psychology 101 class, 9wks tasks

Relationship to international Classification of Sleep Disorders The International Classification o f Sleep Disorders, 2nd Edition, includes "confusional arousal" as a NREM sleep arousal disorder.

Nightmare Disorder Diagnostic Criteria 307.47 (F51.5)

A. Repeated occurrences of extended, extremely dysphoric, and well-remembered dreams that usually involve efforts to avoid threats to survival, security, or physical in­ tegrity and that generally occur during the second half of the major sleep episode.

B. On awakening from the dysphoric dreams, the individual rapidly becomes oriented and alert.

0. The sleep disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, oc­ cupational, or other important areas of functioning.

D. The nightmare symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a sub­ stance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication).

E. Coexisting mental and medical disorders do not adequately explain the predominant complaint of dysphoric dreams.

Specify if: During sleep onset

Specify if: W ith associated n o n -s le e p disorder, including substance use disorders W ith associated other m edical condition W ith associated other sleep disorder Coding note: The code 307.47 (F51.5) applies to all three specifiers. Code also the relevant associated mental disorder, medical condition, or other sleep disorder imme­ diately after the code for nightmare disorder in order to indicate the association.

Specify if: Acute: Duration of period of nightmares is 1 month or less. Subacute: Duration of period of nightmares is greater than 1 month but less than 6 months. Persistent: Duration of period of nightmares is 6 months or greater.

Specify current severity: Severity can be rated by the frequency with which the nightmares occur: Mild: Less than one episode per week on average. Moderate: One or more episodes per week but less than nightly. Severe: Episodes nightly.

Diagnostic Features Nightmares are typically lengthy, elaborate, story like sequences of dream imagery that seem real and that incite anxiety, fear, or other dysphoric emotions. Nightmare content typically focuses on attempts to avoid or cope with imminent danger but may involve themes that evoke other negative emotions. Nightmares occurring after traumatic experi­ ences may replicate the threatening situation ("'replicative nightmares"), but most do not. On awakening, nightmares are well remembered and can be described in detail. They arise