about

2.1% of the world's total

oil reserves of

1,650,585,140,000

barrels. The United

States has proven

reserves equivalent to 4.9

times its annual

consumption.

What countries are the top producers and consumers of oil? Last updated: September 22, 2023

https://www.eia.gov/ U.S. Energy Information Administration

1000 Independence Ave., SW

Washington, DC 20585

The top 10 oil1 consumers and share of total world

oil consumption in 20212

1 Oil includes crude oil, all other petroleum liquids, and biofuels. 2 Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy

Statistics, Total oil (petroleum and other liquids) consumption, as of September 22,

2023

The top 10 oil1 producers and share of total world oil

production2 in 20223

1 Oil includes crude oil, all other petroleum liquids, and biofuels. 2 Production includes domestic production of crude oil, all other petroleum liquids, and

biofuels and refinery processing gain. 3 Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics, Total

oil (petroleum and other liquids) production, as of September 22, 2023

Country Population % of

world Date

United States 332,474,873 4.21%4 Oct 2021

Country Million barrels per day Share of world total

United States 20.30 21%

Saudi Arabia 12.44 13%

Russia 10.13 10%

Canada 5.83 6%

Iraq 4.61 5%

China 4.45 5%

United Arab Emirates 4.23 4%

Iran 3.67 4%

Brazil 3.17 3%

Kuwait 3.01 3%

Total top 10 71.83 74%

World total 97.70

Country Million barrels per day Share of world total United States 19.89 20% China 15.27 16% India 4.68 5% Russia 3.67 4% Japan 3.41 4% Saudi Arabia 3.35 3% Brazil 2.89 3% South Korea 2.56 3% Canada 2.26 2% Germany 2.23 2% Total top 10 60.20 62%

World total 97.26

Petroleum Production, Consumption and Imports, United States, 1949-2015

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

D ol

la rs

p er

ba rr

el

M ill

io ns

of ba rr

el s

Crude Oil Production Consumption Crude Oil Imports Crude Oil Price (2015 dollars)

Crude prices dropped sharply last spring but have risen steadily over recent months. U.S. Energy Information Administration

https://www.npr.org/2021/07/07/1013721716/oil-prices-are-in-turmoil-right-now-here-are-5-things-you-need-to-know

■ Uneven distribution of natural resources • Resource rich states benefit from high commodity prices

while others may be negatively impacted. • E.g. Texas / Alberta vs California / Ontario. • The situation reverses during a commodity bust.

https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/gasoline/price-fluctuations.php

89.41 USD+0.18 (0.20%)

Oct 3, 8:25 PM EDT

How much natural gas does the United States have,

and how long will it last? The U.S. Energy Information Administration estimates in

the Annual Energy Outlook 2019 that as of January 1, 2017,

there were about 2,459 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of technically

recoverable resources (TRR) of dry natural gas in the United

States. Assuming the same annual rate of U.S. dry natural

gas production in 2018 of about 30.4 Tcf, the United States

has enough dry natural gas to last about 80 years. The

actual number of years the TRR will last depends on the

actual amount of dry natural gas produced and on changes in

natural gas TRR in future years.

Technically recoverable reserves include proved reserves and

unproved resources. Proved reserves of crude oil and natural

gas are the estimated volumes expected to be produced, with

reasonable certainty, under existing economic and operating

conditions. Unproved resources of crude oil and natural gas

are additional volumes estimated to be technically

recoverable without consideration of economics or operating

conditions, based on the application of current technology.

EIA estimates that as of January 1, 2017, the United States

had about 322 Tcf of proved reserves and 2,137 Tcf of

unproved reserves of dry natural gas.

U.S. Energy Information Administration (Last updated: April 5,

2019)

How much coal is in the United States? The amount of coal that exists in the United States is difficult to estimate because it is buried underground. The most comprehensive

national assessment of U.S. coal resources was published by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 1975, which indicated that as of

January 1, 1974, coal resources in the United States totaled 4 trillion short tons. Although more recent regional assessments of U.S.

coal resources have been conducted by the USGS, a new national-level assessment of U.S. coal resources has not been conducted.

The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) publishes three measures of how much coal is left in the United States, which are

based on various degrees of geologic certainty and on the economic feasibility of mining the coal.

EIA's estimates for the amount of coal reserves as of January 1, 2018, by type of reserve

•Demonstrated Reserve Base (DRB) is the sum of coal in both measured and indicated resource categories of reliability. The DRB

represents 100% of the in-place coal that could be mined commercially at a given time. EIA estimates the DRB at about 475 billion

short tons, of which about 69% is underground mineable coal.

•Estimated recoverable reserves include only the coal that can be mined with today's mining technology after considering

accessibility constraints and recovery factors. EIA estimates U.S. recoverable coal reserves at about 253 billion short tons, of which

about 58% is underground mineable coal.

•Recoverable reserves at producing mines are the amount of recoverable reserves that coal mining companies report to EIA for

their U.S. coal mines that produced more than 25,000 short tons of coal in a year. EIA estimates these reserves at about 16 billion

short tons of recoverable reserves, of which 68% is surface mineable coal.

Based on U.S. coal production in 2017 of about 0.78 billion short tons, the recoverable coal reserves would last about 325 years,

and recoverable reserves at producing mines would last about 26 years. The actual number of years that those reserves will last

depends on changes in production and reserves estimates.

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Coal Reserves, Table 15, November 2018

Coal explained Coal imports and exports

U.S. coal imports Although the United States produces a large amount of coal—about 756 million short tons (MMst) in 2018—some coal-burning power plants along the

Gulf Coast and the Atlantic Ocean sometimes find it cheaper to import coal from other countries than to obtain coal from U.S. coal-producing regions.

In 2018, the United States consumed about 687 MMst of coal and imported about 6 MMst of coal. Coal imports were equal to about 0.9% of U.S. coal

consumption in 2018.

Nearly all of U.S. coal imports in 2018 were from five countries. The top five source countries of U.S. coal imports, the amount imported, and their percent

shares of total U.S. coal imports in 2018 were

Colombia 4.06 MMst 68%

Indonesia 0.92 MMst 15%

Canada 0.77 MMst 13%

Russia 0.08 MMst 1% South Africa 0.05 MMst 1%

A total of about 82,000 short tons of coal were imported from 10 other countries in 2018.

U.S. coal exports The United States is a net exporter of coal, meaning that it exports more coal to other countries than it imports from other countries. In 2012, U.S. coal

exports reached a record high of 126 MMst, equal to 12% of U.S. coal production in 2012. U.S. coal exports declined each year from 2012 through 2016

and then increased in 2017 and 2018. In 2018, the United States exported about 116 MMst of coal—equal to about 15% of U.S. coal production— to at

least 52 countries.

About 47% of U.S. coal exports in 2018 went to five countries. The top five destinations of U.S. coal exports, the amount exported, and their percent

shares of total coal exports in 2018 were

India 17.19 MMst 15%

The Netherlands 12.36 MMst 11%

Japan 10.39 MMst 9%

South Korea 9.32 MMst 8% Brazil 8.60 MMst 7%

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, Table 6.1, April 2019

United States Lumber Production

Year Annual Production (millions of board feet)

1850 5,000

1860 8,000

1870 13,000

1880 18,000

1890 23,500

1900 35,000

United States Gross Income, Net Profits, Production, and price index in the Lumber Industry 1920 -1934

Year Gross Income

(In Millions Dollar)

Net Profit (In Millions

Dollar)

Production (In Board feet)

(In Millions)

Wholesale Price Index (1926=100)

1920 3,312 N/A 35,000 N/A

1922 2,402 167 35,250 N/A

1924 2,835 132 39,500 99.3

1926 3,069 117 39,750 100.0

1928 2,342 82 36,750 90.5

1930 1,988 110 26,100 85.8

1932 854 202 10,100 58.5

1934 N/A N/A 12,827 84.5

Twenty-first century Presently there is a healthy lumber economy in the United States,

directly employing about 500,000 people in three

industries: Logging, Sawmill, and Panel. Annual production in the

U.S. is more than 30 billion board feet making the U.S. the largest

producer and consumer of lumber. …the United States remains

the second largest exporter of wood in the world.

2. USA (19.5 billion kilograms) The United States' (U.S.) forest product exports have grown tremendously

over the years, with a record $9.7 billion USD worth of forest products being produced in 2014. China, Canada, and Mexico are the top three markets

for U.S. forest product exports. A total of 19.5 billion kilograms of processed

wood are generated and exported from the country annually. Logs and

lumber generate the highest export values, while the demand for wood

pellets has also grown rapidly, primarily driven by the European Union’s

increased demand for fuel resources.

1. Canada (31 billion kilograms) In Canada, forest products, primarily wood and wood products, contribute a

significant level of the value added to the country’s economy. $17.1 billion

USD are generated annually in export value alone from the country’s forest

products. Northern bleached softwood turned into kraft pulp, newsprint pulp,

and softwood lumber are the three items that together form 47% of Canada’s

forest product exports. 31 billion kilograms of wood, processed as either

sawed timber, pulp, or paper, are produced and exported from this country

annually. The United States, China, and Japan serve as the largest foreign

markets for Canadian wood and wood product exports.

Forests Are Disappearing Rapidly.

In 1620, (a) when European settlers

were moving to North America,

forests covered more than half of the

current land area of the continental

United States. By 1920, (b) most of

these forests had been decimated. In

2000, (c) secondary and commercial

forests covered about a third of U.S.

land in the lower 48 states.

The Distribution of Natural Resources

■ Water

• Relatively well-supplied.

• Water based vs irrigation-based agriculture.

• Concerns for future supply:

• Arid Southwest and Great Plains rely on other areas for water.

• Overuse of ground water aquifers lowers water table.

Figure 13.5 Comparison of primary uses of water in the United

States (left) and uses of water in a typical U.S. household (right).

Figure 13.7 Water scarcity hotspots in 17 western states that, by 2025,

could face intense conflicts over scarce water needed for urban

growth, irrigation, recreation, and wildlife.

• More than enough renewable

freshwater

– Unevenly distributed and polluted

Freshwater Resources in the United States

Case Study: The Colorado River Story

• Issues

– Very little water is reaching the Gulf of California

– System has experienced severe drought since 1999

– Lake Mead fell to record low water level in 2015

• The Colorado River

– Flows 2,300 km (1,400 miles) through seven U.S. states

– Includes 14 dams and reservoirs

– Water supplied mostly from snowmelt of the Rocky

Mountains

– Supplies electricity for about 40 million people in seven

states and 90% of the drinking water for Las Vegas,

Phoenix, Los Angeles, and San Diego

– Irrigation water for about 15% of the crops and livestock

in America Figure 13.1 The Colorado River basin: The area

drained by this river system is more than one-

twelfth of the land area of the lower 48 states.

This map shows 6 of the river’s 14 dams.

The Colorado River basin is managed to provide water to millions of people—most notably the cities of San Diego, Las Vegas, Phoenix, and Los Angeles—and 4-5 million acres of farmland in the Southwest. The river is allotted to states and to Mexico through laws like the 1922 Colorado River Compact and by a recent drought contingency plan announced in 2019.

NASA Earth Observatory images by Lauren Dauphin, using Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey and lake elevation data from the Bureau of Reclamation. Story by Michael Carlowicz and Kathryn Hansen.

August 7, 2000 August 9, 2021

Lake Mead is the largest reservoir in the United States and part of a system that supplies water to at least 40 million people across seven states and northern Mexico. It stands today at its lowest level since Franklin Delano Roosevelt was president. This means less water will be portioned out to some states in the 2022 water year. As of August 22, 2021, Lake Mead was filled to just 35 percent of its capacity. The low water level comes at a time when 95 percent of the land in nine Western states is affected by some level of drought (64 percent is extreme or worse). It continues a 22-year megadrought that may be the region’s worst dry spell in twelve centuries. These natural-color images were acquired in August 2000 and August 2021 by Landsat 7 and Landsat 8. The tan fringes along the shoreline in 2021 are areas of the lakebed that would be underwater when the reservoir is filled closer to capacity. The phenomenon is often referred to as a “bathtub ring.” The lake elevation data below come from the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, which manages Lake Mead, Lake Powell, and other portions of the Colorado River watershed. At the end of July 2021, the water elevation at the Hoover Dam was 1067.65 feet (325.4 meters) above sea level, the lowest since April 1937, when the lake was still being filled. The elevation at the end of July 2000—around the time of the Landsat 7 images above and below—was 1199.97 feet (365.8 meters). At maximum capacity, Lake Mead reaches an elevation

1,220 feet (372 meters) near the dam and would hold 9.3 trillion gallons (36 trillion liters) of water. The lake last approached full capacity in the summers of 1983 and 1999. It has been dropping ever since.

For the 2022 water year, which begins October 1, Mexico will receive 80,000 fewer acre-feet, approximately 5 percent of the country’s annual allotment and Nevada’s take will be cut by: 21,000 acre-feet (about 7 percent of the state’s annual apportionment). The biggest cuts will come to Arizona, which will receive 512,000 fewer acre-feet, approximately 18 percent of the state’s annual apportionment and 8 percent of the state’s total water use (for agriculture and human consumption). An acre-foot is enough water to supply one to two households a year.

How Dams Can Kill an Estuary

• Only a small amount of Colorado River water reaches Gulf of California

– Threatens aquatic species in river and species that live in the estuary

• Current rate of river withdrawal is not sustainable

• Inefficient use of irrigation water for agriculture

• Proposed actions for states using Colorado river

– Enact strict conservation measures

– Phase out agricultural subsidies

– Shift water-thirsty crops to less arid areas

– Raise the price of freshwater

• 2014: Morelos dam near Yuma, AZ opened for two months to release

water through the delta to the Gulf of California

– Dramatic short-term results

Case Study: Overpumping the Ogallala Aquifer

• Ogallala Aquifer–largest known aquifer – Irrigates the Great Plains

– Very slow recharge

– Water table dropping

 Water pumped 10–40 times faster than recharge rate

– Government farm subsidies result in further depletion

– Biodiversity threatened in some areas

Figure 13.11 Natural capital

degradation: Areas of greatest

aquifer depletion from groundwater

overdraft in the continental United

States. The blowup section (right)

shows where water levels in the

Ogallala aquifer have dropped

sharply at its southern end beneath

parts of Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas,

and New Mexico.

Overpumping Aquifers Can Have Harmful Effects • Limits food production and raises prices

• Widens gap between rich and poor

• Land subsidence

– San Joaquin Valley in California

– Mexico City

• Groundwater overdrafts near coastal regions

– Contamination of groundwater with saltwater

Figure 13.14 Ways to

prevent or slow

groundwater

depletion by using

freshwater more

sustainably.

Figure 13.13 This pole shows subsidence

from overpumping of an aquifer for

irrigation in California’s San Joaquin

Central Valley between 1925 and 1977. In

1925, the land surface in this area was near

the top of this pole. Since 1977 this

problem has gotten worse.

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Case Study: How Californians Are Dealing with Water Woes

• Some effects of ongoing drought

– Dwindling aquatic ecosystems and municipal water supplies

– More frequent wildfires

– Crop losses

– Parched lawns

• Mitigation approaches

– Increased water cost: step-rate structure

– Water conservation measures

– Water banking into empty aquifers (increase recharge)

– Growing different crops that require less water

– Desalination

 Large plant opened in 2015 north of San Diego

– Restoring wastewater to drinking water quality

– Using gray water

North American Regional Agricultural Specialization ■ The Continental Interior

• Dominance of agriculture:

• Constitute a tremendous

agricultural resource for a

sparsely populated

population.

• Spring wheat in the north:

• Planted in the early Spring

and harvested in the early

Fall.

• Winter wheat in the south:

• Planted in the Fall and

harvested in the Spring.

• Corn / soybean in the middle:

• Soybeans are the cheapest

source of protein.

• Rotated with corn

production.

• Urban centers linked with

agricultural processing:

• Indianapolis, Chicago,

Kansas City.

Agriculture in North America Major Crops in the U.S.

1997 (in US$ billions)

2014 (in US$ billions)

Corn $24.4 $52.4 Soybeans $17.7 $40.3 Wheat $8.6 $11.9 Alfalfa $8.3 $10.8 Cotton $6.1 $5.1 Hay, (non-Alfalfa) $5.1 $8.4 Tobacco $3.0 $1.8 Rice $1.7 $3.1 Sorghum $1.4 $1.7 Barley $0.9 $0.9

Source 1997 USDA – NASS reports

2015 USDA-NASS reports

Mixed Farming Dairying Corn Belt, Cash Grain, Livestock Wheat, Small Grain Range Livestock Diversifies Farming, Plantations General Farming Nonfarming Outer Limit of Extensive Soil Degradation

Cattle and calves, corn, and soybeans are the top 3 U.S. farm products.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States

Farming accounts for about 1% of the U.S. gross domestic product. As of the 2007 census of agriculture, there were 2.2 million farms. In 2018, $139.6 billion worth of American agricultural products (about 25% of U.S. farm products by value) were exported around the world, a net exporter of food. In 1870, almost 50 percent of the U.S. population was employed in agriculture. As of 2008, less than 2 percent of the population is directly employed in agriculture. In 2012, there were 3.2 million farmers, ranchers and other agricultural managers and an estimated 757,900 agricultural workers were legally employed in the US. … The median pay was $9.12 per hour or $18,970 per year. From 1999–2009, roughly 50% of hired crop farmworkers in the U.S. were noncitizens working without legalauthorization. Large farms rely on new immigrants (such as Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Pakistani, and Mexican) that do not have many other options to work for extremely low wages.

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a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

How Is Food Produced?

• We have used high-input industrialized agriculture and low-input traditional agriculture to

greatly increase food supplies

• Three systems produce most of our food, using about 40% of the land

– Croplands produce grains, providing about 77% of the world’s food

 Primarily rice, wheat, and corn

– Rangelands, pastures, and feedlots produce meat and meat products

– Fisheries and aquaculture (fish farming) provide fish products

Of the estimated 30,000 edible plant species, 14 supply about 90% of the world’s food calories.

At least half the world’s people survive primarily by eating three grain crops – rice, wheat, and

corn, because they cannot afford meat.

Only a few species of mammals and fish provide most of the world’s meat and seafood.

• Important technological advances

– Irrigation, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides

Industrialized Crop Production Relies on High-Input Monocultures

• Industrialized agriculture practiced on

25% of all cropland and produces

about 80% of the world’s food

– Heavy equipment

– Large amounts of financial capital,

fossil fuels, water, inorganic fertilizers,

and pesticides

– Single crop

– Major goal: steadily increase crop

yield

• Plantation agriculture – cash crops

such as bananas, coffee, vegetables, soybeans, sugarcane, and palm oil

– Primarily in less-developed countries

and mostly for export to more-

developed countries

This farmer, harvesting a wheat crop in the

Midwestern United States, relies on expensive heavy

equipment and uses large amounts of seed,

manufactured inorganic fertilizer and pesticides, and

fossil fuels to produce the crop.

A Closer Look at Industrialized Crop Production

• Green Revolution (1950-1970) – increase crop yields

– Monocultures of high-yield key crops

 Rice, wheat, and corn

– Large amounts of fertilizers, pesticides, water

– Multiple cropping

• Second Green Revolution (since 1967)

– Fast growing varieties of rice andwheat

Growth in worldwide grain production (left) of wheat, corn, and rice, and per capita grain production (right) between 1950 and 2015.

• World grain production tripled between 1950 and 2014

312% 37%

2 or 3 rotations

each year

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a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Crossbreeding and Genetic Engineering

Produce New Varieties of Crops and Livestock

• First gene revolution

– Cross-breeding through artificial selection

 Slow process (often takes 15 years or more)

 Amazing results

• Genetic engineering–second gene revolution (gene slicing)

– Alter organism’s DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) by adding, deleting or changing certain

segments

– Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)–transgenic organisms

28 countries planted genetically modified crops in 2015, with four crops – corn, soybeans, cotton and

canola – leading the way.

Three countries – U.S., Brazil, and Argentina – accounted for more than 75% of the total acreage (U.S.

accounting for 40%)

At least 80% of the food products on the U.S. supermarket shelves contain some form of GM food or

ingredients.

The average American adult consumes 193 pounds of genetically modified food.

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Case Study: Industrialized Food Production in the U.S.

• Agribusiness 1% of the U.S. workforce are farmers (18% in 1910)

– Few giant, multinational corporations control growing,

processing, distribution, and sale of food

• Food production–very efficient

– Americans spend 9% of income on food

Low-income people in less-developed countries typically spend 50-

70% of their income on food

• Actual costs of food much higher

– Hidden costs of subsidies, pollution, and environmental

degradation

Agricultural Subsidies •Chris Edwards, April 16, 2018 https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/agriculture/subsidies The federal government spends more than $20 billion a year on subsidies for farm businesses. About 39 percent of the nation's 2.1 million farms receive subsidies, with the lion's share of the handouts going to the largest producers of corn, soybeans, wheat, cotton, and rice. The government protects farmers against fluctuations in prices, revenues, and yields. It subsidizes their conservation efforts, insurance coverage, marketing, export sales, research, and other activities. Federal aid for crop farmers is deep and comprehensive. However, agriculture is no riskier than many other industries, and it does not need an array of federal subsidies. Farm subsidies are costly to taxpayers, but they also harm the economy and the environment. Subsidies discourage farmers from innovating, cutting costs, diversifying their land use, and taking other actions needed to prosper in the competitive economy. … December 12, 2018: Congress approved a five-year farm bill. It provided $867 billion over 10 years. It covers the food-stamp program for low-income families, farm subsidies, and research efforts.

According to the Cato Institute, the largest 15 percent of farm businesses receive 85 percent of the subsidies.

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Industrialized Food Production

Requires Huge Inputs of Energy

• Mostly nonrenewable energy

– Oil and natural gas

• 10 units of fossil fuel energy used for every unit of food energy in

the U.S.

– Amount of energy per calorie used in the U.S. has declined 50%

since the 1970s

 Less energy required to produce nitrogen fertilizer

Rising use of conservation tillage

Agriculture uses about 17%

of all the energy used in

the United States.

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What Are the Environmental Effects of

Industrialized Food Production?

• Factors that may limit future food production

–Soil erosion and degradation

–Desertification

–Irrigation water shortages

–Air and water pollution

–Climate change

–Loss of biodiversity

Producing Food Has Major Environmental Impacts

• Industrialized agriculture has greater overall harmful environmental impacts

than any other human activity

– Uses about 70% of freshwater removed from aquifers and surface waters worldwide

– Emits about 25% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions

– Produces about 60% of all water pollution

– Uses about 38% of the world’s ice-free land

Food production has a

number of harmful

environmental effects

Topsoil Erosion Is a Serious Problem

• Soil erosion

– Movement of soil by

wind and flowing water

– Natural causes

– Human causes

• Three major harmful

effects of soil erosion

– Loss of soil fertility

– Water pollution

– Release of carbon

stored in the soil as CO2 Wind is an important cause of topsoil erosion in

dry areas that are not covered by vegetation such

as this bare crop field in the U.S. state of Iowa.

The Dust Bowl was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of

the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland

farming methods to prevent the aeolian processes (wind erosion) caused the phenomenon. The drought

came in three waves, 1934, 1936, and 1939–1940, but some regions of the high plains experienced

drought conditions for as many as eight years.

Map of states and counties affected by the Dust Bowl

between 1935 and 1938 originally prepared by the Soil

Conservation Service.

A dust storm

approaches Stratford,

Texas, in 1935.

A dust storm; Spearman, Texas, April 14, 1935

Topsoil Erosion Is a Serious Problem

Topsoil is eroding faster than it forms

on about 1/3 of the world’s cropland

Meat Consumption Has Grown Steadily • Meat production increased more than sixfold between 1950 and 2010

– Pork, poultry (chicken and turkey), and beef top products

– Increased demand for grain

 Greater reliance on grain imports

 China

• About half of the world’s meat raised on rangeland

– Half in factory farm system

Global meat production grew more than six fold between 1950 and 2015

(left). In China, meat consumption has grown nine fold since 1975 while

growing more slowly in the United States.

Industrialized beef production: On this

cattle feedlot in Arizona, thousands of

cattle are fattened on grain for a few

months before being slaughtered.

Type 1997 2002 2007 2012

Cattle and calves 99,907,017 95,497,994 96,347,858 89,994,614

Hogs and pigs 61,188,149 60,405,103 67,786,318 66,026,785

Sheep and lambs 8,083,457 6,341,799 5,819,162 5,364,844

Broilers & other meat chickens 1,214,446,356 1,389,279,047 1,602,574,592 1,506,276,846

Laying hens 314,144,304 334,435,155 349,772,558 350,715,978

U.S. livestock and poultry inventory

Cattle and calves, corn, and soybeans are the top 3 U.S. farm products.

Industrialized Meat Production Harms the Environment

Use of animal feedlots and confined animal feeding

operations has advantages and disadvantages. • Pros:

– Increased meat supply

– Reduced overgrazing

– Kept food prices down

• Cons:

– Uses large amounts of

water to irrigate grain

crops fed to animals

– Livestock wastes pollute

waterways

– Uses large amounts of

energy

Concentrated animal feeding operation

Fish and Shellfish Production Are Growing Rapidly • Fishery

– Concentration of a particular species suitable for commercial harvesting

– 30% are overfished

World seafood production, including both wild catch (marine and inland) and

aquaculture, grew between 1950 and 2012, with the wild catch generally

leveling off since 1996 and aquaculture production rising sharply since 1990.

Roughly 3 billion people depend on fish

for at least 20% of their animal protein.

Asia accounted for 88% (China alone accounting for 60%)

– 57% harvested at full capacity

• Aquaculture

– Fish farming

– Amount of fish and shellfish produced

globally through aquaculture

increased 12-fold from 1980 to 2014

 Wild catch leveled off and declined

– Farming of meat-eating species

growing rapidly

 Fed fish meal or fish oil produced

from other fish

U.S. lobster exports to China rebounded in 2020 MONDAY, FEBRUARY 22, 2021 Maine International Trade Center

HTTPS://WWW.MITC.COM/U-S-LOBSTER-EXPORTS-TO-CHINA-REBOUNDED-IN-2020/

Maine’s lobster industry sees the boost as a positive sign in a year of declining international trade caused

primarily by the coronavirus pandemic.

While the coronavirus pandemic tanked U.S. lobster exports overall in 2020, international trade data

suggests the industry’s once-thriving U.S.-to-China trade pipeline may be making a comeback.

International sales of U.S. lobster fell by 22 percent last year, from $548.4 million in 2019 to $426.9 million

in 2020. The market saw declines in sales to each of the country’s top 10 international buyers, with the

notable exception of China, which bought more than $127 million of U.S. lobster, or a roughly 49 percent

increase over 2019, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.

Sales to China skyrocketed to $31 million in December, making it the biggest month for U.S. lobster

exports to the country since former President Donald Trump’s trade war hit the industry in 2018. By

comparison, U.S. lobster sales to China totaled $7.8 million in December 2019 and $10.2 million in

December 2018.

That increase is a positive sign for Maine, which generally accounts for 80 percent to 85 percent of all

U.S. lobster sales, but it may be too early to pop champagne in celebration.

Aquaculture Can Harm Aquatic Ecosystems

• Several environmental problems

– Fish are caught to use as feed

on fish farms

Contributes to depletion of

wild fish such as krill

Environmental toxins from

ocean sediments

– Pesticides and antibiotics on

fish farms a source of pollution

– Can destroy or degrade

mangrove forests (cleared for

shrimp farms)

Use of aquaculture has

advantages and disadvantages.

Aquaculture produces about 42% of the world’s seafood.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_expansions_of_hominins_out_of_Africa#/media/File:Spreading_homo_sapiens_la.svg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_expansions_of_hominins_out_of_AfricaEarly expansions of hominins out of Africa

Several expansions of populations of archaic humans (genus Homo) out of Africa and throughout Eurasia took place in the course of the Lower Paleolithic, and into the beginning Middle Paleolithic, between about 2.1

million and 0.2 million years ago (Ma). The earliest presence of Homo (or indeed any hominin) outside of Africa dates to close to 2 million years ago. A 2018 study claims human presence at Shangchen, central China, as

early as 2.12 Ma based on magnetostratigraphic dating of the lowest layer containing stone artefacts. The oldest known human skeletal remains outside of Africa are from Dmanisi, Georgia (Dmanisi skull 4), and are dated

to 1.8 Ma. These remains are classified as Homo erectus georgicus. Later waves of expansion are proposed around 1.4 Ma (early Acheulean industries), associated with Homo antecessor and 0.8 Ma (cleaver-

producing Acheulean groups, associated with Homo heidelbergensis). Until the early 1980s, early humans were thought to have been restricted to the African continent in the Early Pleistocene, or until about 0.8 Ma.

In 2007, divers found the nearly

intact skeleton of a 15- to 16-year- old girl they called Naia. Multiple methods used to date her teeth and bones suggests that she lived between 12,000 and 13,000 years ago.

https://www.archaeology.org/issues/161-1501/features/2793-mexico-cave-clovis-dna-naia

The earliest generally accepted

archaeological evidence for human

habitation in South America dates to

14,000 years ago, the Monte Verde site in Southern Chile.

Homo erectus were the first of the hominins to emigrate from Africa, and, from 1.8 to 1.3 million years ago.

descendants of African H. erectus spread through Eurasia from ca. 500,000 years ago evolving into H. antecessor, H. heidelbergensis and H. neanderthalensis.

Modern humans begun to migrate out of Africa about 70,000 years.

■ Indigenous North Americans

• Known as Native Americans or First

Nations.

• Settled North America more than

14,000 years ago.

• Formed hundreds of nations living in

adaption with their physiographic

regions.

• Devastated by arrival and expansion

of Europeans.

• Displaced from their homelands.

• Native American nations relegated

to impoverished and isolated

reservations.

The following state-by-state listing of Indian tribes or groups are federally recognized and eligible for funding and services from the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), there are

currently 574 federally recognized tribes. For more information on federally recognized tribes, click here. The list also includes Indian tribes or groups that are recognized by the

states, when the state has established such authority. This acknowledges their status within the state but does not guarantee funding from the state or the federal government.

State-recognized Indian tribes are not federally recognized; however, federally recognized tribes may also be state-recognized.

Tribal constitutions determine the criteria for an individual's tribal enrollment, for more information regarding the process of tribal membership and enrollment, please visit the

federal Department of Interior website. https://www.ncsl.org/legislators-staff/legislators/quad-caucus/list-of-federal-and-state-recognized-tribes.aspx

Native Americans, also known as First

Americans, Indigenous Americans,

American Indians, and other terms, are

the indigenous peoples of the United

States, including Hawaii and territories of

the United States, and other times

limited to the mainland. There are 574

federally recognized tribes living within

the US, about half of which are

associated with Indian reservations.

"Native Americans" (as defined by

the United States Census) are

indigenous tribes that are originally

from the contiguous United States,

along with Alaska Natives.

Indigenous peoples of the United States

who are not American Indian or Alaska

Native include Native Hawaiians,

Samoans, and Chamorros. The US

Census groups these peoples as "Native

Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander".

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Indigenous_Americans_by_county.png

The map above shows the proportion of Americans who with only indigenous ancestry (meaning American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, and Other Pacific Islanders) in each county in the fifty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico according to the official results of the 2020 United States Census. The data can be found here. This file should next be updated when the 2021 Vintage Racial and Ethnic Population Estimates are released on the county level, currently expected to occur in June 2022. Date: 6 December 2021

Estimates of the pre-Columbian population of what today constitutes the U.S. vary significantly, ranging from William M Denevan's 3.8 million in his 1992 work The Native Population of the Americas in 1492, to 18 million in Henry F Dobyns's Their Number Become Thinned (1983).

By 1800, the Native population of the present-day United States had declined to approximately 600,000,

and only 248,300 Native Americans remained in 1890. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States

The Native Population of the Americas in 1492 Second Revised Edition (March 1992) Edited by William M. Denevan With a Foreword by W. George Lovell

How many people inhabited the New World when Columbus landed on Hispaniola in 1492? How did the arrival of Europeans spark the

population decline of aboriginal people in the New World?

William M. Denevan writes that, "The discovery of America was followed by possibly the greatest demographic disaster in the history of the

world." Research by some scholars provides population estimates of the pre-contact Americas to be as high as 112 million in 1492, while others

estimate the population to have been as low as eight million. In any case, the native population declined to less than six million by 1650.

In this collection of essays, historians, anthropologists, and geographers discuss the discrepancies in the population estimates and the evidence for the

post-European decline. Woodrow Borah, Angel Rosenblat, William T. Sanders, and others touch on such topics as the Indian slave trade, diseases,

military action, and the disruption of the social systems of the native peoples. Offering varying points of view, the contributors critically analyze major

hemispheric and regional data and estimates for pre- and post-Europeancontact.

This revised edition features a new introduction by Denevan reviewing recent literature and providing a new hemispheric estimate of 54 million, a

foreword by W. George Lovell of Queen's University, and a comprehensive updating of the already extensive bibliography. Research in this subject is

accelerating, with contributions from many disciplines. The discussions and essays presented here can serve both as an overview of past estimates,

conflicts, and methods and as indicators of new approaches and perspectives to this timely subject.

William M. Denevan is the Carl O. Sauer Professor of Geography and Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

1990 1,959,200 538,800 3.27 1980 1,420,400 593,100 5.55 1970 827,300 275,600 4.13 1960 551,700 208,300 4.01a

American Indian Only (48 states and D.C.)

1960 508,700 165,300 4.01 1950 343,400 9,400 0.28 1940 334,000 1,600 0.05 1930 332,400 88,000 3.12 1920 244,400 -21,200 -0.83 1910 265,700 28,500 1.14 1900 237,200 -11,100 -0.45 1890 248,300 n.a. n.a. NOTE: Populations rounded to hundreds. a Rate set equal to 48 state rate. n.a., not applicable.

TABLE 4-1 American Indian Population: 1890-1990 Censuses https://www.nap.edu/read/5355/chapter/7#82 THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

Census Year Population Decadal Change Amount Average Annual Rate

American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut (50 states and D.C.)

Native American Population 2019 http://worldpopulationreview.com/states/native-american-population/

The nation’s indigenous people had a population of nearly 10 million before European settlers explored America and their numbers began to fall rapidly shortly thereafter due to war and diseases brought by the settlers. Native Americans faced centuries of persecution and discrimination, losing their land and resources and being forced onto reservations that lacked the soil and natural resources needed to build and sustain their communities. Today, Native Americans still face threats from federal and state governments related to land-use and resource extraction. Native Americans have the highest poverty rate of any major racial group, with one in four people living below the poverty line. According to the US Census Bureau, the current total population of Native Americans in the United States is 6.79 million, which is about 2.09% of the entire population. The state with the highest percentage of Native Americans is Alaska at 13.77%. Alaska, however, does not have the highest number of Native Americans in the state. Oklahoma has 276,650 Native Americans living in the state, the highest in the United States, comprising 7.10% of the state’s population. The state with the lowest percentage of Native Americans is New Jersey at .10% of the state’s population and a total of 9,282 Native Americans. The District of Columbia has 1,140 Native Americans living in the state, the lowest in the United States, comprising .17% of the state’s total population. Los Angeles County in California has the highest number of Native Americans with a total of 233,000. Oglala Lakota County in South Dakota has the highest percentage of Native Americans of any county at 93.9%.

The country is home to 565 federally-recognized Indian tribes and 334 American Indian reservations. The largest eight tribes range in size from 819,105 to 105,304, with the Cherokee, Navajo, Choctaw, Mexican-American Indians, Chippewa, Sioux, Apache, and Blackfeet topping the list. https://www.thoughtco.com/interesting-facts-about-native-americans-2834518

Rank State 2019 Population Indian (Total) Indian (%) 1 Alaska 738,565 101,704 13.77%

2 New Mexico 2,084,828 181,382 8.70%

3 South Dakota 855,444 71,127 8.31%

4 Oklahoma 3,896,251 276,650 7.10%

5 Montana 1,029,862 64,251 6.24%

6 North Dakota 745,475 38,662 5.19%

7 Arizona 6,809,946 266,680 3.92%

8 Wyoming 583,200 11,976 2.05%

9 Washington 7,169,967 79,825 1.11%

10 North Carolina 10,052,564 109,080 1.09%

11 Idaho 1,657,375 17,902 1.08%

12 Minnesota 5,490,726 51,999 0.95%

13 Utah 2,993,941 28,210 0.94%

14 Oregon 4,025,127 34,905 0.87%

15 Nevada 2,887,725 24,402 0.85%

16 Wisconsin 5,763,217 45,947 0.80%

17 Nebraska 1,893,921 13,112 0.69%

18 Kansas 2,903,820 19,241 0.66%

19 Maine 1,330,158 7,644 0.57%

20 Arkansas 2,977,944 17,002 0.57%

21 Louisiana 4,663,461 24,762 0.53%

22 Colorado 5,436,519 28,624 0.53%

23 Alabama 4,850,771 22,589 0.47%

24 Michigan 9,925,568 44,263 0.45%

25 Mississippi 2,986,220 12,560 0.42%

Rank State 2019 Population Indian (Total) Indian(%) 26 Missouri 6,075,300 22,763 0.37% 27 Rhode Island 1,056,138 3,904 0.37%

28 California 38,982,847 137,813 0.35%

29 Delaware 943,732 2,887 0.31%

30 Vermont 624,636 1,852 0.30%

31 Iowa 3,118,102 8,641 0.28%

32 South Carolina 4,893,444 13,464 0.28%

33 Texas 27,419,612 65,883 0.24%

34 New York 19,798,228 45,623 0.23%

35 Tennessee 6,597,381 15,064 0.23%

36 Virginia 8,365,952 17,533 0.21%

37 Florida 20,278,447 41,706 0.21%

38 Maryland 5,996,079 11,634 0.19%

39 Indiana 6,614,418 12,148 0.18%

40 Kentucky 4,424,376 8,062 0.18%

41 Georgia 10,201,635 18,199 0.18%

42 West Virginia 1,836,843 3,177 0.17%

43 District of Columbia 672,391 1,140 0.17%

44 Ohio 11,609,756 17,032 0.15%

45 Connecticut 3,594,478 5,201 0.14%

46 New Hampshire 1,331,848 1,850 0.14%

47 Massachusetts 6,789,319 8,857 0.13%

48 Hawaii 1,421,658 1,776 0.12%

49 Illinois 12,854,526 14,458 0.11%

50 Pennsylvania 12,790,505 14,315 0.11%

51 New Jersey 8,960,161 9,282 0.10%

Native American Population by State 2019

European Settlement and Expansion The American Revolution was a colonial revolt which

occurred between 1765 and 1783. The American Patriots

in the Thirteen Colonies defeated the British in the

American Revolutionary War with the assistance of

France, winning independence from Great Britain and

establishing the United States of America.

Map of North America (1656-1750)

■ European colonies • Current population geography a legacy of French and British settlement.

• Diversified local economies (e.g. plantation system in the south).

• American Revolution and opening of the West.

• Interior lowlands favorable to farming and settlement.

• Political acquisition of western territories made by new state by purchase or

concession.

The French colonization of the Americas began in the 16th century, and continued on into the

following centuries as France established a colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere. France

founded colonies in much of eastern North America, on a number of Caribbean islands, and in

South America. Most colonies were developed to export products such as fish, rice, sugar, and

furs.

As they colonized the New World, the French established forts and settlements that would

become such cities as Quebec and Montreal in Canada; Detroit, Green Bay, St. Louis, Cape

Girardeau, Mobile, Biloxi, Baton Rouge and New Orleans in the United States; and Port-au-

Prince, Cap-Haïtien (founded as Cap-Français) in Haiti, Cayenne in French Guiana and São

Luís (founded as Saint-Louis de Maragnan) inBrazil.

Jacques Cartier sailed from Saint-Malo on April 20, 1534, with two ships and 61 men. Reaching North America a few weeks later, Cartier traveled along the west coast of Newfoundland, discovered Prince Edward Island, and explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence as far as Anticosti Island.

North America in 1702 showing forts, towns and areas occupied by European settlements. Britain (pink), France (blue), and Spain (orange)

Map showing British territorial gains following the "Seven Years' War". Treaty of Paris gains in pink, and Spanish territorial gains after the Treaty of Fontainebleau in yellow.

North America 1762-83

The United Kingdom officially recognized American independence by signing the Treaty of Paris of 1783. David Hartley, a Member of Parliament representing British King George III, signed the treaty along with the American delegation of John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay on September 3, 1783.

1607

1624

1622

1630

1632

1636

1653

1663

1635

1664

1638

1681

1733

The original 13 colonies of North America in 1776, at the United States Declaration of Independence. Culture Club/Getty Images

Florida was colonized in 1565

by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés when

he founded St. Augustine, which

quickly became a strategic defensive

base for the Spanish ships full of

gold and silver being sent to Spain

from its New World dominions.

On September 8, 1565, Spanish explorer Don Pedro Menendez de Aviles landed ashore at an inlet (later called Matanzas Inlet) on the eastern coast of today’s Florida. Planting the Spanish flag, he declared the harbor and surrounding land in the name of the Spanish Empire and began setting up a permanent settlement. He named it after St. Augustine, the patron saint of brewers. Jamestown, Virginia, founded in 1607, was the first successful permanent English settlement (104 English men and boys). The Pilgrims, founders of Plymouth, Massachusetts, arrived in 1620 (102 passengers and about 30 crew members, with one death during the Mayflower voyage).

The Florida Treaty, was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain.

Louisiana Purchase

from France in 1803 ($15 million = $233 million in 2011)

The Louisiana Purchase was the acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from France in 1803. In return for fifteen million dollars, or approximately eighteen dollars per square mile, the United States nominally acquired a total of 828,000 sq mi (530,000,000 acres). However, France only controlled a small fraction of this area, with most of it inhabited by Native Americans; for the majority of the area, what the United States bought was the "preemptive" right to obtain Native American lands by treaty or by conquest, to the exclusion of other colonial powers. The total cost of all subsequent treaties and financial settlements over the land has been estimated to be around 2.6 billion dollars. The Kingdom of France had controlled the Louisiana territory from 1699 until it was ceded to Spain in 1762. In 1800, Napoleon, then the First Consul of the French Republic, regained ownership of Louisiana as part of a broader project to re-establish a French colonial empire in North America. However, France's failure to put down a revolt in Saint-Domingue, coupled with the prospect of renewed warfare with the United Kingdom, prompted Napoleon to consider selling Louisiana to the United States.

Treaty of 1818

Louisiana was an administrative district of the Viceroyalty of New Spain from 1763 to 1801 that consisted of territory west of the Mississippi River basin, plus New Orleans.

When French forces of Napoleon Bonaparte invaded the Iberian peninsula in 1808, Napoleon ousted the Spanish Bourbon monarchy, placing his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne. There was a crisis of legitimacy of crown rule in Spanish America, leading to the Spanish American wars of independence (1808- 1826) saw virtually all of Spain's overseas empire gaining its independence.

The Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, the Florida Purchase Treaty, or the Florida Treaty, was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain. It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries and was considered a triumph of American diplomacy. It came in the midst of increasing tensions related to Spain's territorial boundaries in North America against the United States and Great Britain in the aftermath of the American Revolution; it also came during the Latin American wars of independence. Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons, so the Spanish government decided to cede the territory to the United States in exchange for settling the boundary dispute along the Sabine River in Spanish Texas. The treaty established the boundary of U.S. territory and claims through the Rocky Mountains and west to the Pacific Ocean, in exchange for the U.S. paying residents' claims against the Spanish government up to a total of $5,000,000 and relinquishing the U.S. claims on parts of Spanish Texas west of the Sabine River and other Spanish areas, under the terms of the Louisiana Purchase. The treaty remained in full effect for only 183 days: from February 22, 1821, to August 24, 1821, when Spanish military officials signed the Treaty of Córdoba acknowledging the independence of Mexico; Spain repudiated that treaty, but Mexico effectively took control of Spain's former colony. The Treaty of Limits between Mexico and the United States, signed in 1828 and effective in 1832, recognized the border defined by the Adams–Onís Treaty as the boundary between the two nations.

Area Mexico ceded to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican–American War. The Mexican

Cession consisted of present-day U.S. states of California, Nevada, Utah, most of Arizona,

about half of New Mexico, about a quarter of Colorado, and a small section of Wyoming.

The Texas

annexation was the

1845 annexation of

the Republic of Texas

into the United States

of America, which

was admitted to the

Union as the 28th

state on December

29, 1845. The

Republic of Texas

declared

independence

from the Republic of

Mexico on March 2,

1836.

Treaty of 1818

California is a sparsely populated Mexican province, home to about 7,000 Californios (Mexican citizens), 150,000 Indians, and 900 foreigners (mostly Americans). Feb 4, 1846

California officially becomes United States territory with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ends the Mexican-American War by transferring nearly half of Mexico's lands to the United States. Mar 15, 1848 CALIFORNIA

GOLD RUSHCalifornia's Population in 1850:  Female: 8%  Male: 92% Non-Indian Population of California  1846: less than 8,000  1850: 92,597  1860: 379,994  Number of migrants to California between

1848 and 1854: more than 300,000 Indian Population of California  1846: 150,000  1860: 30,000 Chinese Population of California  1848: 7  1852: 11,794  Out of 11,794, number who were women: 7

On January 24, 1848, James Wilson Marshall, a carpenter originally from New Jersey, found flakes of gold in the American River at the base of the Sierra Nevada Mountains near Coloma, California. At the time, Marshall was working to build a water-powered sawmill owned by John Sutter, a German-born Swiss citizen and founder of a colony of Nueva Helvetia (New Switzerland). (The colony would later become the city of Sacramento.)

https://www.shmoop.com/california-gold-rush/statistics.html

Date Event Location Death toll

(estimated)

1810, 1811,

1846, and 1849

Four

famines China 45,000,000

Chinese Population by STATE 1850 1860 1870 1880 Alabama 2 4 Alaska Arizona 20 1630 Arkansas 98 133 California 660 34935 49310 75132 Colorado 7 612 Connecticut 5 11 2 123 Delaware 1 District Of Columbia 1 3 13 Florida 18 Georgia 5 1 17 Hawaii Idaho 4274 3379 Illinois 1 3 1 209 Indiana 2 29 Iowa 3 3 33 Kansas 19 Kentucky 8 1 10 Louisiana 33 10 71 489 Maine 3 3 1 8 Maryland 1 5 2 5 Massachusetts 2 28 97 229 Michigan 1 2 27 Minnesota 24 Mississippi 16 51 Missouri 3 3 91 Montana 1949 1765 Nebraska 18 Nevada 3152 5416 New Hampshire 2 14 New Jersey 4 3 15 170 New Mexico 1 57 New York 34 77 29 909 North Carolina 2 North Dakota Ohio 3 3 1 109 Oklahoma Oregon 2 425 3330 9510 Pennsylvania 1 21 14 148 Rhode Island 2 27 South Carolina 1 3 1 9 South Dakota Tennessee 2 25 Texas 25 136 Utah 1 1 445 501 Vermont 1 Virginia 3 4 4 6 Washington 1 234 3186 West Virginia 5 Wisconsin 1 16 Wyoming 143 914 Dakota Territory 238

Contiguous United States 758 35565 63254 105465

Chinese Exclusion Act

Effective: May 6, 1882

Repealed: Dec 17, 1943

Gadsden Purchase https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase

For most of the 1800s, leaders in Washington were concerned that Hawaii might become part of a European nation's empire.

During the 1830s, Britain and France forced Hawaii to accept treaties giving them economic privileges. In 1842, Secretary of

State Daniel Webster sent a letter to Hawaiian agents in Washington affirming U.S. interests in Hawaii and opposing

annexation by any other nation. He also proposed to Great Britain and France that no nation should seek special privileges or

engage in further colonization of the islands. In 1849, the United States and Hawaii concluded a treaty of friendship that

served as the basis of official relations between the parties.

… An 1875 trade reciprocity treaty further linked the two countries and U.S. sugar plantation owners from the United States

came to dominate the economy and politics of the islands. When Queen Liliuokalani moved to establish a stronger monarchy,

Americans under the leadership of Samuel Dole deposed her in 1893. …

Dole sent a delegation to Washington in 1894 seeking annexation, but the new President, Grover Cleveland, opposed

annexation and tried to restore the Queen. Dole declared Hawaii an independent republic. Spurred by the nationalism aroused

by the Spanish-American War, the United States annexed Hawaii in 1898 at the urging of President William McKinley. …

The Gadsden Purchase is a 29,670-square-mile (76,800 km2) region of present-day

southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico that the United States acquired from Mexico by

the Treaty of Mesilla, which took effect on June 8, 1854. The purchase included lands south of the

Gila River and west of the Rio Grande where the U.S. wanted to build a transcontinental railroad

along a deep southern route, which the Southern Pacific Railroad later completed in 1881– 1883.

The purchase also aimed to resolve other border issues.

The first draft was signed on December 30, 1853, by James Gadsden, U.S. ambassador to Mexico, and by Antonio López de Santa Anna, president of

Mexico. The U.S. Senate voted in favor of ratifying it with amendments on April 25, 1854, and then transmitted it to President Franklin Pierce. Mexico's

government and its General Congress or Congress of the Union took final approval action on June 8, 1854, when the treaty took effect. The purchase

was the last substantial territorial acquisition in the contiguous United States, and defined the Mexico–United States border. The Arizona cities

of Tucson and Yuma are on territory acquired by the U.S. in the Gadsden Purchase.

The financially-strapped government of Santa Ana agreed to the sale, which netted Mexico $10 million (equivalent to $230 million in 2018). After the

devastating loss of Mexican territory to the U.S. in the Mexican–American War (1846–48) and the continued filibustering by U.S. citizens, Santa Ana

may have calculated it was better to yield territory by treaty and receive payment rather than have the territory simply seized by the U.S.

Annexation of Hawaii, 1898 The Alaska Purchase was the United States' acquisition

of Alaska from the Russian

Empire. Alaska was formally

transferred to the United States

on October 18, 1867. ($7.2

million used to pay for Alaska =

roughly $109 million in 2018)

The American Civil War was a civil

war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865 (Apr 12, 1861 – Apr 9, 1865), between the North and the

South. The Civil War began primarily

as a result of the long-standing

controversy over the enslavement of

black people (about 1/3 of the

population in the Southern states and

were often a majority in the

plantation regions).

American Civil War, also called War Between the States, four-year war (1861–65) between the United States and 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. The secession of the Southern states (in chronological order, South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina) in 1860–61 and the ensuing outbreak of armed hostilities were the culmination of decades of growing sectional friction over slavery.

The question is whether the Southern states possessed the legal right to secede. Some argue they did. Jefferson Davis, president of the new Confederate States of America, argued that the legal basis for secession could be found in the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution. That amendment had said that any power not delegated to the federal government by the states, and not prohibited to the states by the Constitution, remained a right of the states or the people. The Constitution is silent on the question of secession. And the states never delegated to the federal government any power to suppress secession. Therefore, secession remained a reserved right of the states. This was partly why James Buchanan, Lincoln’s predecessor in the White House, had allowed the first seven Southern states to leave in peace. Although he did not believe they possessed a right of secession, he also did not believe that the federal government had the right to coerce a seceding state. Another argument in support of the right of secession involves the states of Virginia, New York, and Rhode Island. Readers may recall that those states included in a clause in their ratifications of the Constitution that permitted them to withdraw from the Union if the new government should become oppressive. It was on this basis that they acceded to the Union. Virginia cited this provision of its ratification when seceding in 1861. But since the Constitution is also based on the principle of coequality—all the states are equal in dignity and rights, and no state can have more rights than another—the right of secession cited by these three states must extend equally to all the states.

THE UNION IN PERIL 1848 TO 1861 - Historians have identified at least four main causes: 1. Slavery, as a growing moral issue in the North, versus its defense and expansion in the South 2. Constitutional disputes over the nature of the federal Union and states' rights 3. Economic differences between the industrializing North & agricultural South over tariffs, banking & internal improvements 4. Political blunders & extremism on both sides, which some historians conclude resulted in an unnecessary war https://www.warrencountyschools.org/userfiles/2692/Classes/11541/AP%20US%20History%20Handout%20for%20OCT%2029.pdf

The issue of slavery in the territories gained in the Mexican War became the focus of sectional differences in the late 1840s.

https://www.historyonthenet.com/confederate-states-america-2

History of Canada Starting in the late 15th century, French and British expeditions explored, colonized, and fought over various places within North America in what constitutes present-day Canada. The colony of New France was claimed in 1534 with permanent settlements beginning in 1608. France ceded nearly all its North American possessions to the United Kingdom in 1763 after the French defeat in the Seven Years' War. The now British Province of Quebec was divided into Upper and Lower Canada in 1791 and reunified in 1841. In 1867, the Province of Canada was joined with two other British colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia through Confederation, forming a self-governing entity named Canada. The new country expanded by incorporating other parts of British North America, finishing with Newfoundland and Labrador in 1949.

Although responsible government had existed in British North America since 1848, Britain continued to set its foreign and defence policies until the end of the First World War. The Balfour Declaration of 1926, the 1930 Imperial Conference and the passing of the Statute of Westminster in 1931 recognized that Canada had become co-equal with the United Kingdom. The Patriation of the Constitution in 1982 marked the removal of legal dependence on the British parliament. Canada currently consists of ten provinces and three territories and is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.

The Migration Process…

■ Both United States and Canada are products of

international migration, or permanent relocation

■ Migration decision

• Depends on perception, information, and distance.

• Push and pull factors motivate or attract.

■ Destination

• North America is a “land of opportunity.”

• Immigration is 40 percent of growth.

Since 2006, the completed fertility rate has been trending upward, and in 2018 the average was a little over 2.0 children.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/05/07/with-a-potential-baby-bust-on-the-horizon-key-facts-about-fertility-in-the-u-s-before-the-pandemic/

European nations came to the Americas to increase their wealth and broaden their

influence over world affairs.

On September 8, 1565, Spanish explorer Don Pedro Menendez de Aviles landed ashore

at an inlet (later called Matanzas Inlet) on the eastern coast of today’s Florida. Planting

the Spanish flag, he declared the harbor and surrounding land in the name of the Spanish

Empire and began setting up a permanent settlement. He named it after St. Augustine,

the patron saint of brewers.

Jamestown, Virginia, founded in 1607, was the first successful permanent English

settlement (104 English men and boys).

The Pilgrims, founders of Plymouth, Massachusetts, arrived in 1620 (102 passengers

and about 30 crew members, with one death during the Mayflower voyage).

The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape

colony (most likely located in the Winyah Bay area of present-day South Carolina),

founded by Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón in 1526.

The ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during

which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native

Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic

and the colony was abandoned. The settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned

to Haiti, whence they had come.

The marriage between Luisa de Abrego, a free black domestic servant from Seville and

Miguel Rodríguez, a white Segovian conquistador in 1565 in St. Augustine (Spanish

Florida), is the first known and recorded Christian marriage anywhere in what is now the

continental United States.

The first recorded Africans in British North America (including most of the future

United States) were "20 and odd negroes" who came to Jamestown, Virginia via Cape

Comfort in August 1619 as indentured servants. As English settlers died from harsh

conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers.

Population Growth in the United States Census year Population Census year Population

1790 3,929,214

1610 350 1800 5,308,483

1810 7,239,881

1820 9,638,453

1830 12,866,020

1840 17,069,453

1850 23,191,876

1860 31,443,321

1870 38,558,371

1880 50,189,209

1890 62,979,766

1900 76,212,168

1910 92,228,496

1920 106,021,537

1930 123,202,624

1940 132,164,569

1950 151,325,798

1960 179,323,175

1970 203,211,926

1980 226,545,805

1990 248,709,873

2000 281,421,906

2010 308,745,538

1620 2,302

1630 4,646

1640 26,634

1650 50,368

1660 75,058

1670 111,935

1680 151,507

1690 210,372

1700 250,888

1710 331,711

1720 466,185

1730 629,445

1740 905,563

1750 1,170,760

1760 1,593,625

1770 2,148,076

1780 2,780,369

1610–1780 population

data. Note that the census

numbers do not include Native

Americans until 1860. U.S. Population

(April 1, 2020) 331,449,281

Immigration to the United States, 1820-2015 (Millions)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

British

Isles

Germany

Scandinavia

Southeast

Europe

LatinAmerica

Asia

Immigration to the United States https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States

Immigration to the United States is the

international movement of non- United States

nationals to reside permanently in the country.

Immigration has been a major source of

population growth and cultural change

throughout much of the United States history. All

Americans, except for Native Americans, can

trace their ancestry to immigrants from other

nations around the world.

In absolute numbers, the United States has a

larger immigrant population than any other

country, with 47 million immigrants as of 2015.

This represents 19.1% of the 244 million

international migrants worldwide, and 14.4% of

the United States population. Some other

countries have larger proportions of immigrants,

such as Australia with 30% and Canada with

21.9%.

Top ten countries 1990 2000 2010 2019

Mexico 4,298,014 9,177,487 11,711,103 10,931,939

India 450,406 1,022,552 1,780,322 2,688,075

China[a] 921,070 1,518,652 2,166,526 2,481,699

Philippines 912,674 1,369,070 1,777,588 2,045,248

El Salvador 465,433 817,336 1,214,049 1,412,101

Vietnam 543,262 988,174 1,240,542 1,383,779

Cuba 736,971 872,716 1,104,679 1,359,990

Dominican Republic 347,858 687,677 879,187 1,169,420

Guatemala 225,739 480,665 830,824 1,111,495

South Korea 568,397 864,125 1,100,422 1,038,885

All of Latin America 8,407,837 16,086,974 21,224,087

All Immigrants 19,767,316 31,107,889 39,955,854 44,932,799

Country of birth for the foreign-born population in the United States

Including Hong Kong, excluding Taiwan (Republic of China).

Source: 1990, 2000 and 2010 decennial Censuses and 2019 American

Community Survey

Where do most U.S. immigrants live?

Roughly half (45%) of the nation’s 44.4 million immigrants live in just three states: California (24%), Texas (11%) and New York (10%). California had the largest immigrant population of any state in 2017, at 10.6 million. Texas and New York had more than 4.5 million immigrants each.

In terms of regions, about two-thirds of immigrants lived in the West (34%) and South (33%). Roughly one-fifth lived in the Northeast (21%) and 11% were in the Midwest.

In 2017, most immigrants lived in just 20 major metropolitan areas, with the largest populations in New York, Los Angeles and Miami. These top 20 metro areas were home to 28.7 million immigrants, or 65% of the nation’s total. Most of the nation’s unauthorized immigrant population lived in these top metro areas as well.

Native Born U.S. Citizens 278.8 million

Naturalized Citizens 20.7 million

Legal Noncitizens 13.1 million

Unauthorized Immigrants 11.3 million

Temporary Visas 1.7 million

Total U.S. Population 322 million

U.S. Population Fiscal Year 2017

Snapshot of U.S. Immigration 2017 3/29/2019 http://www.ncsl.org/research/immigration/snapshot-of-u-s-immigration-2017.aspx

The U.S. foreign-born population reached a record

44.4 million in 2017. … Immigrants today account

for 13.6% of the U.S. population, nearly triple the

share (4.7%) in 1970. However, today’s immigrant

share remains below the record 14.8% share in 1890,

when 9.2 million immigrants lived in the U.S.

Permanent Residence

In fiscal year (FY) 2017, a total of 1,127,167

people obtained lawful permanent resident

(LPR) status.

Of those granted LPR status, 54 percent were

female, and 46 percent were male. Forty-eight

percent (549,086) were adjustment of status in

the U.S. and 51.3 percent (578,081) were new

arrivals. The top six countries of nationality

(country of origin) were Mexico (15.1 percent),

China (6.3 percent), Cuba (5.8 percent), India

(5.4 percent), the Dominican Republic (5.2

percent) and the Philippines (4.4 percent).

Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security

Top 15 sending countries, 2015–2019 Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Mexico 158,619 174,534 170,581 161,858 156,052

China 74,558 81,772 71,565 65,214 62,248

India 64,116 64,687 60,394 59,821 54,495

Dominican Republic 50,610 61,161 58,520 57,413 49,911

Philippines 56,478 53,287 49,147 47,258 45,920

Cuba 54,396 66,516 65,028 76,486 41,641

Vietnam 30,832 41,451 38,231 33,834 39,712

El Salvador 19,487 23,449 25,109 28,326 27,656

Jamaica 17,642 23,350 21,905 20,347 21,689

Colombia 17,316 18,610 17,956 17,545 19,841

Brazil 11,424 13,812 14,989 15,394 19,825

South Korea 17,138 21,801 19,194 17,676 18,479

Haiti 16,967 23,584 21,824 21,360 17,253

Honduras 9,274 13,302 11,387 13,794 15,901

Nigeria 11,542 14,380 13,539 13,952 15,888

Total 1,051,031 1,183,505 1,127,167 1,096,611 1,031,765

Refugee and Humanitarian Issues In FY 2018, 22,491 refugees were admitted to the U.S.–a 58 percent drop from 53,716 admitted in 2017. The main countries of

origin were the Democratic Republic of the Congo (35 percent), Myanmar (16 percent), Ukraine (12 percent), Bhutan (10 percent),

and Eritrea (6 percent). According to the UN Refugee Agency, children below 18 years of age constituted about half of the refugee

population in 2017, up from 41 percent in 2009. Women constituted around 50 percent of the refugee population as well.

Given the drop in the number of refugees admitted, there has been a significant decrease in refugees from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2016: 16,730; 2018: 7,883), Bhutan (2016: 5,817; 2018: 2,228), and Eritrea (2016: 1,949; 2018: 1,269). Iraq refugees comprised 11.6 percent of admitted refugees in 2016; now, they are no longer in the top ten countries of origin.

However, the number of refugees from Ukraine increased between 2016 (2,543 refugees) and 2018 (2,635 refugees).

Since the creation of the federal Refugee Resettlement Program in 1980, about 3 million refugees have been resettled in the U.S.

Period Refugee Program 2018 45,000 2019 30,000 2020 18,000 2021 15,000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States

Feb. 24, 2023, 11:15 AM EST By Julia Ainsley https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/immigration/us-admits-271000-ukrainian-refugees-russia-invasion-biden-rcna72177

More than 271,000 Ukrainian refugees have been admitted to the United

States since the Russian invasion of Ukraine began one year ago, according to

the Department of Homeland Security, far above President Joe Biden’s stated

goal of admitting 100,000.

https://usafacts.org/articles/how-many-refugees-are-entering-the-us/

Unauthorized Immigration

In 2016, approximately 11.3 million unauthorized immigrants were estimated to be residing in

the U.S. The top countries of origin for unauthorized immigrants are Mexico (53 percent), El

Salvador (6 percent), Guatemala (5 percent), Honduras (3 percent), and China (3 percent). Source: Migration Policy Institute

From 1990 to 2007, the unauthorized immigrant population more than tripled in size –

from 3.5 million to a record high of 12.2 million in 2007. By 2017, that number had declined

by 1.7 million, or 14%. There were 10.5 million unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. in 2017,

accounting for 3.2% of the nation’s population.

In summary, DHS estimates that 11.4 million unauthorized immigrants were living in the United States on January 1, 2018, roughly unchanged from 11.4 million on January 1, 2015. Slightly fewer than 50 percent of the unauthorized immigrants in 2018 were from Mexico, compared to nearly 55 percent in 2015. About 15 percent entered since January of 2010 and 40 percent reside in California or Texas.

https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/population-estimates/unauthorized-resident

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) is an exercise of prosecutorial discretion, providing temporary relief from deportation (deferred action) and work authorization to certain young undocumented immigrants. DACA was created on June 15, 2012, by then- Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano. Unlike federal legislation, DACA does not provide permanent legal status to individuals and must be renewed every two years.

DACA has enabled roughly 832,881 eligible young adults to work lawfully, attend school, and plan their lives without the constant threat of deportation—usually to an unfamiliar country. According to the Migration Policy Institute, more than 1.3 million U.S. residents were eligible for DACA as originally implemented. The Center for American Progress (CAP) estimates that the average DACA recipient arrived in the United States in 1999 at the age of 7, and that more than one-third of DACA recipients (37 percent) arrived before the age of 5. The largest number— 476,780—were from Mexico, followed by El Salvador (22,680), Guatemala (15,430), Honduras (13,980), South Korea (5,690), Peru (5,580), and Brazil (4,460). The largest numbers lived in California (168,800) and Texas (97,970), but significant numbers were also found in Illinois (30,880), New York (24,570), Florida (22,550), Arizona (22,260), North Carolina (21,940), and Georgia (18,960).

https://www.ice.gov/features/ERO-2020

Roughly 254,000 U.S.-born children have at least one parent who is a DACA recipient. A total of 1.5 million people share a home with a DACA recipient. Households containing DACA recipients pay $5.6 billion in federal taxes and $3.1 billion in state and local taxes each year. Roughly 56,000 DACA recipients are homeowners who make $566.9 million in mortgage payments each year. DACA recipients who are not homeowners pay $2.3 billion in rent each year. Households containing DACA recipients have $24 billion in after-tax spending power.

How many immigrant apprehensions take place at

the U.S.-Mexico border?

The number of apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico border has sharply decreased over the past decade or so, from more than 1 million in fiscal 2006 to 396,579 in fiscal 2018. Today, there are more apprehensions of non- Mexicans than Mexicans at the border. In fiscal 2018, apprehensions of Central Americans at the border exceeded those of Mexicans for the third consecutive year. The first time Mexicans did not constitute a large majority of Border Patrol apprehensions was in 2014.

U.S.-Mexico border apprehensions for the fiscal year surpassed 1 million in June

BY MARIA SACCHETTI, THE WASHINGTON POST JULY 16, 2021 4 PM CENTRAL HTTPS://WWW.TEXASTRIBUNE.ORG/2021/07/16/US-MEXICO-BORDER-APPREHENSIONS-HOW-MANY/

Federal officials have logged more than 1.1 million apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico border this fiscal year, after another busy month in June, Customs and Border Protection said in a news release Friday.

How many migrants crossed the border in 2023? More than 2.8 million migrants have had encounters with authorities so far this fiscal year, compared to more than 2.7 million migrants in 2022, according to the latest Customs and Border Protection (CBP) statistics. The current migrant figure includes August, but not September, the last month of this fiscal year, which has yet to be announced.

https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/09/30/how-many-migrants-crossed-the-border-2023-mexico-venezuela-2022/70979085007/

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/06/10/a-majority-of-americans-say-immigrants-mostly-fill-jobs-u-s-citizens-do-not-want/

These U.S. industries can't work without illegal immigrants BY MARY JO DUDLEY, JANUARY 10, 2019 https://www.cbsnews.com/news/illegal-immigrants-us-jobs-economy-farm-workers-taxes/

The U.S. Census counts every resident in the United States. It is mandated by

Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution and takes place every 10 years. The data

collected by the decennial census determine the number of seats each state has

in the U.S. House of Representatives (435 voting members) and is also used to

distribute more than $400 billions in federal funds to local communities spent on

infrastructure and services like:

Hospitals

Job training centers

Schools

Senior centers

Bridges, tunnels and other-public works projects

Emergency services

Approximately 74 percent of the households returned their census forms by mail; the

remaining households were counted by census workers walking neighborhoods throughout

the United States.

What is the Census?

Census in the Constitution The plan was to count every person living in the newly created

United States of America, and to use that count to determine

representation in the Congress.

The first inauguration of George

Washington as the first President of the

United States was held on Thursday, April

30, 1789 on the balcony of Federal Hall in

New York City, New York.

The inauguration marked the

commencement of the first four-year term

of George Washington as President.

The first census in 1790 was managed

under the direction of Thomas

Jefferson, the Secretary of State.

Marshals took the census in the original

13 states plus the districts of Kentucky,

Maine, and Vermont, and the Southwest

Territory (Tennessee). Secretary of

State Thomas Jefferson was nominal

supervisor of the census on Census President George Washington, Vice President John Adams, and Speaker of

the House Frederick Muhlenberg signed the 1790 census act, March 1, 1790. Day, August 2, 1790.

In 1954, Congress codified earlier census acts and all other statutes authorizing the decennial census as

Title 13, U.S. Code. Title 13, U.S. Code, does not specify which subjects or questions are to be included in

the decennial census. However, it does require the Census Bureau to notify Congress of general census

subjects to be addressed 3 years before the decennial census and the actual questions to be asked 2

years before the decennial census.

The six inquiries in 1790 called for the name of the head of the family and the number of persons in each

household of the following descriptions:

• Free White males of 16 years and upward (to assess the country's industrial and military potential)

• Free White males under 16 years

• Free White females

• All other free persons

• Slaves

Under the general direction of Thomas Jefferson, the Secretary of State, marshals took the census in the original 13

States, plus the districts of Kentucky, Maine, and Vermont, and the Southwest Territory (Tennessee).

Questions of the 2020 Census:

•The number of people living or staying in a home on April 1, 2020.

•Whether the home is owned with or without a mortgage or loan, rented or occupied without rent.

•A phone number for a person in the home.

•The name, sex, age, date of birth and race of each person in the home.

•Whether each person is of Hispanic, Latino or Spanish origin.

•The relationship of each person to a central person in the home.

Race and ethnicity highlights: https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/population-changes-nations-diversity.html

 The White population remained the largest race or ethnicity group in the United States, with 204.3 million (61.64%) people identifying as White alone. Overall, 235.4 million (71.02%) people reported White alone or in combination with another group. However, the White alone population decreased by 8.6% since 2010.

 The Two or More Races population (also referred to as the Multiracial population) has changed considerably since 2010. The Multiracial population was measured at 9 million people in 2010 and is now 33.8 million (10.2%) people in 2020, a 276% increase.

 The “in combination” multiracial populations for all race groups accounted for most of the overall changes in each racial category.

 All of the race alone or in combination groups experienced increases. The Some Other Race alone or in combination group (49.9 million) increased 129%, surpassing the Black or African American population (46.9 million) (14.15%) as the second-largest race alone or in combination group.

 The next largest racial populations were the Asian alone or in combination group (24 million) (7.24%), the American Indian and Alaska Native alone or in combination group (9.7 million) (2.93%), and the Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone or in combination group (1.6 million) (0.48%).

 The Hispanic or Latino population, which includes people of any race, was 62.1 million (18.74%) in 2020. The Hispanic or Latino population grew 23%, while the population that was not of Hispanic or Latino origin grew 4.3% since 2010.

U.S.

Population

(April 1, 2020)

331,449,281

http://factsmaps.com/us-states-population-growth-rate-1950-2016/

United States of America (USA) Population clock (live) 03-03-2020 18:20:28

Current population Current male population (49.4%) Current female population (50.6%) Births this year Births today Deaths this year Deaths today Net migration this year Net migration today Population growth this year Population growth today

333,296,311 164,539,540 168,756,772 721,204 8,781 471,645 5,743 181,446 2,209 431,005 5,248

Source: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division

The country's growth rate since the 2010 census was 7.4% – much lower than the 2000-2010 rate of 9.7% and the "second-slowest in U.S. history," according to acting Census Bureau Director Ron Jarmin. But there was big growth in certain regions. The population in the South grew 10.2% since 2010, while the West was close behind at 9.2%, according to the bureau's data. The Northeast (4.1%) and Midwest (3.1%) grew at much slower rates.

331,449,281 18.74%

61.64%

10.2%

April 1, 2020

https://www.brookings.edu/research/new-2020-census-results-show-increased-diversity-countering-decade-long-declines-in-americas-white-and-youth-populations/

Canada Demographics In 2019, Canada has an estimated population of 37.41 million, which ranks 39th in the world. 32.3% of Canadians considered their ethnic origin to be Canadian. Other major groups recorded were English (18.3%), Scottish (13.9%), French (13.6%), Irish (13.4%), German (9.6%) and Chinese (5.1%). When reading these figures, you should bear in mind that census respondents could select multiple ethnic groups. Canada's aboriginal people are growing at twice the national rate. While 4% of the population claims an aboriginal identity, another 16% belongs to a non-aboriginal visible minority. Nearly 22% of the population is now foreign-born, and about 60% of new immigrants come from Asia, particularly China and India.

Race and Hispanic Origin

White alone 76.5%

Black or African American alone 13.4%

American Indian and Alaska Native

alone 1.3%

Asian alone 5.9%

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific

Islander alone 0.2%

Two or More Races 2.7%

Hispanic or Latino 18.3%

White alone, not Hispanic or Latino 60.4%

https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/IPE120218

U.S. Population estimates, July 1, 2018 327,167,434

•The current population of Canada is 37,494,138 as of Tuesday, October 1, 2019, based on Worldometers elaboration of the latest United Nations data. •Canada 2019 population is estimated at 37,411,047 people at mid year according to UN data. •Canada population is equivalent to 0.49% of the total world population. •Canada ranks number 39 in the list of countries (and dependencies) by population. •The population density in Canada is 4 per Km2 (11 people per mi2). •The total land area is 9,093,510 Km2 (3,511,022 sq. miles) •81.2% of the population is urban (30,376,281 people in 2019) •The median age in Canada is 40.5 years.

•The current population of the United States of America is 329,551,904 as of Tuesday, October 1, 2019, based on Worldometers elaboration of the latest United Nations data. •The United States 2019 population is estimated at 329,064,917 people at mid year according to UN data. •The United States population is equivalent to 4.27% of the total world population. •The U.S.A. ranks number 3 in the list of countries (and dependencies) by population. •The population density in the United States is 36 per Km2 (93 people per mi2). •The total land area is 9,147,420 Km2 (3,531,837 sq. miles) •82.5% of the population is urban (271,365,914 people in 2019) •The median age in the United States is 37.7 years.

https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/canada-population/

https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/us-population/

Canada versus United States

37th in 2021

4.21% in 2021

331,449,281 in 2020

The Making of a Multicultural Realm: The Challenge of Multiculturalism

■ Growing pluralism

• Transnationalism and beyond national borders:

• The Hispanic population in the US is half of Mexico.

• More African Americans than in Kenya.

• Miami: second largest Cuban city after Havana.

• Montreal: second largest French city after Paris. ■ Melting pot

• Blended cultures.

• Contested by increasing ethnic and cultural complexity.

■ Mosaic culture

• Heterogeneous complex of separate, distinct groups.

What type of society results from multiculturalism? Melting pot or mosaic culture or both?

Country or Territory National official statistics

Israel 6,697,000 (2019)

United States 6,543,820 (2018)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year. Countries are sorted by nominal GDP estimates from financial and statistical institutions, which are calculated at market or government official exchange rates. Nominal GDP does not take into account differences in the cost of living in different countries, and the results can vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country's currency. Such fluctuations may change a country's ranking from one year to the next, even though they often make little or no difference in the standard of living of its population.

Comparisons of national wealth are also frequently made on the basis of purchasing power parity (PPP), to adjust for differences in the cost of living in different countries. PPP largely removes the exchange rate problem, but has its own drawbacks; it does not reflect the value of economic output in international trade, does not take into account the differences of quality of goods and services among countries, and it also requires more estimation than nominal GDP. On the whole, PPP per capita figures are less spread than nominal GDP per capita figures.

Largest economies in the world by GDP (nominal) in 2023

according to International Monetary Fund estimates

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)

Largest economies in the world by PPP GDP in 2023

according to International Monetary Fund estimates https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)

Country or territory Region IMF UN World Bank

Estimate Year Estimate Year Estimate Year United States Americas 22,675,271 2021 21,433,226 2020 20,936,600 2020 China Asia 16,642,318 2021 14,342,933 2020 14,722,731 2020 Japan Asia 5,378,136 2021 5,082,465 2020 5,064,873 2019 Germany Europe 4,319,286 2021 3,861,123 2020 3,806,060 2020 United Kingdom Europe 3,124,650 2021 2,826,441 2020 2,707,744 2020 India Asia 3,049,704 2021 2,891,582 2020 2,622,984 2020 France Europe 2,938,271 2021 2,715,518 2020 2,603,004 2020 Italy Europe 2,106,287 2021 2,003,576 2020 1,886,445 2020 Canada Americas 1,883,487 2021 1,741,496 2020 1,643,408 2020 South Korea Asia 1,806,707 2021 1,646,539 2020 1,630,525 2020 Russia Europe 1,710,734 2021 1,692,930 2020 1,483,498 2020 Australia Oceania 1,617,543 2021 1,380,207 2020 1,330,901 2020 Brazil Americas 1,491,772 2021 1,847,795 2020 1,444,733 2020 Spain Europe 1,461,552 2021 1,393,490 2020 1,281,199 2020 Mexico Americas 1,192,480 2021 1,256,440 2020 1,076,163 2020 Indonesia Asia 1,158,783 2021 1,119,190 2020 1,058,424 2020 Netherlands Europe 1,012,598 2021 907,050 2020 912,242 2020 Switzerland Europe 824,734 2021 731,425 2020 747,969 2020 Saudi Arabia Asia 804,921 2021 792,966 2020 700,118 2020 Turkey Asia 794,530 2021 761,425 2020 720,101 2020 Taiwan Asia 759,104 2021 669,034 2020 574,905 2017 Iran Asia 682,859 2021 603,779 2020 491,718 2020 Poland Europe 642,121 2021 595,862 2020 594,165 2020 Sweden Europe 625,948 2021 530,883 2020 537,610 2020 Belgium Europe 578,996 2021 533,097 2020 515,333 2020 Thailand Asia 538,735 2021 542,016 2020 501,795 2020 Nigeria Africa 514,049 2021 474,516 2020 432,294 2020 Austria Europe 481,796 2021 445,075 2020 428,965 2020 Ireland Europe 476,663 2021 398,590 2020 418,622 2020 Israel Asia 446,708 2021 395,098 2020 401,954 2020

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)

GDP (PPP, US$ million) by country or territory

Country (or territory) Region IMF World Bank CIA

Estimate Year Estimate Year Estimate Year China Asia 30,177,926 2022 24,273,360 2020 23,009,780 2020 United States Americas 25,346,805 2022 20,936,600 2020 19,846,720 2020 India Asia 11,745,260 2022 9,907,028 2020 8,443,360 2020 Japan Asia 6,110,075 2022 5,328,033 2019 5,224,850 2019 Germany Europe 5,269,963 2022 4,469,546 2020 4,238,800 2020 Russia Europe 4,365,443 2022 4,133,084 2020 3,875,690 2020 Indonesia Asia 3,995,064 2022 3,302,377 2020 3,130,470 2020 United Kingdom Europe 3,751,845 2022 3,019,057 2020 2,797,980 2020 Brazil Americas 3,680,942 2022 3,153,597 2020 2,989,430 2020 France Europe 3,677,579 2022 3,115,307 2020 2,832,170 2020

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)

the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year

Country/Territory Rank Subregion Region IMF UN World Bank

Estimate Year Estimate Year Estimate Year Monaco 1/213 Western Europe Europe N/A 190,532 2019 190,513 2019 Liechtenstein 2 Western Europe Europe N/A 179,258 2019 180,367 2018 Luxembourg 3 Western Europe Europe 131,782 2021 115,481 2019 115,874 2020 Bermuda 4 Northern America Americas N/A 117,768 2019 117,098 2019 Cayman Islands 5 Caribbean Americas N/A 92,692 2019 91,393 2019 Switzerland 6 Western Europe Europe 94,696 2021 85,135 2019 86,602 2020 Ireland 7 Northern Europe Europe 94,556 2021 81,637 2019 83,813 2020 Macau 8 Eastern Asia Asia 58,004 2021 84,097 2019 86,118 2019 Norway 9 Northern Europe Europe 81,995 2021 74,986 2019 67,295 2020 United States 10 Northern America Americas 68,309 2021 65,134 2019 63,544 2020 Iceland 11 Northern Europe Europe 65,273 2021 71,345 2019 59,261 2020 Denmark 12 Northern Europe Europe 67,218 2021 60,657 2019 60,909 2020 Singapore 13 South-eastern Asia Asia 64,103 2021 64,103 2019 59,798 2020 Qatar 14 Western Asia Asia 59,143 2021 64,782 2019 50,806 2020 Australia 15 Australia, New Zealand Oceania 62,723 2021 54,763 2019 51,812 2020 Sweden 16 Northern Europe Europe 58,977 2021 52,896 2019 51,926 2020 Netherlands 17 Western Europe Europe 58,003 2021 53,053 2019 52,304 2020 Finland 19 Northern Europe Europe 54,330 2021 48,678 2019 49,041 2020 Austria 20 Western Europe Europe 53,859 2021 49,701 2019 48,105 2020 Hong Kong 23 Eastern Asia Asia 49,036 2021 49,180 2019 46,324 2020 Germany 24 Western Europe Europe 51,860 2021 46,232 2019 45,724 2020 Belgium 25 Western Europe Europe 50,103 2021 46,198 2019 44,594 2020 Canada 26 Northern America Americas 49,222 2021 46,550 2019 43,242 2020 Israel 27 Western Asia Asia 47,602 2021 46,376 2019 43,611 2020 New Zealand 28 Australia, New Zealand Oceania 47,499 2021 43,264 2019 41,792 2020 United Kingdom 29 Northern Europe Europe 46,344 2021 41,855 2019 40,285 2020 France 30 Western Europe Europe 44,995 2021 40,319 2019 38,625 2020 Japan 31 Eastern Asia Asia 42,928 2021 40,063 2019 40,113 2019

…

Panama 74 Central America Americas 13,690 2021 15,728 2019 12,269 2020 China 76 Eastern Asia Asia 11,819 2021 10,004 2019 10,500 2020 Costa Rica 77 Central America Americas 11,806 2021 12,238 2019 12,077 2020 Russia 78 Eastern Europe Europe 11,654 2021 11,606 2019 10,127 2020 Malaysia 79 South-eastern Asia Asia 11,604 2021 11,414 2019 10,402 2020 World N/A 11,339 2019 10,926 2020 Bulgaria 81/213 Eastern Europe Europe 11,321 2021 9,703 2019 9,976 2020

GDP (in US$) per capita by country https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita

Ranking Country GDP per Capita

2022 Population

1 Luxembourg $118,001 647,599 2 Singapore $97,057 5,975,689 3 Ireland $94,392 5,023,109 4 Qatar $93,508 2,695,122 5 Switzerland $72,874 8,740,472 6 Norway $65,800 5,434,319 7 United States $63,416 338,289,857 8 Brunei $62,371 449,002 9 Hong Kong $59,520 7,488,865 10 Denmark $58,932 5,882,261 11 United Arab Emirates $58,753 9,441,129 12 San Marino $58,427 33,660 13 Netherlands $57,534 17,564,014 14 Macau $56,078 695,168 16 Taiwan $55,724 23,893,394 15 Iceland $55,596 372,899 17 Austria $55,218 8,939,617 18 Sweden $54,146 10,549,347 19 Germany $54,076 83,369,843 20 Australia $51,680 26,177,413 21 Belgium $51,096 11,655,930 22 Finland $49,853 5,540,745 23 Bahrain $48,766 1,472,233 24 Canada $48,720 38,454,327 25 Saudi Arabia $46,811 36,408,820 26 France $46,062 64,626,628 27 South Korea $44,621 51,815,810 28 United Kingdom $44,117 67,508,936 29 Malta $42,856 533,286 30 Japan $42,248 123,951,692 31 New Zealand $42,018 5,185,288 … 77 China $17,192 1,425,887,337

https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/gdp-per-capita-by-country

GDP per Capita by Country 2022

Rank Country or

dependent territory Region Population

% of

world Date

Source (official or from

the United Nations) Notes

3 United States Americas 332,474,873 4.21%4 Oct 2021 National population clock Includes the 50 states and the District of

Columbia, but excludes the U.S. territories.

37 Canada Americas 38,427,521 0.486%4 Oct 2021 National population clock

Rank Country /

Dependency Total in km2 (mi2) Land in km2 (mi2) Water in km2 (mi2) % water Notes

2 Canada 9,984,670 (3,855,100) 9,093,507 (3,511,023) 891,163 (344,080) 8.93

Largest English- and largest French-speaking country; largest country completely in the Western Hemisphere by total area (second-largest by land area, after the United States); with the largest surface area of water. Total area and water area figures include area covered by freshwater only and do not include internal waters (non-freshwater) of about 1,600,000 km2, nor territorial waters of 200,000 km2.[4][5]

3 or 4 United States 9,525,067 (3,677,649) – 9,833,517 (3,796,742)

9,147,593 (3,531,905) – 9,147,643 (3,531,925)

377,424 (145,724) – 685,924 (264,837)

3.96–6.97

By land area, largest English-speaking country and largest country in the Western Hemisphere (second-largest by total area, after Canada). Secondary figures for total area and water area include all coastal and territorial waters.

The following two primary sources (non-mirrored) represent the range (min./max.) of estimates of China's and the United States' total areas. Both sources (1) exclude Taiwan from the area of China;

(2) exclude China's coastal and territorial waters. However, the CIA World Factbook includes the United States coastal and territorial waters, while Encyclopædia Britannica excludes the United States coastal and

territorial waters. The Encyclopædia Britannica lists China as world's third-largest country (after Russia and Canada) with a total area of 9,572,900 km2, and the United States as fourth-largest at 9,525,067 km2.

The CIA World Factbook lists China as fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada and the United States) with a total area of 9,596,960 km2, and the United States as the third-largest at 9,833,517 km2.

Sovereign states and dependencies by population https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population

List of countries and dependencies by area https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area

List of countries by GDP (nominal)

Country or territory Region IMF UN World Bank

Estimate Year Estimate Year Estimate Year United States (NO: 1) Americas 22,675,271 2021 21,433,226 2020 20,936,600 2020 Canada (NO: 9) Americas 1,883,487 2021 1,741,496 2020 1,643,408 2020

Canada United States

(Source: CIA Factbook)

Military expenditures - % of GDP

0.99% of GDP (2016) 3.29% of GDP (2016)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)

Rank Country Spending (US$ bn) % of GDP % of global spending World total 2,240 2.2 100%

1 United States 877.0 3.5 39% 2 China 292.0 1.6 13% 3 Russia 86.4 4.1 3.9% 4 India 81.4 2.4 3.6% 5 Saudi Arabia 75.0 7.4 3.3% 6 United Kingdom 68.5 2.2 3.1% 7 Germany 55.8 1.4 2.5% 8 France[c] 53.6 1.9 2.4% 9 South Korea 46.4 2.7 2.1% 10 Japan 46.0 1.1 2.1% 11 Ukraine 44.0 34 2.0% 12 Italy 33.5 1.7 1.5% 13 Australia 32.3 1.9 1.4% 14 Canada 26.9 1.2 1.2% 15 Israel 23.4 4.5 1.0% 16 Spain 20.3 1.5 0.9% 17 Brazil 20.2 1.1 0.9% 18 Poland 16.6 2.4 0.7% 19 Netherlands 15.6 1.6 0.7% 20 Qatar 15.4 7.0 0.7%

List by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2023 Fact Sheet (for 2022)

SIPRI Military Expenditure Database

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures

List of countries by GDP sector composition https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_sector_composition

Industrial (or secondary) sector

Industry is the segment of economy concerned with production of goods (including fuels and fertilisers). Industrial

output is a component of the GDP of a nation.

Service (or tertiary) sector

A service is the non-material equivalent of a good. Service provision is defined as an economic activity that does not

result in ownership, and this is what differentiates it from providing physical goods. It is claimed to be a process that

creates benefits by facilitating either a change in customers, a change in their physical possessions, or a change I

their intangible assets. Service output is a component of the GDP of a nation. Creative (Advertising, Fashion, Film, Music, Video games), Education, Financial services (Insurance), Health care, Hospitality, Professional services, Software, Tourism

The figures are based on nominal GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and GDP (PPP: Purchasing Power Parity) estimates

and sector composition ratios provided by the CIA World Factbook at market or government official exchange rates

with figures in trillions of United States dollars.

Agricultural (or primary) sector

Agriculture (a term which encompasses farming) is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and other goods by the

systematic raising of plants and animals. Agricultural output is a component of the GDP of a nation. Agriculture (Flowers, Horticulture, Coffee, Meat), Fishing, Forestry, Mining, Petroleum (Oil shale)

Manufacturing (Aerospace, Arms, Automotive, Electronics, Semiconductor, Ship building), Chemical (Plastics), Meat packing, Textile

Country/Economy Total

GDP(PPP)(US$MM) Agricultural Industrial Service Agricultural Industrial Service

World 127,800,000 6.4% 30.0% 63.0% 8,179,200 38,340,000 80,514,000

China 23,210,000 7.9% 40.5% 51.6% 1,833,590 9,400,050 11,976,360

European Union 20,850,000 1.6% 25.1% 70.9% 333,600 5,233,350 14,782,650

United States 19,490,000 0.9% 19.1% 80.0% 175,410 3,722,590 15,592,000

India 9,474,000 15.4% 23.0% 61.5% 1,458,996 2,179,020 5,826,510

Japan 5,443,000 1.1% 30.1% 68.7% 59,873 1,638,343 3,739,341

Germany 4,199,000 0.7% 30.7% 68.6% 29,393 1,289,093 2,880,514

Russia 4,016,000 4.7% 32.4% 62.3% 188,752 1,301,184 2,501,968

Indonesia 3,250,000 13.7% 41.0% 45.4% 445,250 1,332,500 1,475,500

Brazil 3,248,000 6.6% 20.7% 72.7% 214,368 672,336 2,361,296

United Kingdom 2,925,000 0.7% 20.2% 79.2% 20,475 590,850 2,316,600

France 2,856,000 1.7% 19.5% 78.8% 48,552 556,920 2,250,528

Mexico 2,463,000 3.6% 31.9% 64.5% 88,668 785,697 1,588,635

Italy 2,317,000 2.1% 23.9% 73.9% 48,657 553,763 1,712,263

Turkey 2,186,000 6.8% 32.3% 60.7% 148,648 706,078 1,326,902

Korea, South 2,035,000 2.2% 39.3% 58.3% 44,770 799,755 1,186,405

Spain 1,778,000 2.6% 23.2% 74.2% 46,228 412,496 1,319,276

Saudi Arabia 1,775,000 2.6% 44.2% 53.2% 46,150 784,550 944,300

Canada 1,774,000 1.6% 28.2% 70.2% 28,384 500,268 1,245,348

Iran 1,640,000 9.6% 35.3% 55.0% 157,440 578,920 902,000

Australia 1,248,000 3.6% 25.3% 71.2% 44,928 315,744 888,576

Thailand 1,236,000 8.2% 36.2% 55.6% 101,352 447,432 687,216

Egypt 1,204,000 11.7% 34.3% 54.0% 140,868 412,972 650,160

Taiwan 1,189,000 1.8% 36.0% 62.1% 21,402 428,040 738,369

GDP (PPP) sector composition, 2017 (in percentage and in millions of dollars):

extremely low wages.

Major Crops in the U.S.

1997 (in US$ billions)

2014 (in US$ billions)

Corn $24.4 $52.4

Soybeans $17.7 $40.3

Wheat $8.6 $11.9

Alfalfa $8.3 $10.8

Cotton $6.1 $5.1

Hay, (non-Alfalfa) $5.1 $8.4

Tobacco $3.0 $1.8

Rice $1.7 $3.1

Sorghum $1.4 $1.7

Barley $0.9 $0.9

Source 1997 USDA – NASS reports 2015 USDA-NASS reports

Type 1997 2002 2007 2012

Cattle and calves 99,907,017 95,497,994 96,347,858 89,994,614

Hogs and pigs 61,188,149 60,405,103 67,786,318 66,026,785

Sheep and lambs 8,083,457 6,341,799 5,819,162 5,364,844

Broilers & other meat chickens

1,214,446,356 1,389,279,047 1,602,574,592 1,506,276,846

Laying hens 314,144,304 334,435,155 349,772,558 350,715,978

U.S. livestock and poultry inventory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States

Cattle and calves, corn, and soybeans are the top 3 U.S. farm products.

Country Total GDP(PPP)(US$MM) Agricultural Industrial Service Agricultural Industrial Service

United States 19,490,000 (2017) 0.9% 19.1% 80.0% 175,410 3,722,590 15,592,000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_sector_composition

Farming accounts for about 1% of the U.S. gross domestic product. As of the 2007 census of agriculture, there were 2.2 million farms.

In 2018, $139.6 billion worth of American agricultural products (about 25% of U.S. farm products by value) were exported around the

world, a net exporter of food. In 1870, almost 50 percent of the U.S. population was employed in agriculture. As of 2008, less than 2 percent of the population is directly employed in agriculture. In 2012, there were 3.2 million farmers, ranchers and other agricultural managers and an estimated 757,900 agricultural workers were legally employed in the US. … The median pay was $9.12 per hour or $18,970 per year. From 1999–2009, roughly 50% of hired crop farmworkers in the U.S. were noncitizens working without legalauthorization. Large farms rely on new immigrants (such as Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Pakistani, and Mexican) that do not have many other options to work for

Nominal GDP is a macroeconomic assessment of the value of goods and services using current prices in its measure. Nominal GDP is also referred to as the current dollar GDP. Real gross domestic product is a macroeconomic statistic that measures the value of the goods and services produced by an economy in a specific period, adjusted forinflation.

Manufacturing in the United States is a vital sector. The United States is the

world's second largest manufacturer (after China) with a record high real output

in Q1 2018 of $2.00 trillion (i.e., adjusted for inflation in 2009 Dollars) well

above the 2007 peak before the Great Recession of $1.95 trillion. The U.S.

manufacturing industry employed 12.35 million people in December 2016 and

12.56 million in December 2017, an increase of 207,000 or 1.7%. Though still a

large part of the US economy, in Q1 2018 manufacturing contributed less to GDP

than the 'Finance, insurance, real estate, rental, and leasing' sector, the

'Government' sector, or 'Professional and business services' sector.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) forecast in October 2017 that manufacturing employment would fall from 12.3 million in 2016 to 11.6 million in 2026, a decline of 736,000. As a share of employment, manufacturing would fall from 7.9% in 2016 to 6.9% in 2026, continuing a long-term trend.

Country Total GDP(PPP)(US$MM) Agricultural Industrial Service Agricultural Industrial Service

United States 19,490,000 (2017) 0.9% 19.1% 80.0% 175,410 3,722,590 15,592,000 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_sector_composition

The Service (Tertiary) Sector of the U.S. Economy In the United States, in 2017, value added in the services-producing industries accounted for 78.9 percent of total value added,

amounting to US$13.1 trillion, and 86.3 percent of total private employment, representing 124 million employees. Dr. Patricia Buckley and Dr. Rumki Majumdar, From cargo containers to bytes: Unpacking US services trade, Deloitte Insights, July 2018.

Contribution of private services-producing industries to value added (percent of total, 2017) 78.9%

3% Other services except government

3% Transportation and warehousing

5% Arts/entertainment/recreation/accommodation /food services

6% Information

7% Wholesale trade

7% Retail trade

9% Finance and insurance

10% Educational services, health care, and social assistance

14% Professional and business services

15% Real estate rental and leasing

Private goods-producing industries 21.1%

Country Total GDP(PPP)(US$MM) Agricultural Industrial Service Agricultural Industrial Service

United States 19,490,000 0.9% 19.1% 80.0% 175,410 3,722,590 15,592,000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_sector_composition

Industry Share of GDP Real estate and rental and leasing 13.01% Manufacturing 10.37% Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 8.21% Finance and insurance 7.07% Construction 7.07% Health care and social assistance 6.63% Public administration 6.28% Wholesale trade 5.78% Retail trade 5.60% Professional, scientific and technical services 5.54% Educational services 5.21% Transportation and warehousing 4.60% Information and cultural industries 3.00% Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services 2.46% Utilities 2.21% Accommodation and food services 2.15% Other services (except public administration) 1.89% Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting 1.53% Arts, entertainment and recreation 0.77% Management of companies and enterprises 0.62%

In 2017, the Canadian

economy had the following

relative weighting by industry,

as percentage value of GDP

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Canada

US GDP by year (1920-2018)

Year Nominal GDP Real GDP % Change 1920 N/A 0.67 N/A 1921 N/A 0.67 0.00% 1922 N/A 0.71 5.97% 1923 N/A 0.8 12.68% 1924 N/A 0.83 3.75% 1925 N/A 0.85 2.41% 1926 N/A 0.9 5.88% 1927 N/A 0.91 1.11% 1928 N/A 0.92 1.10% 1929 $0.11 $0.98 6.52% 1930 $0.09 $1.02 -8.50% 1931 $0.08 $0.95 -6.40% 1932 $0.06 $0.83 -12.90% 1933 $0.06 $0.82 -1.20% 1934 $0.07 $0.91 10.80% 1935 $0.07 $0.99 8.90% 1936 $0.09 $1.11 12.90% 1937 $0.09 $1.17 5.10% 1938 $0.09 $1.13 -3.30% 1939 $0.09 $1.22 8.00% 1940 $0.10 $1.33 8.80% 1941 $0.13 $1.57 17.70% 1942 $0.17 $1.86 18.90% 1943 $0.20 $2.18 17.00% 1944 $0.22 $2.35 8.00% 1945 $0.23 $2.33 -1.00% 1946 $0.23 $2.06 -11.60% 1947 $0.25 $2.04 -1.10% 1948 $0.28 $2.12 4.10% 1949 $0.27 $2.11 -0.60% 1950 $0.30 $2.29 8.70% 1951 $0.35 $2.47 8.00% 1952 $0.37 $2.58 4.10% 1953 $0.39 $2.70 4.70% 1954 $0.39 $2.68 -0.60% 1955 $0.43 $2.87 7.10% 1956 $0.45 $2.93 2.10% 1957 $0.47 $2.99 2.10% 1958 $0.48 $2.97 -0.70% 1959 $0.52 $3.18 6.90% 1960 $0.54 $3.26 2.60% 1961 $0.56 $3.34 2.60% 1962 $0.60 $3.55 6.10% 1963 $0.64 $3.70 4.40% 1964 $0.69 $3.92 5.80% 1965 $0.74 $4.17 6.50% 1966 $0.81 $4.45 6.60% 1967 $0.86 $4.57 2.70% 1968 $0.94 $4.79 4.90% 1969 $1.02 $4.94 3.10% 1970 $1.07 $4.95 0.20%

Real gross domestic product is the inflation adjusted value of the goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States.

GDP by Presidents Beginning GDP (billions)

Ending GDP (billions)

Average Growth Rate

Warren Harding (R) 1920-1923 $0.67 $0.80 6.2% Calvin Coolidge (R) 1923-1929 $0.80 $0.98 4.8% Herbert Hoover (R) 1929-1933 $0.98 $0.82 - 4.5%

Franklin Roosevelt (D) 1933-1945 $0.82 $2.33 8.0% Harry Truman (D) 1945-1953 $2.33 $2.70 1.7%

Dwight Eisenhower (R) 1953-1961 $2.70 $3.34 3.0% John Kennedy (D) 1961-1963 $3.34 $3.70 4.4%

Lyndon Johnson (D) 1963–1969 $3.70 $4.94 4.9% Richard Nixon (R) 1969-1974 $4.94 $5.66 2.8%

Gerald Ford (R) 1974-1977 $5.66 $6.22 2.3% Jimmy Carter (D) 1977-1981 $6.22 $6.93 3.1%

Ronald Reagan (R) 1981-1989 $6.93 $9.19 3.5% George H. W. Bush (R) 1989-1993 $9.19 $9.95 2.4%

Bill Clinton (D) 1993-2001 $9.95 $13.26 3.6% George W. Bush (R) 2001-2009 $13.26 $15.21 1.7% Barack Obama (D) 2009-2017 $15.21 $18.05 1.7% Donald Trump (R) 2017-2018 $18.05 $18.57 2.6%

Year Nominal GDP Real GDP % Change 1971 $1.17 $5.11 3.30% 1972 $1.28 $5.38 5.30% 1973 $1.43 $5.69 5.60% 1974 $1.55 $5.66 -0.50% 1975 $1.69 $5.65 -0.20% 1976 $1.87 $5.95 5.40% 1977 $2.08 $6.22 4.60% 1978 $2,352 $6,569 5.50% 1979 $2.63 $6.78 3.20% 1980 $2.86 $6.76 -0.30% 1981 $3.21 $6.93 2.50% 1982 $3.34 $6.81 -1.80% 1983 $3.63 $7.12 4.60% 1984 $4.04 $7.63 7.20% 1985 $4.34 $7.95 4.20% 1986 $4.58 $8.23 3.50% 1987 $4.86 $8.51 3.50% 1988 $5.24 $8.87 4.20% 1989 $5.64 $9.19 3.70% 1990 $5.96 $9.37 1.90% 1991 $6.16 $9.36 -0.10% 1992 $6.52 $9.69 3.50% 1993 $6.86 $9.95 2.80% 1994 $7.29 $10.35 4.00% 1995 $7.64 $10.63 2.70% 1996 $8.07 $11.03 3.80% 1997 $8.58 $11.52 4.40% 1998 $9.06 $12.04 4.50% 1999 $9.63 $12.61 4.80% 2000 $10.25 $13.13 4.10% 2001 $10.58 $13.26 1.00% 2002 $10.94 $13.49 1.70% 2003 $11.46 $13.88 2.90% 2004 $12.21 $14.41 3.80% 2005 $13.04 $14.91 3.50% 2006 $13.82 $15.34 2.90% 2007 $14.45 $15.63 1.90% 2008 $14.71 $15.61 -0.10% 2009 $14.45 $15.21 -2.50% 2010 $14.99 $15.60 2.60% 2011 $15.54 $15.84 1.60% 2012 $16.20 $16.20 2.20% 2013 $16.79 $16.50 1.80% 2014 $17.52 $16.90 2.50% 2015 $18.22 $17.39 2.90% 2016 $18.71 $17.66 1.60% 2017 $19.49 $18.05 2.20% 2018 $20.49 $18.57 2.90%

https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gross-domestic-product

•2021 was 5.67%, a 9.08% increase from 2020.

•2020 was -3.40%, a 5.69% decline from 2019.

•2019 was 2.29%, a 0.63% decline from 2018.

•2018 was 2.92%, a 0.66% increase from 2017.

Q2 2023 (3rd) +2.1% Q1 2023 (2nd) +2.2%

Bureau of Economic Analysis

Real GDP increased 2.1% in 2022.

Real median

household income U.S. Census Bureau Last Updated: 2022-09-13

Household income in the United States

U.S. economic growth is not translating into higher median family incomes. Real GDP per household has typically increased since the year 2000, while real median income per household was below 1999 levels until 2016, indicating a trend of greater income inequality.

Total compensation's share of GDP has declined by 4.5 percentage points from 1970 to 2016. This implies that the share attributed to capital increased in that period.

DATE VALUE 1984-01-01 55828 1985-01-01 56871 1986-01-01 58920 1987-01-01 59624 1988-01-01 60115 1989-01-01 61153 1990-01-01 60370 1991-01-01 58607 1992-01-01 58153 1993-01-01 57843 1994-01-01 58515 1995-01-01 60348 1996-01-01 61225 1997-01-01 62484 1998-01-01 64781 1999-01-01 66385 2000-01-01 66248 2001-01-01 64779 2002-01-01 64047 2003-01-01 63967 2004-01-01 63745 2005-01-01 64427 2006-01-01 64930 2007-01-01 65801 2008-01-01 63455 2009-01-01 63011 2010-01-01 61364 2011-01-01 60428 2012-01-01 60313 2013-01-01 62425 2014-01-01 61468 2015-01-01 64631 2016-01-01 66657 2017-01-01 67571 2018-01-01 68168 2019-01-01 72808 2020-01-01 71186 2021-01-01 70784

Real median household income after taxes fell 8.8% to $64,240 from 2021 to 2022. https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/median-household-income.html

https://i0.wp.com/factsmaps.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/minimum-wage-by-us-state-by-July-2018.png

https://www.paycor.com/resource-center/articles/minimum-wage-by-state/

They also cover pay for tipped employees, reporting pay, on-duty

or on-call time, travel time, and expenses. Deductions for

lodging, meals, uniforms, and required wage records are also

covered. Effective January 1, 2022, the Massachusetts minimum

wage is $14.25 per hour.

State 2023 Minimum Wage (effective 1/1/23 except as noted) Alabama N/A Alaska $10.85 Arizona $13.85 Arkansas N/A

California $15.50 minimum wage applies to all employers (Wage by city in California)

Colorado $13.65 Connecticut $15.00 effective 6/1/23 Delaware $11.75 Washington D.C. N/A

Florida $12.00 effective 9/30/23 Georgia N/A

Hawaii N/A

Idaho N/A

Illinois $13.00 Indiana N/A

Iowa N/A

Kansas N/A

Kentucky N/A

Louisiana N/A

Maine $13.80 Maryland $13.25 Massachusetts $15.00 Michigan $10.10 Minnesota $10.59 Annual increases began 1/1/23 Mississippi N/A

Missouri $12.00 Montana $9.95 Annual increases began 1/1/23 Nebraska $10.50 Nevada $11.25 effective 7/1/23 New Hampshire N/A

New Jersey $14.13 (Businesses with fewer than 6 employees and seasonal employees pay $12.93)

New Mexico $12.00 New York $14.20 North Carolina N/A

North Dakota N/A

Ohio $10.10 Annual increases began 1/1/23 Oklahoma N/A

Oregon Annual increases began 7/1/23 Pennsylvania N/A

Rhode Island $13.00 South Carolina N/A

South Dakota $10.80 Tennessee N/A

Texas N/A

Utah N/A

Vermont $13.18 Annual increases began 1/1/23 Virginia $12.00 Washington $15.74 West Virginia N/A

Wisconsin N/A

Wyoming N/A

2023 State

Minimum

Wage Rates

List of largest companies

Rank Name Industry Revenue

(USD million) Revenue growth Employees Headquarters

1 Walmart Retail 572,754 2.4% 2,300,000 Bentonville, Arkansas

2 Amazon Retail and Cloud Computing 469,822 21.7% 1,608,000 Seattle, Washington

3 Apple Electronics industry 365,817 33.2% 154,000 Cupertino, California

4 CVS Health Healthcare 292,111 32.0% 258,000 Woonsocket, Rhode Island

5 UnitedHealth Group Healthcare 287,597 11.8% 350,000 Minnetonka, Minnesota

6 Exxon Mobil Petroleum industry 285,640 57.4% 63,000 Irving, Texas

7 Berkshire Hathaway Conglomerate 276,094 12.5% 372,000 Omaha, Nebraska

8 Alphabet Technology 257,637 41.2% 156,000 Mountain View, California

9 McKesson Corporation Health 238,228 3.1% 67,500 Irving, Texas

10 AmerisourceBergen Pharmaceutical industry 213,989 12.7% 40,000 Chesterbrook, Pennsylvania

11 Microsoft Technology 198,087 17.5% 181,000 Redmond, Washington

12 Costco Retail 195,929 17.5% 288,000 Issaquah, Washington

13 Cigna Health Insurance 174,078 8.5% 72,963 Bloomfield, Connecticut

14 AT&T Conglomerate 168,864 1.7% 202,600 Dallas, Texas

15 Cardinal Health Healthcare 162,467 6.2% 46,827 Dublin, Ohio

16 Chevron Corporation Petroleum industry 162,465 71.6% 42,595 San Ramon, California

17 The Home Depot Retail 151,157 14.4% 490,600 Atlanta, Georgia

18 Walgreens Boots Alliance Pharmaceutical industry 148,579 6.5% 258,500 Deerfield, Illinois

19 Marathon Petroleum Petroleum industry 141,032 58.5% 17,700 Findlay, Ohio

20 Elevance Health Healthcare 138,639 13.8% 98,200 Indianapolis, Indiana

Below are the 100 largest companies by revenue in 2022 (mostly for fiscal year 2021), according to the Fortune 500 list.

# NAME TICKER COUNTRY SECTOR MARKET

CAP LAST PRICE TTM NET INCOME

TTM REVENUE

TTM PROFIT MARGIN

3Y NET INCOME CAGR

5Y NET INCOME CAGR

1 Apple AAPL US Information Technology $2.257T $138.98 $99.633B $387.542B 25.92% 21.46% 16.44%

2 Microsoft MSFT US Information Technology $1.71T $225.41 $72.738B $198.27B 37.56% 22.82% 23.32%

3 Alphabet GOOGL US Communication Services $1.282T $97.18 $72.016B $278.139B 28.21% 27.47% 30.05%

4 Alphabet GOOG US Communication Services $1.282T $98.05 $72.016B $278.139B 28.21% 27.47% 30.05%

5 JPMorgan Chase & Co JPM US Financials $307.891B $101.96 $39.017B $128.296B 35.81% 4.41% 8.05%

6 Exxon Mobil XOM US Energy $411.929B $98.00 $38.95B $352.196B 3.83% 29.99% 27.20%

7 Meta Platforms META US Communication Services $359.584B $128.54 $33.631B $119.411B 33.16% 25.35% 20.64%

8 Pfizer PFE US Health Care $234.316B $41.92 $29.307B $101.132B 26.93% 32.19% 28.34%

9 Chevron CVX US Energy $307.591B $157.17 $29.047B $206.099B 9.23% 25.37% 37.85%

10 Bank of America BAC US Financials $246.36B $29.77 $28.018B $96.981B 31.94% -1.26% 6.96%

11 Verizon Communications VZ US Communication Services $153.794B $35.94 $20.799B $134.325B 15.88% 9.50% 5.48%

12 AT&T T US Communication Services $106.177B $14.81 $19.928B $140.235B 7.62% 4.65% 8.67%

13 Intel INTC US Information Technology $103.471B $25.04 $19.105B $73.394B 27.44% -1.09% 8.48%

14 Johnson & Johnson JNJ US Health Care $421.747B $162.73 $18.366B $95.588B 19.24% 3.98% 2.37%

15 UnitedHealth Group UNH US Health Care $466.625B $499.81 $18.254B $306.561B 5.74% 12% 17.61%

16 Wells Fargo & Co WFCNP US Financials $157.222B $1.45 $17.662B $78.412B 23.68% -9.88% -4.65%

17 Wells Fargo & Co WFC US Financials $157.222B $40.23 $17.662B $78.412B 23.68% -9.88% -4.65%

18 Home Depot HD US Consumer Discretionary $289.162B $282.89 $16.885B $155.239B 10.78% 14.70% 14.97%

19 Citigroup C US Financials $80.784B $40.45 $16.67B $83.203B 25.24% -3.31% 1.63%

20 Merck & Co MRK US Health Care $229.211B $91.05 $16.579B $57.169B 21.48% 20.96% 26.64%

21 Goldman Sachs Group GS US Financials $103.219B $294.21 $16.179B $58.314B 31.87% 18.44% 13.66%

22 Conocophillips COP US Energy $148.69B $115.58 $15.91B $65.369B 17.03% 30.57% 43.30%

23 Procter & Gamble PG US Consumer Staples $295.731B $124.23 $14.742B $80.187B 18.47% 55.75% -0.77%

24 Visa V US Information Technology $376.9B $179.14 $14.601B $28.082B 50.75% 7.05% 17.60%

25 Moderna MRNA US Health Care $48.282B $120.72 $14.055B $22.995B 60.29% 212.90% 172.01%

26 Comcast CMCSA US Communication Services $128.558B $28.68 $14.036B $121.66B 11.97% 5.14% 7.83%

27 Walmart WMT US Consumer Staples $351.005B $132.67 $13.87B $587.824B 2.04% 2.58% 1.73%

28 Morgan Stanley MS US Financials $134.616B $77.00 $13.564B $59.584B 23.98% 17.90% 14.30%

29 Qualcomm QCOM US Information Technology $128.696B $110.03 $12.861B $42.141B 28.37% 56.51% 26.95%

30 American International .. AIG US Financials $36.835B $48.05 $12.709B $57.171B 15.93% 378.03% 118.70%

Most Profitable Companies in the US 2022 https://www.financecharts.com/screener/most-profitable-country-us trailing 12 months (TTM)

Taxes fall much more heavily on labor income than on capital income. State taxes are generally treated as a deductible expense for federal tax computation, although the 2017 tax law imposed a $10,000 limit on the state and local tax ("SALT") deduction, which raised the effective tax rate on medium and high earners in high tax states. Prior to the SALT deduction limit, the average deduction exceeded $10,000 in most of the Midwest, and exceeded $11,000 in most of the Northeastern United States, as well as California and Oregon. The states impacted the most by the limit were the tri-state area (NY, NJ, and CT) and California; the average SALT deduction in those states was greater than $17,000 in 2014. Payroll taxes are imposed by the federal and all state governments. These include Social Security and Medicare taxes imposed on both employers and employees, at a combined rate of 15.3% (13.3% for 2011 and 2012). Payroll taxes have dramatically increased as a share of federal revenue since the 1950s, while corporate income taxes have fallen as a share of revenue. Property taxes are imposed by most local governments and many special purpose authorities based on the fair market value of property. … Property tax rules and rates vary widely with annual median rates ranging from 0.2% to 1.9% of a property's value depending on the state. Sales taxes are imposed by most states and some localities on the price at retail sale of many goods and some services. Sales tax rates vary widely among jurisdictions, from 0% to 16%, .. The United States imposes tariffs or customs duties on the import of many types of goods from many jurisdictions. These tariffs must be paid before the goods can be legally imported. Rates of duty vary from 0% to more than 20%, based on the particular goods and country of origin. An excise, or excise tax, is any duty on manufactured goods that is levied at the moment of manufacture rather than at sale. Excises are often associated with customs duties (which are levied on pre-existing goods when they cross a designated border in a specific direction); customs are levied on goods that become taxable items at the border, while excise is levied on goods that came into existence inland. An excise is considered an indirect tax, meaning that the producer or seller who pays the levy to the government is expected to try to recover their loss by raising the price paid by the eventual buyer of the goods. Excises are typically imposed in addition to an indirect tax such as a sales tax or value-added tax (VAT). Estate and gift taxes are imposed by the federal and some state governments on the transfer of property inheritance, by will, or by lifetime donation. Similar to federal income taxes, federal estate and gift taxes are imposed on worldwide property of citizens and residents and allow a credit for foreign taxes. Taxation in the United States

Taxes are levied on income, payroll, property, sales, capital gains, dividends, imports, estates and gifts, as well as various fees.

Taxation in the

United States The United States of America has separate

federal, state, and local governments with taxes

imposed at each of these levels. Taxes are levied

on income, payroll, property, sales, capital gains,

dividends, imports, estates and gifts, as well as

various fees. In 2010, taxes collected by federal,

state, and municipal governments amounted to 24.8% of GDP.

The secret IRS files: Trove of never-before-seen records reveal how wealthiest avoid income tax Jesse Eisinger, Paul Kiel and Jeff Ernsthausen

ProPublica https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2021/06/10/propublica-tax-leak-irs-files-show-how-billionaires-pay-low-tax/7639768002/

In 2007, Jeff Bezos, then a multibillionaire and now the world’s richest man, did not pay a penny in federal income

taxes. He achieved the feat again in 2011. In 2018, Tesla founder Elon Musk, the second-richest person in the world,

also paid no federal income taxes.

Michael Bloomberg managed to do the same in recent years. Billionaire investor Carl Icahn did it twice. George

Soros paid no federal income tax three years in a row.

ProPublica, the investigative newsroom, has obtained a vast trove of Internal Revenue Service data on the tax returns

of thousands of the nation’s wealthiest people, covering more than 15 years. The data provides an unprecedented look

inside the financial lives of America’s titans, including Warren Buffett, Bill Gates, Rupert Murdoch and Mark

Zuckerberg.

Bezos — currently the richest person in the world, according to Forbes — paid zero in federal income taxes in 2007

and 2011. In 2007, his income was offset by investment losses and deductions. In 2011, his income was more than

offset by investment losses, allowing him to claim and receive a $4,000 tax credit for his children, ProPublica reported

From 2014 to 2018, Bezos reported $4.22 billion in income and paid $973 million in taxes. His wealth grew by $99

billion during that time, according to ProPublica.

Musk, currently the world's second richest person, paid no federal income tax in 2018. Musk in total from 2014 to

2018 reported $1.52 billion in income and paid $455 million in taxes. His wealth grew by $13.9 billion during that time

period, ProPublica reported. https://thehill.com/policy/finance/557339-some-billionaires-had-years-where-they-paid-no-taxes-report

Forbes 400 2021 The Definitive Ranking of The Wealthiest Americans In 2021 Editor: Kerry A. Dolan Deputy Editors: Chase Peterson-Withorn and Jennifer Wang https://www.forbes.com/forbes-400/

It has been a terrible year for many, but the good times keep on rolling for the nation’s richest. The 400 wealthiest Americans saw their collective fortune increase 40% over the last year, to $4.5 trillion. Nearly all are richer than they were a year ago. There are 44 new names on the list, which now requires a minimum net worth of $2.9 billion, up $800 million from a year ago. What hasn’t increased? Their generosity. The number of Forbes 400 members who gave away more than 20% of their net worth since last year’s list dropped from ten to eight, while those who gave away less than 1% of their wealth rose from 127 to 156. Fortunes were calculated using stock prices and exchange rates from September 3, 2021.

RANK NAME NET WORTH AGE STATE SOURCE PHILANTHROPY SCORE 1. Jeff Bezos $201 B 57 Washington Amazon 1 2. Elon Musk $190.5 B 50 Texas Tesla, SpaceX 1 3. Mark Zuckerberg $134.5 B 37 California Facebook 2 4. Bill Gates $134 B 65 Washington Microsoft 4 5. Larry Page $123 B 48 California Google 1 6. Sergey Brin $118.5 B 48 California Google 1 7. Larry Ellison $117.3 B 77 Hawaii software 1 8. Warren Buffett $102 B 91 Nebraska Berkshire Hathaway 5 9. Steve Ballmer $96.5 B 65 Washington Microsoft 2 10. Michael Bloomberg $70 B 79 New York Bloomberg LP 4 11. Jim Walton $68.8 B 73 Arkansas Walmart 1 12. Alice Walton $67.9 B 71 Texas Walmart 2 13. Rob Walton $67.6 B 76 Arkansas Walmart 1 14. Phil Knight & family $59.9 B 83 Oregon Nike 2 15. MacKenzie Scott $58.5 B 51 Washington Amazon 4 16. Charles Koch $51 B 85 Kansas Koch Industries 2 16. Julia Koch & family $51 B 59 New York Koch Industries 2 18. Michael Dell $50.1 B 56 Texas Dell computers 2 19. Stephen Schwarzman $37.4 B 74 New York investments 2 20. Len Blavatnik $36.7 B 64 Pennsylvania music, chemicals 2

THE 2022 FORBES 400 LIST OF RICHEST AMERICANS: FACTS AND FIGURES

RANK NAME NET WORTH AGE STATE SOURCE PHILANTHROPY SCORE 1 Elon Musk $251 B 51 Texas Tesla, SpaceX 1 2. Jeff Bezos $151 B 58 Washington Amazon 2 3. Bill Gates $106 B 66 Washington Microsoft 5 4. Larry Ellison $101 B 78 Hawaii software 1 5. Warren Buffett $97 B 92 Nebraska Berkshire Hathaway 5 6. Larry Page $93 B 49 California Google 1 7. Sergey Brin $89 B 49 California Google 2 8. Steve Ballmer $83 B 66 Washington Microsoft 2 9. Michael Bloomberg $76.8 B 80 New York Bloomberg LP 4 10. Jim Walton $57.9 B 74 Arkansas Walmart 1

Counties in the United States by per capita income

Areas with higher levels of income are shaded darker.

Data for the 50 states and the District of Columbia is from the

2009-2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

Median household income in 2014

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States

Median household income in 2015 (darker blue indicates higher income)

Mean household income by ethnicity (as of March 2018)

Ethnic category Mean household income

Asian alone $112,105

White alone $99,632

Hispanic or Latino $60,319

Black $63,985

Data Source: Census Bureau - ACS 5-year Estimate

Rank State or territory Per capita income Median household income Median family income Population Number of households Number of families 1 District of Columbia $45,877 $71,648 $84,094 658,893 277,378 117,864 2 Connecticut $39,373 $70,048 $88,819 3,596,677 1,355,817 887,263 3 New Jersey $37,288 $69,160 $87,951 8,938,175 2,549,336 1,610,581 4 Massachusetts $36,593 $71,919 $88,419 6,938,608 3,194,844 2,203,675 5 Maryland $36,338 $73,971 $89,678 5,976,407 2,165,438 1,445,972 6 New Hampshire $34,691 $66,532 $80,581 1,326,813 519,756 345,901 7 Virginia $34,052 $64,902 $78,290 8,326,289 3,083,820 2,058,820 8 New York $33,095 $58,878 $71,115 19,746,227 7,282,398 4,621,954 9 North Dakota $33,071 $59,029 $75,221 739,482 305,431 187,800 10 Alaska $33,062 $71,583 $82,307 736,732 249,659 165,015 11 Minnesota $32,638 $61,481 $77,941 5,457,173 2,129,195 1,369,594 12 Colorado $32,357 $61,303 $75,405 5,355,866 2,039,592 1,315,283 13 Washington $31,841 $61,366 $74,193 7,061,530 2,679,601 1,725,099 14 Rhode Island $30,830 $54,891 $71,212 1,055,173 409,654 257,165 15 Delaware $30,488 $59,716 $72,594 935,614 349,743 233,000 16 California $30,441 $61,933 $71,015 38,802,500 12,758,648 8,762,059 17 Illinois $30,417 $57,444 $71,796 12,880,580 4,772,421 3,099,184 18 Hawaii $29,736 $69,592 $79,187 1,419,561 450,769 314,151 19 Wyoming $29,698 $57,055 $72,460 584,153 232,594 149,032 20 Pennsylvania $29,220 $53,234 $67,876 12,787,209 4,945,972 3,185,054 21 Vermont $29,178 $54,166 $67,154 626,562 257,229 162,017

United States $28,889 $53,657 $65,910 318,857,056 117,259,427 77,152,072 22 Iowa $28,361 $53,712 $67,771 3,107,126 1,241,471 801,562 23 Wisconsin $28,213 $52,622 $67,187 5,757,564 2,307,685 1,485,877 24 Maine $27,978 $49,462 $62,078 1,330,089 549,841 344,585 25 Kansas $27,870 $52,504 $66,425 2,904,021 1,109,280 728,602 26 Oregon $27,646 $51,075 $62,670 3,970,239 1,535,511 966,250 27 Nebraska $27,446 $52,686 $66,120 1,881,503 740,765 480,317 28 Texas $27,125 $53,035 $62,830 26,956,958 9,277,197 6,407,165 29 South Dakota $26,959 $50,979 $66,936 853,175 334,475 211,235 30 Ohio $26,937 $49,308 $62,300 11,594,163 4,593,172 2,923,523 31 Michigan $26,613 $49,847 $62,143 9,909,877 3,834,574 2,485,159 32 Florida $26,582 $47,463 $57,212 19,893,297 7,328,046 4,693,411 33 Missouri $26,126 $48,363 $61,299 6,063,589 2,354,809 1,508,816 34 Montana $25,989 $46,328 $60,643 1,023,579 410,962 251,176 35 North Carolina $25,774 $46,556 $57,380 9,943,964 3,790,620 2,492,048 36 Nevada $25,773 $51,450 $60,824 2,839,099 1,021,519 642,461 37 Arizona $25,715 $50,068 $59,700 6,731,484 2,428,743 1,579,481 38 Georgia $25,615 $49,321 $58,885 10,097,343 3,587,521 2,426,392 39 Oklahoma $25,229 $47,529 $58,710 3,878,051 1,459,759 966,516 40 Indiana $25,140 $49,446 $60,780 6,596,855 2,502,739 1,657,223 41 Tennessee $24,922 $44,361 $55,557 6,549,352 2,509,665 1,660,344 42 Utah $24,877 $60,922 $69,535 2,942,902 918,370 691,495 43 Louisiana $24,800 $44,555 $56,573 4,649,676 1,718,194 1,112,659 44 South Carolina $24,596 $45,238 $56,491 4,832,482 1,826,914 1,201,616 45 Idaho $23,938 $47,861 $58,101 1,634,464 591,587 407,499 46 Kentucky $23,684 $42,958 $54,776 4,413,457 1,712,094 1,124,586 47 New Mexico $23,683 $44,803 $54,705 2,085,572 760,916 489,532 48 Alabama $23,606 $42,830 $53,764 4,849,377 1,841,217 1,232,515 49 Arkansas $22,883 $41,262 $51,528 2,966,369 1,131,288 752,212 50 West Virginia $22,714 $41,059 $52,413 1,850,326 735,375 472,869 51 U.S. Virgin Islands $21,362 $37,254 $45,058 106,405 43,214 26,237 52 Mississippi $21,036 $39,680 $50,178 2,994,079 1,095,823 738,463 53 Guam $16,549 $48,274 $50,607 162,742 42,026 34,199 54 Puerto Rico $12,081 $19,775 $23,793 3,195,153 1,222,606 850,665 55 Northern Mariana Islands $9,656 $19,958 $22,455 53,833 16,035 10,714 56 American Samoa $6,311 $23,892 $24,706 55,519 9,688 8,834

States and territories ranked by per capita income

Most data is from the 2010-2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_income

http://factsmaps.com/population-below-poverty-level-line-rate-united-states/

The top 1% of Americans have about 16

times more wealth than the bottom 50% Published Wed, Jun 23 2021 2:47 PM EDT Updated Wed, Jun 23 2021 5:15 PM EDT

Megan Leonhardt https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/23/how-much-wealth-top-1percent-of-americans-have.html

The wealthiest 1% of Americans controlled about $41.52 trillion in the first quarter, according to Federal Reserve data released Monday. Yet the bottom 50% of Americans only controlled about $2.62 trillion collectively, which is roughly 16 times less than those in the top 1%. But some critics contend that the Fed’s low interest rate policies have boosted the stock market, giving an edge to those who own stocks and investments. The wealthiest 10% of Americans, for example, own about 89% of stocks and mutual funds held in the U.S. as of the first quarter of 2021, according to Fed data. The bottom 50% of U.S. households hold around 0.5%. It is true that the divide between the wealthiest Americans and the bottom half of U.S. households has widened over the last few decades. In the first quarter of 1990, the top 1% had roughly six times the wealth as the bottom half of Americans.

KEY TAKEAWAYS

The minimum net worth of the top 1% is roughly $11.1 million. A person would need to earn an average of $823,763 per year in order to join the top 1%. The median salary for all workers in the United States in 2021 was $45,470. The widening gaps in wealth and income stem from a variety of factors, including the wealthiest's increasing dominance of public and private equity, and tax breaks. There were 927 billionaires in the United States while China had more than 400 billionaires.

https://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/1212/average-net-worth-of-the-1.aspx

http://factsmaps.com/population-not-covered-health-insurance-us-states/

•In 2020, 8.6 percent of people, or 28.0 million, did not have health insurance at any point during the year.

•In 2020, private health insurance coverage continued to be more prevalent than public coverage at 66.5 percent and 34.8 percent, respectively. Of the

subtypes of health insurance coverage, employment-based insurance was the most common, covering 54.4 percent of the population for some or all of

the calendar year, followed by Medicare (18.4 percent), Medicaid (17.8 percent), direct-purchase coverage (10.5 percent), TRICARE (2.8 percent), and

Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) or Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs (CHAMPVA) coverage (0.9 percent).

•Between 2018 and 2020, the rate of private health insurance coverage decreased by 0.8 percentage points to 66.5 percent, driven by a 0.7

percentage-point decline in employment-based coverage to 54.4 percent.

•Between 2018 and 2020, the rate of public health insurance coverage increased by 0.4 percentage points to 34.8 percent.

•In 2020, 87.0 percent of full-time, year-round workers had private insurance coverage, up from 85.1 percent in 2018. In contrast, those who worked

less than full-time, year-round were less likely to be covered by private insurance in 2020 than in 2018 (68.5 percent in 2018 and 66.7 percent in 2020).

•More children under the age of 19 in poverty were uninsured in 2020 than in 2018. Uninsured rates for children under the

age of 19 in poverty rose 1.6 percentage points to 9.3 percent.

https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2021/demo/p60-274.html

Record 31 million Americans have health-care

coverage through Affordable Care Act, White

House says By Amy B Wang June 5, 2021 at 5:20 p.m. EDT https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/06/05/record-31-million-americans-have-health-care-coverage-through-affordable-care-act-white-house-says/

Roughly 26 million people remain without health insurance in the U.S. Just under 2 percent of children are now uninsured.

Number of uninsured Americans drops to an all-time low Aug 2, 2022 7:51 PM EDT https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/number-of-uninsured-americans-drops-to-an-all-time-low

Source: Office of Management and Budget

https://www.nationalpriorities.org/analysis/2023/warfare-state-how-funding-militarism-compromises-our-welfare/https://www.cbpp.org/most-of-the-budget-goes-toward-defense-social-security-and-major-health-programs-0

In fiscal year 2023, the

federal government is

estimated to spend $6.3

trillion, amounting to 24.2

percent of the nation's

gross domestic product

(GDP). Of that $6.3

trillion, over $4.8 trillion is

estimated to be financed

by federal revenues. The

remaining amount will be

financed by net borrowing.

Sep 28, 2023

Urbanization and the Spatial Economy: Industrial Cities

■ Industrialization and urbanization in tandem

■ A new urban system

• Cities specialized in raw materials or manufacturing.

• Interconnected by growing transportation network.

• American Manufacturing Belt:

• Emerged as foundation of the North American Core.

• Mostly linked with steel and the automotive sector.

■ Shifting spatial economy

• Primary sector in decline due to mechanization.

• Secondary sector growth and decline.

• Tertiary sector expansion.

Urbanization and the Spatial Economy: Realm of Railroads

■ Rail transportation

• Initiated an integrated continental-scale economy.

• Rail predominantly for cargo, not passengers.

• Intermodal cargo from ships to trucks and rail. ■ Transcontinental (completed in 1869)

• From New York to San Francisco.

• Journey was reduced from 6 months by trail to 1 week by train.

• The industrial East could access to the resources of the West. ■ Decline and revival

• Strong decline from then 1950s; competition from the Interstate.

• Revival since the 1980s with intermodal cargo.

• Revival as shipping costs decline and international trade grows.

• New boom requires adding to the rail system.

Ownership of

Major North

American Rail

Lines, 2011

Length 48,191 mi (77,556 km)

Formed June 29, 1956

With the construction of the Shenyang–Dalian Expressway began

between the cities of Shenyang and Dalian on 7 June 1984, the

Chinese government took an interest in an expressway system. By the

end of 2018, the total length of China's expressway network reached

142,500 kilometers the world's largest expressway system by length,

having surpassed the overall length of the American Interstate

Highway System in 2011. Planned length is 168,478 kilometeres by

2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressways_of_China

The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of

Interstate and Defense Highways, commonly known

as the Interstate Highway System or Interstate, is a

network of controlled-access highways that forms part

of the National Highway System in the United States.

Construction of the system was authorized by the

Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956. Thesystem

extends throughout the contiguous United States and

has routes in Hawaii, Alaska, and Puerto Rico.

160–250 km/h (99–155 mph),

200–299 km/h (124–186 mph),

above 300 km/h (190 mph).

中华人民共和国高速铁路，全名中国高速铁路，通称高铁，是目前世界上最大规模的高速铁路网， 1999年8月16日中国第一条客运专线秦沈客运专线开工，2003年10月12日秦沈客专正式建成通 车。截至2019年9月总里程突破3万千米，其中运营时速可达300千米的线路总里程超1万千米， 占世界2/3以上，有包括香港特别行政区的31个省级行政区开通高铁。

Amtrak's Acela Express (reaching 150 mph (240 km/h)), Northeast Regional, Keystone Service, and certain MARC Penn

Line express trains (the three services reaching 125 mph (201 km/h)) are the only high-speed services in the country according to

American standards, but elsewhere in the world "high speed" means commercial services at or above 250 km/h (160 mph).

As of 2017, the California High-Speed Rail Authority is working on the California High Speed Rail project and construction is under

way on sections traversing the Central Valley. Phase I is planned for completion in 2029, and Phase II is estimated to be completed

before 2040. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_States

By the end of 2018, HSR extended to 30(31) of the country's

33(34) provincial-level administrative divisions, the exceptions

being Macau, Ningxia, and Tibet, and reached 29,000 km (18,000 mi)

in total length, accounting for about two-thirds of the world's high-

speed rail tracks in commercial service. The HSR building boom

continues with the HSR network set to reach 38,000 km (24,000 mi)

in 2025. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China

Transportation

•Roads, bridges, major projects: $110 billion •Passenger and freight rail: $66 billion •Public transit: $39 billion •Airports: $25 billion •Port infrastructure: $17 billion •Transportation safety programs: $11 billion •Electric vehicles: $7.5 billion •Zero and low-emission buses and ferries: $7.5 billion •Revitalization of communities: $1 billion Other infrastructure

•Broadband: $65 billion •Power infrastructure: $73 billion •Clean drinking water: $55 billion •Resilience and Western water storage: $50 billion •Removal of pollution from water and soil: $21 billion

https://www.npr.org/2021/06/24/1009923468/heres-whats-included-in-the-infrastructure-deal-that-biden-struck-with-senators The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act

Investment categories ($ billion) in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act of 2021, adding to about $550 billion over a decade.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act#/media/File:Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act_Summary.png

Urbanization

and the Spatial

Economy:

Polycentric

Cities

■ Multiple centers

• CBD still at the center.

• Outer city’s have their own CBDs.

■ Gentrification

• Land-use changes and urban

neighborhood restoration.

• Raises property values and taxes.

• Displaces former low income residents

with newer more affluent ones.

■ Megaregions

• A system of connected cities.

• Often along a corridor.

■ Population clusters

• Urbanization, immigration and cultural pluralism.

• Smaller US territory but greater environmental range.

• 320 million “dispersed” population with concentrations along

the East and West Coasts.

• The majority of the Canadian population (35 million) lives 300

km from the border.

• The continental population living east of the realm’s middle line.

Urbanization and the Spatial Economy: Deindustrialization and Suburbanization ■ Transportation and communication

innovations increased interconnectedness and mobility.

■ Evolution of the outer city • Residential suburbia had its own

businesses and industries, entertainment, and other amenities.

• Relative decline in the central city. • Car dependent suburbs.

■ Coincided with deindustrialization • Loss of manufacturing jobs meant

opportunities were found in suburbia. • Those who could, moved out of the inner city.

Urbanization and the Spatial Economy: The Information Economy and City Regions

■ Information economy

• For some cities, helped recovery from deindustrialization and high employment.

• Rising employment in tertiary and quaternary service-based sectors.

• Information-based economic activity is found in established CBDs, on urban fringes or

in suburbs.

• Silicon Valley: world’s leading center for computer research and development.

• Favorable combination of locational dynamics:

• Amenities (quality of life)

• Research institutions

• Telecommunications

Economic sectors https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector

Primary: involves the retrieval and production of raw materials, such as corn, coal, wood and iron. (A

coal miner, farmer or fisherman would be workers in the primarysector.)

Secondary: involves the transformation of raw or intermediate materials into goods e.g.

manufacturing steel into cars, or textiles into clothing. (A builder and a dressmaker would be workers

in the secondary sector.)

Tertiary: involves the supplying of services to consumers and businesses, such as baby-sitting,

cinema and banking. (A shopkeeper and an accountant would be workers in the tertiary sector.)

In the 20th century, economists began to suggest that traditional tertiary services could be further

distinguished from "quaternary" and quinary service sectors. Economic activity in the hypothetical

quaternary sector comprises information- and knowledge-based services, while quinary services

include industry related to human services and hospitality.

US Top Trading Partners in 2019 (Billions of Dollars) http://www.worldstopexports.com/americas-top-import-partners/

Rank Country Imports % of Total ImportsRank Country Exports % of Total Exports --- Total, All Countries 1,645.5 100.0% --- Total, All Countries 2,498.5 100.0% --- Total, Top 15 Countries 1,211.5 73.6% --- Total, Top 15 Countries 1,982.0 79.3% 1 Canada 292.7 17.8% 1 China 452.2 18.1% 2 Mexico 256.4 15.6% 2 Mexico 358.1 14.3% 3 China 106.6 6.5% 3 Canada 319.7 12.8% 4 Japan 74.7 4.5% 4 Japan 143.6 5.7% 5 United Kingdom 69.2 4.2% 5 Germany 127.5 5.1% 6 Germany 60.3 3.7% 6 Korea, South 77.5 3.1% 7 Korea, South 56.9 3.5% 7 Vietnam 66.7 2.7% 8 Netherlands 51.2 3.1% 8 United Kingdom 63.2 2.5% 9 Brazil 43.1 2.6% 9 Ireland 61.8 2.5% 10 France 37.8 2.3% 10 India 57.7 2.3% 11 Belgium 34.8 2.1% 11 France 57.4 2.3% 12 India 34.4 2.1% 12 Italy 57.2 2.3% 13 Singapore 31.5 1.9% 13 Taiwan 54.3 2.2% 14 Taiwan 31.2 1.9% 14 Switzerland 44.6 1.8% 15 Hong Kong 30.8 1.9% 15 Malaysia 40.6 1.6%

1.Canada: US$255.1 billion (17.8% of total US exports) 2.Mexico: $212.7 billion (14.9%) 3.China: $124.6 billion (8.7%) 4.Japan: $64.1 billion (4.5%) 5.United Kingdom: $59 billion (4.1%) 6.Germany: $57.8 billion (4%) 7.South Korea: $51.2 billion (3.6%) 8.Netherlands: $45.5 billion (3.2%) 9.Brazil: $35 billion (2.4%) 10.Taiwan: $30.5 billion (2.1%) 11.France: $28.3 billion (2%) 12.Belgium: $27.6 billion (1.9%) 13.India: $27.4 billion (1.9%) 14.Singapore: $27.1 billion (1.9%) 15.Hong Kong: $24 billion (1.7%) About three-quarters (74.8%) of American exports in 2020 were delivered to the above 15 trade partners.

The sole increase in purchases of US exported goods from 2019 to 2020 among these top trading partners belongs to China via its 16.9% increase.

United States incurred the highest trade

deficits with the following countries.

1.China: -US$332.5 billion (country-

specific trade deficit in 2020)

2.Mexico: -$116.2 billion

3.Vietnam: -$73.2 billion

4.Germany: -$59.6 billion

5.Japan: -$58.4 billion

6.Switzerland: -$57.5 billion

7.Ireland: -$56.2 billion

8.Malaysia: -$32.8 billion

9.Taiwan: -$32 billion

10.Italy: -$31.1 billion

United States of America’s Top Trading Partners Below is a list showcasing 25 of America’s top trading partners in terms of generating US export sales; that is, countries that imported the most American shipments

by dollar value during 2021. Also shown is each import country’s percentage of total American exports.

1.Canada: US$307 billion (17.5% of total US exports) 2.Mexico: $276.5 billion (15.8%) 3.China: $151.1 billion (8.6%) 4.Japan: $75 billion (4.3%) 5.South Korea: $65.8 billion (3.7%) 6.Germany: $65.2 billion (3.7%) 7.United Kingdom: $61.5 billion (3.5%) 8.Netherlands: $53.6 billion (3.1%) 9.Brazil: $46.9 billion (2.7%) 10.India: $40.1 billion (2.3%) 11.Taiwan: $36.9 billion (2.1%) 12.Singapore: $35.8 billion (2%) 13.Belgium: $33.7 billion (1.9%) 14.France: $30.7 billion (1.7%) 15.Hong Kong: $30 billion (1.7%) 16.Australia: $26.4 billion (1.5%) 17.Switzerland: $24 billion (1.4%) 18.Italy: $21.8 billion (1.2%) 19.Chile: $17.3 billion (1%) 20.United Arab Emirates: $17.1 billion (1%) 21.Colombia: $16.5 billion (0.9%) 22.Spain: $16.1 billion (0.9%) 23.Malaysia: $15.2 billion (0.9%) 24.Ireland: $13.6 billion (0.8%) 25.Israel: $12.8 billion (0.7%)

Over four-fifths (81.7%) of American exports in 2021 were delivered to the above 25 trade partners.

The greatest increase in purchases of US exported goods from 2020 to 2021 among these top trading partners belong to India (up 48.2%), Ireland (up 41.6%), Chile

(up 38.9%), Colombia (up 38.1%), Brazil (up 35.5%), Singapore (up 32.8%) and Switzerland (up 32.6%).

The smallest gains are attributable the United Kingdom (up 5.2%), France (up 8.8%) and Italy (up 9.5%).

United States incurred the highest trade deficits with the following countries. 1.China: -US$390.5 billion (country-specific trade deficit in 2021) 2.Mexico: -$111.9 billion 3.Vietnam: -$97.2 billion 4.Germany: -$73.1 billion 5.Japan: -$64.4 billion 6.Ireland: -$60.5 billion 7.Canada: -$58.7 billion 8.Taiwan: -$43.8 billion 9.Malaysia: -$42.7 billion 10.Italy: -$41.3 billion Among America’s trading partners that cause the greatest negative trade balances, US deficits with Canada (up 168.1%), Taiwan (up 35.8%), Italy (up 32.9%), Vietnam (up 32.7%), Malaysia (up 29.3%), Germany (up 21.9%) and mainland China (up 17.6%) grew by double-digits from 2020 to 2021.

https://www.worldstopexports.com/americas-top-import-partners/

United States of America’s Top Trading Partners Below is a list showcasing 25 of America’s top trading partners in terms of generating US export sales; that is, countries that imported the most American shipments by

dollar value during 2022. Also shown is each import country’s percentage of total American exports.

1.Canada: US$355 billion (17.2% of total US exports)

2.Mexico: $324.4 billion (15.7%)

3.China: $153.8 billion (7.5%)

4.Japan: $80.3 billion (3.9%)

5.United Kingdom: $77.3 billion (3.7%)

6.Germany: $72.9 billion (3.5%)

7.Netherlands: $72.9 billion (3.5%)

8.South Korea: $71.5 billion (3.5%)

9.Brazil: $53.6 billion (2.6%)

10.India: $47.3 billion (2.3%)

11.France: $46.9 billion (2.3%)

12.Singapore: $46.2 billion (2.2%)

13.Taiwan: $43.7 billion (2.1%)

14.Switzerland: $37 billion (1.8%)

15.Belgium: $35.5 billion (1.7%)

16.Australia: $30.2 billion (1.5%)

17.Italy: $27.4 billion (1.3%)

18.Spain: $26.5 billion (1.3%)

19.Hong Kong: $25.9 billion (1.3%)

20.Chile: $23.3 billion (1.1%)

21.United Arab Emirates: $20.9 billion (1%)

22.Colombia: $20.6 billion (1%)

23.Malaysia: $18.1 billion (0.9%)

24.Ireland: $16 billion (0.8%)

25.Thailand: $15.6 billion (0.8%)

Over four-fifths (81.1%) of American exports in 2022 were delivered to the above 25 trade partners.

The greatest percentage increase in purchases of US exported goods among these top trading partners belong to Spain (up 62.1% from 2021), Switzerland (up 56.1%),

France (up 53.4%), Netherlands (up 37.3%), Chile (up 34.6%) and Singapore (up 30.9%).

The smallest gain is attributable mainland China via a 1.6% gain compared to 2021.

The sole decline among the top 25 customers for American exports was Hong Kong, dragged down by a -13.5% drop.

https://www.worldstopexports.com/americas-top-import-partners/

Countries Causing Biggest US Trade Deficits

Overall, the United States of America incurred a -$1.313 trillion trade deficit for 2022, expanding by

11.2% from the -$1.181 trillion in red ink generated from America’s international trade one year

earlier in 2021.

United States incurred the highest trade deficits with the following countries.

1.China: -US$421.9 billion (country-specific trade deficit in 2022)

2.Mexico: -$134.8 billion

3.Vietnam: -$124.5 billion

4.Canada: -$93.3 billion

5.Germany: -$77.5 billion

6.Japan: -$74.1 billion

7.Ireland: -$66.5 billion

8.Taiwan: -$52.4 billion

9.South Korea: -$49.4 billion

10.Thailand: -$47.4 billion

Among America’s trading partners that cause the greatest negative trade balances, US deficits with

Canada (up 59%), South Korea (up 50.5%) and Vietnam (up 28.1%) grew at the fastest pace from

2021 to 2022.

US Imports in Goods by Year for Top Five Countries (Billions of Dollars) https://www.thebalance.com/u-s-imports-by-year-and-by-country-3306259

United States Census.

YEAR China Canada Mexico Japan Germany Comments

2004 196.7 255.9 155.8 129.6 77.2

2005 243.5 287.9 170.2 138.1 84.8

2006 287.8 303.4 198.3 148.1 89.1

2007 321.5 313.1 210.8 145.5 94.4 China overtakes Canada as #1

2008 337.8 335.6 215.9 139.2 97.6

2009 296.4 224.0 176.5 94.9 71.3 Recession lowered all trade

2010 364.9 276.5 229.7 120.3 82.7 China, Mexico regain 2008 level

2011 399.3 316.5 263.1 128.8 98.4 Japan, Germany regain 2008 level

2012 425.6 324.2 277.7 146.4 108.5 Japan hits a record

2013 440.4 332.1 280.5 138.5 114.6 Only Japan decreased

2014 466.7 346.1 294.2 133.9 123.2 All but Japan set records

2015 481.9 295.2 294.7 131.1 71.8 China, Mexico set new records

2016 462.8 278.1 294.2 132.2 114.2 Only China increases

2017 505.6 299.9 314.1 136.5 117.8 China, Mexico imports hit record

2018 539.5 318.5 346 142.6 125.9 China, Mexico, Germany hit records

2019 452.2 319.7 358.1 143.6 127.5 Mexico and Germany hit new records

2020 435.4 270.4 325.4 119.5 115.1 Pandemic lowers trade

2021 506.4 357.2 384.7 135.2 135.1 Canada, Mexico, Germany set records.

US Imports by Year: Top 5 Countries

How These Countries Use Competitive Advantage to Trade With the U.S. By Kimberly Amadeo Updated on May 2, 2022

Rank Name Number of locations

Revenue

1 Subway 42,431 US$11.9 billion (2014)

2 McDonald's 37,855+ US$25.413

billion (2015)

3 Starbucks 40,000 US$24.71 billion

4 KFC 20,404 US$23 billion (2013)

The largest fast food restaurant chains by their number of locations in the world

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_fast_food_restaurant_chains

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_with_McDonald%27s_restaurants

The official corporate McDonald's website explains there are “over 38,000 locations in over 100 countries.” McDonald's, the second-largest private employer in the world, operates locations on six different continents in more than half of the planet's countries as of 2022. Jul 30, 2022

United States Last updated: October 13, 2022, 21:14 GMT

Coronavirus Cases: 98,742,383

Deaths: 1,089,549

Recovered: 95,941,681

CLOSED CASES: 97,031,230

Cases which had an outcome: 95,941,681 (99%)

Recovered / Discharged: 1,089,549 (1%)

Deaths: 1,089,549

World Last updated: October 13, 2022, 21:14 GMT

Coronavirus Cases: 628,651,682

Deaths: 6,566,707

Recovered: 607,874,363

CLOSED CASES

Cases which had an outcome: 614,441,070

Recovered / Discharged: 607,874,363 (99%)

Deaths: 6,566,707 (1%)

https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/us/

Belarus opposition leader: Dozens

disappeared after protests By JACOPO BARIGAZZI and DAVID M. HERSZENHORN 08/31/2020 10:38 PM EDT

After Portland shooting, Trump and Biden allies

trade blame for clashes across the country By NOLAN D. MCCASKILL 08/30/2020 01:35 PM EDT Updated 08/30/2020 06:52 PM EDT

How a Rising China Has Remade Global Politics The Editors Tuesday, Aug. 3, 2021 https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/insights/27828/how-a-rising-china-has-remade-global-politics

America's Infrastructure Report Card 2021 | GPA: C- https://infrastructurereportcard.org The American Infrastructure Report Card from ASCE provides a look at America's infrastructure problems, such as bridge, water, transportation, and more.

A summary of all 2022 incidents, including those managed by CAL FIRE and other partner agencies. Estimated Acres Burned: 366,121 Acres Number of Wildfires: 6,860 Incidents 9 Civilian / 0 Firefighter: 9 Fatalities 876 Structures: 104 Damaged / 772 Destroyed

A summary of all 2021 incidents, including those managed by CAL FIRE and other partner agencies. *These numbers are subject to change until the final fire season reports are completed and tabulated. Estimated Acres Burned: 2,569,386 Acres Number of Incidents: 7,396 Incidents 3 Fatalities (Confirmed Loss of Life) 3,629 Structures (Structures Damaged or Destroyed)

2023 Hawaii wildfires

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Hawaii_wildfires

Location Hawaii, United States

Statistics

Total fires 4+

Total area 17,000+ acres (6,880+ ha)

Cost $5.5 billion

Date(s) August 8, 2023 – August 11, 2023

Cause •Propagation by dry conditions and high winds •Maui:

• unknown origins • downed power line

•Hawaiʻi Island: • unknown origins • unattended cook fire • incendiary device

Buildings destroyed

2,207

Deaths 98+(99% of the Lahaina area searched)

Non-fatal injuries 67+

Missing people 31

Top: Lāhainā burning as seen from the sea and docks Middle: Burned cars and buildings Bottom: FEMA officials perform searches and Governor Josh Green reviews damage

Historical sea level reconstruction and

projections up to 2100 published in January

2017 by the U.S. Global Change Research

Program for the Fourth National Climate

Assessment.

As the climate change melts sea ice, the

U.S. Geological Survey projects that two-

thirds of polar bears will disappear by

2050.

A helicopter drops water on

a wildfire in California. Drought and

higher temperatures linked to climate

change are driving a trend towards

larger fires.

Scientist estimates that more than a billion

animals killed by Australian wildfires Jan. 8, 2020, 10:30 AM EST By Denise Chow https://www.nbcnews.com/science/environment/more-1-billion-animals-killed-australian-wildfires-n1112326

If all the ice covering Antarctica, Greenland, and in mountain glaciers around the world were to melt, sea level would rise about 70 meters (230 feet). The ocean would cover all the coastal cities. And land area would shrink significantly. However, all the ice is not going to melt. The Antarctic ice cap, where most of the ice exists, has survived much warmer times.

Aerial view over southern Bangladesh

after the passage of cyclone Cyclone Sidr.

A combination of sea level rise and

increased rainfall from cyclones makes

countries more vulnerable to floods,

impacting people's livelihoods and health.

Global Warming of 1.5°C, an IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty.

The report highlights a number of climate change impacts that could be avoided by limiting global warming to 1.5°C compared to 2°C, or more. For instance, by 2100, global sea level rise would be 10 cm lower with global warming of 1.5°C compared with 2°C. The likelihood of an Arctic Ocean free of sea ice in summer would be once per century with global warming of 1.5°C, compared with at least once per decade with 2°C. Coral reefs would decline by 70-90 percent with global warming of 1.5°C, whereas virtually all (> 99 percent) would be lost with 2°C.

The report finds that limiting global warming to 1.5°C would require “rapid and far-reaching” transitions in land, energy, industry, buildings, transport, and cities. Global net human- caused emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) would need to fall by about 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching ‘net zero’ around 2050. This means that any remaining emissions would need to be balanced by removing CO2 from the air.

Allowing the global temperature to temporarily exceed or ‘overshoot’ 1.5°C would mean a greater reliance on techniques that remove CO2 from the air to return global temperature to below 1.5°C by 2100. https://www.ipcc.ch/2018/10/08/summary-for-policymakers-of-ipcc-special-report-on-global-warming-of-1-5c-approved-by-governments/

12,000 migrants have been waiting in makeshift camps under

the Del Rio bridge in Texas By Rosa Flores and Geneva Sands, CNN Updated 8:42 PM ET, Mon September 20, 2021

https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/20/us/us-border-crisis-del-rio-texas/index.html

US saw a two-decade high in border crossings in July By Priscilla Alvarez, CNN Updated 5:52 PM ET, Fri August 13, 2021

In July, US Customs and Border Protection apprehended 212,672 people, up from June and amid some of the hottest summer weeks -- when arrests

usually dip -- and of those, 95,788 individuals were expelled. https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/12/politics/us-mexico-border-migrants/index.html

A record number of 1.73 million migrant encounters

were recorded in the 2021 fiscal year. In the 2022

fiscal year, officials expect it to top two million.

The US border crisis - in four graphs https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-61989673

How many migrants crossed the border in 2023? More than 2.8 million migrants have had encounters with authorities so far this fiscal year, compared to more than 2.7 million migrants in 2022, according to the latest Customs and Border Protection (CBP) statistics. The current migrant figure includes August, but not September, the last month of this fiscal year, which has yet to be announced. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/09/30/how-many-migrants-crossed-the-border-2023-mexico-venezuela-2022/70979085007/

1 Billion Acres At Risk For Catastrophic Wildfires,

U.S. Forest Service Warns •June 5, 20198:28 AM ET

KIRK SIEGLER https://www.npr.org/2019/06/05/729720938/1-billion-acres-at-risk-for-catastrophic-wildfires-u-s-forest-service-warns

Climate change is creating catastrophic wildfires 09 May 2019

Carly Phillips Union of Concerned Scientists https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/05/the-vicious-climate-wildfire-cycle

Flooding in Midwest May Reach ‘Historic and

Catastrophic’ Levels

Nebraska alone has sustained an estimated

$1.4 billion in losses and damages By Brigit Katz smithsonian.com March 21, 2019 https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/flooding-midwest-may-reach-historic-and-catastrophic-levels-180971767/

Society will collapse by 2040 due to catastrophic food shortages, says study 'The results show that based on plausible climate trends and a total failure to change course, the global

food supply system would face catastrophic losses, and an unprecedented epidemic of food riots'

Louis Doré Monday 22 June 2015 13:03 https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/society-will-collapse-by-2040-due-to-catastrophic-food-shortages-says-study-10336406.html

The national debt and the federal deficit are

skyrocketing. How it affects you Michael Collins, USA TODAY Published 6:00 a.m. ET Oct. 16, 2018

| Updated 8:36 p.m. ET Feb. 12, 2019 https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/16/government-spending-how-rising-federal-debt-deficit-impact-americans/1589889002/

UN says weak enforcement of laws worsening

environmental crisis Source: Xinhua| 2019-01-24 20:55:05|Editor: xuxin

http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-01/24/c_137771642.htm

There have been more mass shootings than days this year BY JASON SILVERSTEIN, UPDATED ON: AUGUST 5, 2019 / 9:34 PM / CBS NEWS https://www.cbsnews.com/news/mass-shootings-2019-more-mass-shootings-than-days-so-far-this-year/

The Long Road to the Student

Debt Crisis A series of well-intentioned government decisions since the 1960s has left us with today’s out-of-control

higher education market.

By Josh Mitchell June 7, 2019 12:08 pm ET

https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-long-road-to-the-student-debt-crisis-11559923730

Borrowers currently owe more than $1.5 trillion in student loans,

an average of $34,000 per person. Over two million of them have

defaulted on their loans in just the past six years, and the number

grows by 1,400 a day.

The Education Department’s student loan debt relief negotiating committee spent its second day weighing in on which borrowers should see their loan balances reduced. Meanwhile, Republicans on Capitol Hill called the process a “partisan policy-making charade.” … President Biden wants to provide student borrowers with some form of debt relief, but the regulatory path to lower balances is complex and will take a while. October 12, 2023

https://www.insidehighered.com/news/government/student-aid-policy/2023/10/12/education-department-offers-more-insights-debt-relief

About DIVIDED AMERICA https://www.ap.org/explore/divided-america/

It’s no longer just Republican vs. Democrat, or liberal vs.

conservative. It’s the 1 percent vs. the 99 percent, rural vs.

urban, white men against the world. Climate doubters clash

with believers. Bathrooms have become battlefields, borders

are battle lines. Sex and race, faith and ethnicity ... the melting

pot seems to be boiling over. Divided America is a multimedia

series that explores the divisions confronting Americans in their

communities and their politics. AP’s unique position in every

corner of the country makes for unmatched insight into the

economic and social forces driving the American discourse in

2016 and beyond.

The top 1% of Americans have about 16 times more wealth than the bottom 50%. Megan Leonhardt Wed, Jun 23 2021 2:47 PM EDT Updated Wed, Jun 23 2021 5:15 PM EDT https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/23/how-much-wealth-top-1percent-of-americans-have.html

America is exceptional in the nature of its political divide BY MICHAEL DIMOCK AND RICHARD WIKE NOVEMBER 13, 2020 https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/11/13/america-is-exceptional-in-the-nature-of-its-political-divide/

Americans’ views of the problems facing the nation PEW RESEARCH CENTER APRIL 15, 2021

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/04/15/americans-views-of-the-problems-facing-the-nation/

America’s Biggest Issues: The Top Issues Facing Our Nation https://www.heritage.org/americas-biggest-issues

Conservatism vs. Progressivism Conservatives say people should have choices. Progressives say one political solution fits all.

Immigration Immigration is one of the fundamental building blocks that help make America the unique nation that it is. But the debate over border

security and immigration has become toxic because politicians have put politics before principles. And reasonable Americans find themselves trapped

between zealots on both sides.

Health Care Most Americans agree that the health care system in the United States is in need of an overhaul. What many are not in agreement on

is how best to do it.

Religious Freedom The religious freedom is one of the most pressing issues in American culture today.

Marriage Families are the building blocks of civilization. They are personal relationships but they greatly shape and serve the public good. Strong

families make for strong communities. Conversely, family breakdown harms society as a whole. That’s why America’s declining marriage rate is a real

problem.

Education American colleges and universities are failing in one of their most basic missions: to equip students with the tools they need for a career.

Environment We’re now being told we only have 12 years to combat climate change and the solution is to fundamentally dismantle the system of

free enterprise. That means Washington controls things like how we produce our energy, what food we eat and what type of cars we drive. The question

is, even if we believed their alarmist, catastrophic predictions, would their proposals work?

Spending Despite their promises to the contrary, every year, politicians continue to spend hundreds of billions of dollars more than the government

takes in. And every year, they put it on the national credit card and the bill grows bigger.

Welfare When President Lyndon Johnson launched his War on Poverty in the 1960s, he pledged to eliminate poverty in America. But more than five

decades, several welfare programs, and $25 trillion later, the welfare system has largely failed the poor.

Election Integrity Contrary to the claims of many on the left, voter fraud is a very real problem. When someone commits voter fraud, the process

is no longer fair, everyone’s vote gets diluted, and in some cases, election results are changed.

The Heritage Foundation is an American conservative think tank based in Washington, D.C., primarily geared towards public policy. The foundation took a leading role in the conservative movement during the presidency of Ronald Reagan, whose policies were taken from Heritage's policy study Mandate for Leadership. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation

Is the US headed for another Civil War? William G. Gale and Darrell M. West Thursday, September 16, 2021 https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2021/09/16/is-the-us-headed-for-another-civil-war/

A 2021 national survey by pollster John Zogby found a plurality of Americans (46%) believed a future civil war was likely, 43% felt it was unlikely, and 11% were not sure. War seemed more likely for younger people (53%) than older ones (31%), and for those residing in the South (49%) and Central/Great Lakes region (48%) relative to those in the East (39%). Hot-button issues: Racial equity, gun control, abortion, election legitimacy, climate change, vaccines, masks—the list goes on. Cultural, economic, and political issues generate outrage and hostility. We already are seeing “border wars” via federalism, with individual states passing major legislation that differs considerably from that in other places. As an illustration, a new Texas law virtually outlaws abortions after six weeks of pregnancy (a time at which many women do not even know they are pregnant), while other states continue to uphold the 1973 Roe v. Wade framework and a clear majority of Americans support legalized abortion. High levels of inequality and polarization: These hot-button issues are driven in part by the widespread and interrelated divisions that burden the country. Separated by ideology, race, gender, living standards, and opportunities for education and economic advancement, different groups have dramatically different views about public policy and American society. There can be large variations in opinions, depending on the issues. Prevalence of guns: As if the problems above were not enough, America has an extraordinary number of guns and private militias. According to the National Shooting Sports Foundation, a gun trade association, there are “434 million firearms in civilian possession” in the United States—1.3 guns per person. Semi-automatic weapons comprise around 19.8 million in total, making for a highly armed population with potentially dangerous capabilities. Private militias: Rachael Levy of The Wall Street Journal writes that “several-hundred private-militia groups now exist around the country, and they have proliferated in recent years.” Current militias generally are made up of right-wing white men who worry about changing demographics, stagnating wages, and how the shift to a multi-racial and multi-ethnic America will affect them. …

Nominee Joe Biden Donald Trump Party Democratic Republican Home state Delaware Florida Running mate Kamala Harris Mike Pence Electoral vote 306 232 States carried 25 + DC + NE-02 25 + ME-02 Popular vote 81,268,924 74,216,154 Percentage 51.3% 46.9%

538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win

Turnout 66.8% (estimated)

Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Biden/Harris, and red denotes those won by Trump/Pence. Numbers indicate electoral votes cast by each state and the District of Columbia.

Leader Chuck Schumer Mitch McConnell Party Democratic Republican Leader since January 3, 2017 January 3, 2007 Leader's seat New York Kentucky Seats before 45 53 Seats after 48 50 Seat change 3 3 Popular vote 38,011,916 39,834,647 Percentage 47.0% 49.3% Swing 11.2% 10.6% Seats up 12 23 Races won 15 20

Party Independent Seats before 2 Seats after 2 Seat change Popular vote 255,768

2020 United States Senate elections

November 3, 2020 January 5, 2021 (Georgia runoffs)

35 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate 51 seats needed for a majority

Seats 100 51 (or 50 plus the Vice President) for a majority

Political groups •Majority (50) Democratic (48) • Independent (2) Minority (50) • Republican (50)

Length of term 6 years

KingAngus S. King, Jr. (ME) 2013–present SandersBernard Sanders (VT) 2007–present

Map based on last Senate election in each state as of 2021

A partisan map of the 117th US Senate January 3, 2021 – January 3, 2023

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states

Results of the elections: Dark Blue Democratic gain Dark Red Republican gain Light Blue Democratic hold Pink Republican hold

← 2020 November 8, 2022 2024 →

All 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives

218 seats needed for a majority

Leader Kevin McCarthy Nancy Pelosi

Party Republican Democratic

Leader since January 3, 2019 January 3, 2003

Leader's seat California 20th California 11th

Last election 213 seats, 47.2% 222 seats, 50.3%

Seats before 212 220

Seats won 222 213

Seat change 9 9

Popular vote 54,506,136 51,477,313

Percentage 50.6% 47.8%

Swing 3.4% 2.5%

2022 United States House of Representatives elections

Speaker before election Nancy Pelosi, Democratic

Elected Speaker Kevin McCarthy, Republican

Summary of results of the 2008, 2012, 2016, and 2020 presidential elections by state Red Carried by the Republicans in all four elections Pink Carried by the Republicans in three of the four elections Purple Carried by each party twice in the four elections Light Blue Carried by the Democrats in three of the four elections Deep Blue Carried by the Democrats in all four elections

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states

Year Democrats Republicans Split 1938 21 19 6 1940 21 17 8 1942 19 24 3 1944 19 24 3 1946 17 25 4 1948 19 16 11 1950 19 21 6 1952 16 26 4 1954 19 20 7 1956 22 19 5 1958 30 7 11 1960 27 15 6 1962 25 17 6 1964 32 6 10 1966 23 16 9 1968 20 20 8 1970 23 16 9 1972 26 16 7 1974 37 4 8 1976 35 4 10 1978 31 11 7 1980 29 15 5 1982 34 11 4 1984 26 11 12 1986 28 9 12 1988 29 8 12 1990 30 6 13 1992 25 8 16 1994 18 19 12 1996 20 18 11 1998 20 17 12 2000 16 18 15 2002 18 17 14 2003 16 21 12 2004 17 21 11 2005 20 20 9 2007 24 16 9 2008 23 15 12 2009 27 15 8 2010 27 15 8 2011 15 27 8 2012 15 29 6 2013 17 28 5 2014 17 28 5 2015 11 31 8 2016 11 31 8 2017 12 32 6 2018 13 32 5 2019 18 30 2 2020 19 29 2 2021 18 30 2

Year Democrats Republicans Independent 1922 26 22 1923 27 21 1924 23 25 1926 20 28 1927 19 29 1928 16 32 1930 24 22 2 1931 26 20 2 1932 36 10 2 1934 37 9 2 1936 38 7 3 1937 39 6 3 1938 29 19 1940 28 20 1942 24 24 1943 22 26 1944 25 23 1946 23 25 1947 24 24 1948 28 20 1950 22 26 1952 18 30 1953 19 29 1954 27 21 1956 28 20 1958 35 15 1960 34 16 1962 34 16 1964 33 17 1966 25 25 1967 24 26 1968 19 31 1969 18 32 1970 29 21 1971 30 20 1972 31 19 1973 32 18 1974 36 13 1 1976 37 12 1 1978 32 18 1979 31 19 1980 27 23 1982 34 16 1983 35 15 1984 34 16 1986 26 24 1988 28 22 1989 29 21 1990 28 20 2 1992 30 18 2 1993 29 19 2 1994 19 30 1 1995 18 31 1 1996 17 32 1 1998 17 31 2 1999 18 30 2 2000 19 29 2 2001 21 27 2 2002 24 26 2004 22 28 2006 28 22 2008 29 21 2009 26 24 2010 26 23 1 2011 20 29 1 2012 20 29 1 2013 20 30 2014 21 29 2015 18 31 1 2016 18 31 1 2017 15 34 1 2018 16 33 1 2019 23 27 2020 24 26 2021 23 27 2022 22 28

As of January 18, 2023, there are 26 states with Republican governors and 24 states with Democratic governors. Additionally, four U.S. territories have Democratic governors, while one has an independent governor. Pedro Pierluisi of Puerto Rico is a member of the New Progressive Party, although he is also affiliated with the Democratic Party. Minnesota has a governor from the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party. The federal District of Columbia is governed by a Democratic mayor.

US state governments (governor

and legislature) by party control

Democratic trifecta

Republican trifecta Divided government

US state legislatures by party control (purple is split control, i.e. a Democratic- controlled Senate and Republican- controlled House or vice versa).

State governorships controlled by each party

Number of state legislatures controlled by each party

Blue wall states, 1992–2012 From 1992 to 2012, all these states voted for Democratic presidential candidates.

"Blue wall" is a term used by political scientists and pundits to refer to 18 U.S. states and the District of Columbia that the Democratic Party consistently won in presidential elections between 1992 and 2012.

During the 2016 presidential election, Donald Trump was able to win victories in the three blue wall states of Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin as well as an electoral vote from Maine, a fourth blue wall state. Trump was consequently elected president with 304 electoral votes.

Voter Turnout •Around 138 million Americans voted in the 2016

presidential election. From Business Insider.

•However, those 138 million Americans only make

up 58.1% of our voting-eligible population (those

American citizens over 18). From United States Elections

Project.

•In Pennsylvania, it is estimated that 61.3% of voting-

eligible population voted, around 5,965,000

people. From United States Elections Project.

•While these numbers seem high, our voter percentage is

not higher than the 2008 (61.6%) or 2012 (58.6%) election

turnout. From United States Elections Project.

How did Trump win? This has been the question. Some of the blame has been placed on the media (see the Media Influence to learn more)

and then it also comes down to who showed up at the polls. Game-changers include:

•Rural voters supported Trump. In general, Republican voters in rural areas has been steadily increasing since 2008,

up to 62% Republican in this election. From NPR.

•A majority (roughly 53%) of white women voted for Trump. From NBC News.

•Hillary was unable to keep core states that Obama had won 2008 (such as Wisconsin, Michigan, Pennsylvania,

Florida). From American Presidency Project.

Majority of Voters Think Trump Was a Better President Than Biden: Poll BY JENNI FINK ON 9/23/21 AT 11:16 AM EDT HTTPS://WWW.NEWSWEEK.COM/MAJORITY-VOTERS-THINK-TRUMP-WAS-BETTER-PRESIDENT-BIDEN-POLL-1631999

Former President Donald Trump has increased support for him being a better leader than President Joe Biden since Election Day, according to a new Harvard CAPS-Harris poll. Voter turnout in the 2020 presidential election was a record-high with both candidates receiving historic numbers of votes, as Biden pulled off the win with more electoral votes and 51 percent of the popular vote. But while Biden regularly outperformed his predecessor in the CAPS-Harris poll at the beginning of his presidency, the COVID-19 pandemic and withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan marked a shift in voters' perceptions of the president. Fifty-one percent of the 1,578 registered voters surveyed in the CAPS-Harris poll said Trump was a better president than Biden, The Hill reported. Forty-nine percent backed Biden as being the better leader. https://harvardharrispoll.com/

Welcome to our monthly public policy poll, which is released by the Center for American Political Studies at Harvard and The Harris Poll.

according to the latest PBS NewsHour/NPR/Marist poll, Biden has a slight lead over Trump, his

predecessor and current frontrunner for the Republican nomination, with 49 percent of registered voters

saying they’d choose the incumbent and 47 percent siding with Trump, according to the latest poll. Independents favor Trump by an 8-point margin. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/these-new-poll-numbers-show-why-biden-and-trump-are-stuck-in-a-2024-dead-heat

President Joe Biden leads former

President Donald Trump by 1 percentage point, 47% to 46%, in the Quinnipiac poll.

https://www.cnbc.com/2023/09/13/2024-election-biden-trump-in-statistical-tie-in-new-poll.html

In The Wall Street Journal’s latest poll of

the 2024 election, President Biden and former president Donald Trump are locked at 46% each.

https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/msnbc-opinion/trump-biden-2024-presidential-election-polls-rcna103655

Counties in the United States by per capita income

Areas with higher levels of income are shaded darker.

Data for the 50 states and the District of Columbia is from the

2009-2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

Rank State or territory Per capita income Median household income Median family income Population Number of households Number of families 1 District of Columbia $45,877 $71,648 $84,094 658,893 277,378 117,864 2 Connecticut $39,373 $70,048 $88,819 3,596,677 1,355,817 887,263 3 New Jersey $37,288 $69,160 $87,951 8,938,175 2,549,336 1,610,581 4 Massachusetts $36,593 $71,919 $88,419 6,938,608 3,194,844 2,203,675 5 Maryland $36,338 $73,971 $89,678 5,976,407 2,165,438 1,445,972 6 New Hampshire $34,691 $66,532 $80,581 1,326,813 519,756 345,901 7 Virginia $34,052 $64,902 $78,290 8,326,289 3,083,820 2,058,820 8 New York $33,095 $58,878 $71,115 19,746,227 7,282,398 4,621,954 9 North Dakota $33,071 $59,029 $75,221 739,482 305,431 187,800 10 Alaska $33,062 $71,583 $82,307 736,732 249,659 165,015 11 Minnesota $32,638 $61,481 $77,941 5,457,173 2,129,195 1,369,594 12 Colorado $32,357 $61,303 $75,405 5,355,866 2,039,592 1,315,283 13 Washington $31,841 $61,366 $74,193 7,061,530 2,679,601 1,725,099 14 Rhode Island $30,830 $54,891 $71,212 1,055,173 409,654 257,165 15 Delaware $30,488 $59,716 $72,594 935,614 349,743 233,000 16 California $30,441 $61,933 $71,015 38,802,500 12,758,648 8,762,059 17 Illinois $30,417 $57,444 $71,796 12,880,580 4,772,421 3,099,184 18 Hawaii $29,736 $69,592 $79,187 1,419,561 450,769 314,151 19 Wyoming $29,698 $57,055 $72,460 584,153 232,594 149,032 20 Pennsylvania $29,220 $53,234 $67,876 12,787,209 4,945,972 3,185,054 21 Vermont $29,178 $54,166 $67,154 626,562 257,229 162,017

United States $28,889 $53,657 $65,910 318,857,056 117,259,427 77,152,072 22 Iowa $28,361 $53,712 $67,771 3,107,126 1,241,471 801,562 23 Wisconsin $28,213 $52,622 $67,187 5,757,564 2,307,685 1,485,877 24 Maine $27,978 $49,462 $62,078 1,330,089 549,841 344,585 25 Kansas $27,870 $52,504 $66,425 2,904,021 1,109,280 728,602 26 Oregon $27,646 $51,075 $62,670 3,970,239 1,535,511 966,250 27 Nebraska $27,446 $52,686 $66,120 1,881,503 740,765 480,317 28 Texas $27,125 $53,035 $62,830 26,956,958 9,277,197 6,407,165 29 South Dakota $26,959 $50,979 $66,936 853,175 334,475 211,235 30 Ohio $26,937 $49,308 $62,300 11,594,163 4,593,172 2,923,523 31 Michigan $26,613 $49,847 $62,143 9,909,877 3,834,574 2,485,159 32 Florida $26,582 $47,463 $57,212 19,893,297 7,328,046 4,693,411 33 Missouri $26,126 $48,363 $61,299 6,063,589 2,354,809 1,508,816 34 Montana $25,989 $46,328 $60,643 1,023,579 410,962 251,176 35 North Carolina $25,774 $46,556 $57,380 9,943,964 3,790,620 2,492,048 36 Nevada $25,773 $51,450 $60,824 2,839,099 1,021,519 642,461 37 Arizona $25,715 $50,068 $59,700 6,731,484 2,428,743 1,579,481 38 Georgia $25,615 $49,321 $58,885 10,097,343 3,587,521 2,426,392 39 Oklahoma $25,229 $47,529 $58,710 3,878,051 1,459,759 966,516 40 Indiana $25,140 $49,446 $60,780 6,596,855 2,502,739 1,657,223 41 Tennessee $24,922 $44,361 $55,557 6,549,352 2,509,665 1,660,344 42 Utah $24,877 $60,922 $69,535 2,942,902 918,370 691,495 43 Louisiana $24,800 $44,555 $56,573 4,649,676 1,718,194 1,112,659 44 South Carolina $24,596 $45,238 $56,491 4,832,482 1,826,914 1,201,616 45 Idaho $23,938 $47,861 $58,101 1,634,464 591,587 407,499 46 Kentucky $23,684 $42,958 $54,776 4,413,457 1,712,094 1,124,586 47 New Mexico $23,683 $44,803 $54,705 2,085,572 760,916 489,532 48 Alabama $23,606 $42,830 $53,764 4,849,377 1,841,217 1,232,515 49 Arkansas $22,883 $41,262 $51,528 2,966,369 1,131,288 752,212 50 West Virginia $22,714 $41,059 $52,413 1,850,326 735,375 472,869 51 U.S. Virgin Islands $21,362 $37,254 $45,058 106,405 43,214 26,237 52 Mississippi $21,036 $39,680 $50,178 2,994,079 1,095,823 738,463 53 Guam $16,549 $48,274 $50,607 162,742 42,026 34,199 54 Puerto Rico $12,081 $19,775 $23,793 3,195,153 1,222,606 850,665 55 Northern Mariana Islands $9,656 $19,958 $22,455 53,833 16,035 10,714 56 American Samoa $6,311 $23,892 $24,706 55,519 9,688 8,834

States and territories ranked by per capita income

Most data is from the 2010-2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_income

Median household income in 2014

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States

Median household income in 2015 (darker blue indicates higher income)

Mean household income by ethnicity (as of March 2018)

Ethnic category Mean household income

Asian alone $112,105

White alone $99,632

Hispanic or Latino $60,319

Black $63,985

Data Source: Census Bureau - ACS 5-year Estimate

http://factsmaps.com/population-below-poverty-level-line-rate-united-states/

The top 1% of Americans have about 16 times more

wealth than the bottom 50%

Published Wed, Jun 23 2021 2:47 PM EDT Updated

Wed, Jun 23 2021 5:15 PM EDT

Megan Leonhardt https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/23/how-much-wealth-top-1percent-of-americans-have.html

The wealthiest 1% of Americans controlled about $41.52 trillion in the first quarter, according to Federal Reserve data released Monday. Yet the bottom 50% of Americans only controlled about $2.62 trillion collectively, which is roughly 16 times less than those in the top 1%. But some critics contend that the Fed’s low interest rate policies have boosted the stock market, giving an edge to those who own stocks and investments. The wealthiest 10% of Americans, for example, own about 89% of stocks and mutual funds held in the U.S. as of the first quarter of 2021, according to Fed data. The bottom 50% of U.S. households hold around 0.5%. It is true that the divide between the wealthiest Americans and the bottom half of U.S. households has widened over the last few decades. In the first quarter of 1990, the top 1% had roughly six times the wealth as the bottom half of Americans.

% of 25 years old with bachelor's

degree or Higher in 2009

% of 25 years old with

Advanced Degree in 2009

•An estimated 47.4% of the foreign-born population who arrived in the

United States from 2010 to 2019 had a bachelor’s degree or higher, compared

to 36.3% of native-born Americans and 31.5% of the foreign-born

population who entered the country in or before 2009. •In 2019, 39.4% of naturalized citizens and 40.2% of children of the foreign-born

population in the United States had a bachelor’s degree or higher, compared to 35.9%

of those born to native-born parents. A greater share of the foreign-born population

(14.1%) than native-born Americans (13.4%) also held an advanced degree, such as a

master’s or doctorate.

•In 2019, high school was the highest level of education completed by 28.1% of the

population age 25 and older and 22.5% finished four years of college.

•From 2010 to 2019, the percentage of people age 25 and older with a bachelor’s

degree or higher jumped from 29.9% to 36.0%.

•In the past decade, the rate of labor force participation of the population age 25 and

over fell for all education groups except those who had not completed high school,

whose rate was not statistically different. Labor force participation fell 3.1% for people

with a bachelor’s degree or higher. It fell by 5.1% among those with some college or an

associate degree, and by 4.5% for those who completed high school. (Labor force

participation includes people who are employed or unemployed, but excludes people

who are retired, taking care of home or family, or otherwise not participating in the labor

market.​)

•In 2019, 40.1% of non-Hispanic whites age 25 and older had a bachelor’s

degree or higher, up from 33.2% in 2010. During the same period, the

percentage of blacks age 25 and older with a bachelor’s degree or higher

rose from 19.8% to 26.1%; Asians from 52.4% to 58.1%; and Hispanics

from 13.9% to 18.8%. U.S. Census Bureau, MARCH 30, 2020

About 83% of Americans identify themselves as Christians.

https://www.businessinsider.com/the-religious-makeup-of-america-2015-4

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians

https://www.businessinsider.com/the-religious-makeup-of-america-2015-4

Electoral votes are allocated among the States based on the Census. Every State is allocated a number of votes equal to the number of senators and representatives in its U.S. Congressional delegation—two votes for its senators in the U.S. Senate plus a number of votes equal to the number of its Congressional districts.

Regional Balance As of spring 2021, the population of the United States is approximately 331,449,281. This population is distributed unevenly across 50 states.

Top ten most populated states in the country: California (Population: 39,613,493) Texas (Population: 29,730,311) Florida (Population: 21,944,577) New York (Population: 19,299,981) Pennsylvania (Population: 12,804,123) Illinois (Population: 12,569,321) Ohio (Population: 11,714,618) Georgia (Population: 10,830,007) North Carolina (Population: 10,701,022) Michigan (Population: 9,992,427) Ten least populated states in the country: Wyoming (Population: 581,075) Vermont (Population: 623,251) District of Columbia (Population: 714,153) Alaska (Population: 724,357) North Dakota (Population: 770,026) South Dakota (Population: 896,581) Delaware (Population: 990,334) Rhode Island (Population: 1,061,509) Montana (Population: 1,085,004) Maine (Population: 1,354,522)

https://worldpopulationreview.com/states

According to the 2020 census, here are the top 10 least populated states in the U.S.: 1.Wyoming - 576,851 2.Vermont - 643,077 3.Alaska - 733,391 4.North Dakota - 779,094 5.South Dakota - 886,667 6.Delaware - 989,948 7.Montana - 1,084,225 8.Rhode Island - 1,097,379 9.Maine - 1,362,359 10.New Hampshire- 1,377,529

http://factsmaps.com/us-states-population-growth-rate-1950-2016/

United States of America (USA) Population clock (live) 13-10-2022 18:46:05

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division

The country's growth rate since the 2010 census was 7.4% – much lower than the 2000-2010 rate of 9.7% and the "second-slowest in U.S. history," according to acting Census Bureau Director Ron Jarmin. But there was big growth in certain regions. The population in the South grew 10.2% since 2010, while the West was close behind at 9.2%, according to the bureau's data. The Northeast (4.1%) and Midwest (3.1%) grew at much slower rates.

337,003,123 Current population

166,369,494 Current male population (49.4%)

170,633,629 Current female population (50.6%)

3,304,689 Births year to date

9,044 Births today

2,161,162 Deaths year to date

5,915 Deaths today

831,418 Net migration year to date

2,275 Net migration today

1,974,945 Population growth year to date

5,405 Population growth today

https://www.brookings.edu/research/new-2020-census-results-show-increased-diversity-countering-decade-long-declines-in-americas-white-and-youth-populations/

Americans were divided on future levels of immigration. A quarter said immigration to the U.S. should be decreased (24%), while one-third (38%) said immigration should be kept at its present level and almost another third (32%) said immigration should be increased. Yet these views vary starkly by political affiliation. Among Democrats and Democratic- leaning independents, 83% think immigrants strengthen the country with their hard work and talents, and just 11% say they are a burden. Among Republicans and Republican-leaning independents, 38% say immigrants strengthen the country, while nearly half (49%) say they burden it.

The Making of a Multicultural Realm: The Challenge of Multiculturalism

■ In the United States…

• Sufficient immigrant numbers allow the creation of a durable

society within the national society.

• Challenge of “undocumented” immigration and debate over

border security are political hot topics.

■ In Canada…

• Critical labor shortages provide context for immigration

policies.

• Policy is balanced according to employment and

demographic needs in various regions.

Immigrants: How Many Can North America Accommodate?

■ Benefits

• Part of the region’s history;

the “melting pot”. • Fuels economic growth.

• Not just unskilled, but also

skilled and educated.

• Native population is aging,

and immigration brings youth.

• Illegal immigration should be

curbed.

■ Limitations

• High level of legal immigrants

is unsustainable.

• Demands for social services

strain state budgets (welfare).

• Immigrants displace working

class Americans by accepting

lower wages.

• Amnesty for illegal immigrants

attracts more; a security

issue.

Federal Debt and the Statutory Limit

The National Debt Is Now More than $33 Trillion.

The Peter G. Peterson Foundation https://www.pgpf.org

The debt limit—commonly called the debt ceiling—is the maximum amount of

debt that the Department of the Treasury can issue to the public or to other

federal agencies. The amount is set by law and has been increased or

suspended over the years to allow for the additional borrowing needed to finance

the government’s operations. On December 16, 2021, lawmakers raised the

debt limit by $2.5 trillion to a total of $31.4 trillion.

https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58945

As of August 2023, the United States

government has a monthly interest rate of

2.92 percent on its debt, continuing an

upward trend in interest rates that began at

the beginning of 2022.

In June, the Congressional Budget Office

(CBO) projected that annual net interest

costs would total $663 billion in 2023 and

almost double over the upcoming decade,

soaring from $745 billion in 2024 to $1.4

trillion in 2033 and summing to $10.6 trillion

over that period. Jul 26, 2023

https://www.statista.com/

Leading foreign holders of US Treasury securities as of July 2023

Country or region Billions of dollars (est.)

% change since July 2022

Japan 1,112.5 −10% China 821.8 −13% United Kingdom 662.4 + 4% Luxembourg 349.9 +14% Belgium 318.7 +12% Switzerland 301.5 + 6% Cayman Islands 295.6 + 1% Canada 293.9 +29%

The public owes 74 percent of the current federal debt. Intragovernmental debt accounts

for 26 percent or $5.9 trillion. The public includes foreign investors and foreign governments. These two groups account for 30 percent of the debt.

Sep 18, 2023

The Treasury Department reached its debt ceiling of $31.4 trillion in

January 2023, and after months of debate, lawmakers voted in June of that year to suspend the ceiling until January 2025.

The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, also called the COVID-19 Stimulus Package or American Rescue Plan,

is a US$1.9 trillion economic stimulus bill passed by the 117th United States Congress and signed into law

by President Joe Biden on March 11, 2021, to speed up the country's recovery from the economic and health effects

of the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing recession.

The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA), most commonly known as the Bipartisan Infrastructure

Bill and originally in the House as the INVEST in America Act (H.R. 3684), is a United States federal

statute enacted by the 117th United States Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden on November 15,

2021.

The act was initially a $547–715 billion infrastructure package that included provisions related to federal-aid

highway, transit, highway safety, motor carrier, research, hazardous materials and rail programs of the Department

of Transportation.[1][2] After congressional negotiations, it was amended and renamed to the Infrastructure

Investment and Jobs Act to include funding for broadband access, clean water and electric grid renewal in addition

to the transportation and road proposals of the original House bill. This amended version included approximately

$1.2 trillion in spending, with $550 billion being newly authorized spending on top of what Congress was planning to

authorize regularly.

The amended bill was passed 69–30 by the Senate on August 10, 2021. On November 5, it was passed 228–206 by

the House, and ten days later was signed into law by President Biden.

What's in the $3.5 trillion reconciliation bill (the Build Back Better Act)? BY MELISSA QUINN, KATHRYN WATSON SEPTEMBER 30, 2021 / 7:15 AM / CBS NEWS https://www.cbsnews.com/news/budget-reconciliation-bill-build-back-better-act/

Because the $3.5 trillion bill is opposed by Republicans, Democrats are trying to enact it through a budgetary process called reconciliation, solely with Democratic support. Two free years of community college The legislation provides two years of free community college for all students, regardless of family income. It is anticipated to cost $108 billion. The bill would also add $80 billion in funding for Pell Grants, which Democrats say hasn't kept pace with the increasing cost of college. Child care and universal pre-K Every family that applies shall be offered child care assistance for children ages 0 to 5. In all, the plan allocates roughly $450 billion to lower the cost of child care and provide two years of universal pre-K for 3- and 4-year-olds, according to the House Education and Labor Committee. The panel estimated that this proposal would keep the cost of child care at or below 7% of most families' income. Medicare expansion This heavily debated provision would expand Medicare to include coverage of dental, hearing and vision services. Extended child tax credit Democrats expanded the child tax credit for 2021 in their $1.9 trillion COVID-19 relief plan, and now want to extend it through 2025. Under the enhancement, families receive $3,600 per child under age 6, and $3,000 per child age 6 to 18. Most families receive monthly payments of either $250 or $300 per child. The full expanded child tax credit is available to individuals making up to $75,000 or married couples making up to $150,000. Cut prescription drug prices Another key provision in the bill is aimed at helping to slash prescription drug prices. Americans on average pay two to three times as much as people in other countries for prescription drugs, according to the White House. Among other things, the legislation allows Medicare to negotiate drug prices. Medicare is currently prohibited by law from negotiating for the best deal. Paid family and medical leave For the first time in history, the U.S. would have comprehensive paid leave, covering 12 weeks of paid family and medical leave. The legislation would replace at least two-thirds of earnings, up to $4,000 per month, while the lowest-paid workers would receive 80% of their income. The White House has previously estimated the plan would cost $225 billion over the next 10 years. Climate change Combating climate change and slowing the rate at which Earth warms will mean transitioning away from fossil fuels, the major source of greenhouse gas emissions. One provision that Manchin has objected to is the $150 billion "clean electricity performance program," which would pay utility companies that increase their renewable energy supplies by 4% per year. Companies that do not hit this benchmark would face financial penalties. The bill also provides significant funding for forest management and other wildfire control measures. There are also measures to incentivize the buying of electric vehicles and the construction of charging stations; consumer rebates to homeowners who weatherfit their houses; and financial penalties for oil and gas producers for methane leaks, among other things. Lesser-known provisions The massive bill has a slew of lesser-known provisions as well.

The Build Back Better Act is a bill introduced in the 117th Congress to fulfill aspects of President Joe Biden's Build Back Better Plan. It was spun off from the American Jobs Plan, alongside the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, as a $3.5 trillion Democratic reconciliation package that included provisions related to climate change and social policy. Following negotiations, the price was lowered to approximately $1.7 trillion. The bill was passed 220–213 by the House of Representatives on November 19, 2021.

On July 27, Manchin and Schumer announced the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, the final result of these

negotiations, surprising other congressional Democrats. The bill, which includes provisions on tax, health care,

and climate and energy spending, was introduced in the Senate as an amendment to the Build Back Better Act.

On August 7, the Senate passed the bill on a 50–50 vote with Vice President Harris breaking the tie. On August

12, 2022, the House passed the bill on a 220–207 vote. President Biden signed it into law on August 16. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build_Back_Better_Act

Amount Source

REVENUE

$313 billion 15% corporate minimum tax

$288 billion Prescription drug pricing reform

$124 billion Enhanced Internal Revenue Service (IRS) tax enforcement

$14 billion Carried loophole interest

$739 billion Total revenue raised

INVESTMENTS

$369 billion Energy security and climate change investment

$64 billion Affordable Care Act (ACA) extension

$433 billion Total investments

$306 BILLION TOTAL DEFICIT REDUCTION

The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022

(H.R. 5376) is a scaled-down version of

the Build Back Better Act proposed by the Biden administration in 2021.

Budget reconciliation is a special parliamentary procedure of the United States Congress set

up to expedite the passage of certain budgetary legislation in the United States Senate. The

procedure overrides the filibuster rules in the Senate, which may otherwise require a 60-

vote supermajority for the passage by the Senate. Bills described as reconciliation bills can

pass the Senate by a simple majority of 51 votes or 50 votes plus the Vice President's as

the tie-breaker. The reconciliation procedure also applies to the House of Representatives, but it

has minor significance there, as the House does not have a supermajority requirement. Budget

reconciliation bills can deal with spending, revenue, and the federal debt limit, and the Senate

can pass one bill per year affecting each subject. Congress can thus pass a maximum of three

reconciliation bills per year, though in practice it has often passed a single reconciliation bill

affecting both spending and revenue. Policy changes that are extraneous to the budget are

limited by the "Byrd Rule", which also prohibits reconciliation bills from increasing the federal

deficit after a ten-year period or making changes to Social Security.

The reconciliation process was created by the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 and was first

used in 1980. Bills passed using the reconciliation process include the Consolidated Omnibus

Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of

1996, the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001, the Health Care and

Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and the American

Rescue Plan Act of 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)