Communication Final homework
PP111
Nonverbalcommunication.pptxNon-Verbal Communication
L 4 What is nonverbal communication?
“The process of intentionally or unintentionally signaling meaning through behavior other than words” (O’Hair & Wiemann, 2009)
Or, “body language” (Julius Fast), and more:
height, weight, sex, looks, race, clothing, space, body movement, eye contact, touch, voice, time, smell, and environment.
Nonverbal messages differ from verbal ones in important ways:
Nonverbal Verbal
Multi-channeled Single-channeled
Continuous (always ‘on’) Discrete (“on & off”)
Unconscious Conscious
Ambiguous to interpret Clearer to interpret
Weigh more Weigh less
Some nonlinguistic cues that are always “on,” and less controllable, are “immutables.” Including…
A. Height
B. Weight
C. Sex/Gender
D. Attractiveness
E. Race
Nonverbal Cues we can control we will call “mutables.” People assume we choose these behaviours, so people may place more weight on them than the immutables.
A. Artifacts: objects we attach to, or fashions we make to our bodies. (What about Bill?)
Proxemics: how we use space to communicate
1. Edward Hall’s 4 distances
Close Medium Distant
C U L T U R E S
Intimate < 1 ft. 0-1.5 ft. > 2 ft.
Personal 1.5-4 ft.
Social 2-3 ft. 4-12 ft. 6-15 ft.
Public 12+ ft.
Personal space: the mobile “bubble” we carry with us
Territoriality: the immobile space we claim as our own
Crowding: the psychological sense of intrusion
Kids the world over operate with a smaller sense of space than adults.
Kinesics: how our bodily movement communicates; “body language.” 5 types of body cues include:
1. Emblems: cues with clear verbal equivalence for 95% of the people in that culture.
2. Illustrators: cues that accompany speech and take on meaning in conversation.
3. Affect displays: cues that show our emotions: two key areas—face and posture.
and Display Rules: the social rules for when you are allowed to show certain emotions.
As you watch, note how people from different cultures also hold themselves, express, and gesticulate differently.
What emotion is this person showing?
What emotion is this person showing?
Probably determination. Singapore's
Yu Mengyu 2016 Olympics Table Tennis
Affect (emotion) displays communicate the 6 universally recognized facial expressions. What are they?
ANGER FEAR HAPPINESS SADNESS DISGUST SURPRISE
Can you recognize each? (Some scholars add “interest” as well.)
Happiness
Surprise
Fear
Sadness
Disgust
Anger
3. (cont.) These 6 emotions are shown even among blind children who have not learned them from observation.
4. Regulators: cues that guide interaction.
5. Adaptors: self-touch, nervous actions, and other cues we do out of habit.
6. The case of eye contact: we use eye contact to communicate liking, attention, respect and control.
Where you look and how long
Differs culturally
Pupils dilate when emotionally aroused
Michelin tires
Amy Cuddy on Power Poses
Tactile Communication: how our touch behaviour communicates to others.
1. Rules, rules, rules! Culture & family influence …
Where can you touch?
How long can you touch?
What touch means.
2. In N. Am. touch communicates liking, affection, control.
3. Touch is situational, status-linked, and misunderstood!
4. And touch rules vary by culture.
Japan vs. U.S.
Restaurant touch in 4 countries.
What does a handshake say? Here
While women & men share much more in common than not, some female/male differences in nonverbal communication can be observed.
Paralanguage: how our voice communicates.
1. Pitch: musical tone of your voice.
Higher, tinny voices are associated with immaturity, insecurity, indecisiveness, and weakness.
Volume: softness or loudness of your voice.
Rate: speed of speaking in words/minute.
See curve of credibility…
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Spoken Words Per Minute
High
Perceived
Credibility
Low
Average 110--150
Auction-eer 350-400
4. Quality: overall timbre, or richness
5. Enunciation: saying words clearly, or not
6. Pronunciation: saying words correctly, or not
Chronemics: how we use time to communicate.
1. Monochronic: time is like a film strip; measured, linear, clock-driven.
2. Polychronic: time is like an amoeba; pliable, multidirectional, event-centered.
G. Olfaction : how we use smell to say something……..
Perfume? Body Odor? Home-cooked meal?
H. Our environment. Beautiful rooms put us in agreeable states of spirit; ugly ones don’t.
Consider…
Nature: how do you feel on sunny days? Gloomy ones?
On warm days? Hot days? 42C days?
Ever wonder why most university websites show their campus as a sunny place?
IV. Principles for nonverbal cues:
1. Grace when interpreting: NVC cues are often vague, ambiguous, misleading!
2. Congruence when expressing: congruent with our words, and congruent with our emotions.
3. Edification: Aim to build others up in how we
Dress around them
Touch them
Look at them
Voice our views
