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Running head: AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE 1

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE 10

Autoimmune disease

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Neuromuscular complications and stem cell replacement

Discovering the diagnosis of an illness such as hematological cancer and neuromuscular disorders is quite devastating as it often presents the possibilities of suffering and even death. The condition can further translate to the collapse of managing life, significantly impacting the lives, beliefs in their cultures, and the physical, social, and mental well-being of both the clients and their family members (Galloway, 2020). Prolonged life expectancy, lifestyles, and environmental changes are significantly altering the disease patterns in the developed nations towards an increase in the degenerative and autoimmune illness ("use of stem cells for the treatment of autoimmune diseases," n.d.). Stems cells have emerged to be a promising tool for the treatment through the promotion of tissue repair and protection form immune attacks, which are related to the damages. The essay focusses on the impacts of the stem cell replacement in making lives of the patients with autoimmune disease better.

The client derived autologous stem cell replacements offer a safer option for the treatment since it doesn't induce immune rejections. Hence, multiple treatments would be possible without increasing the risks of allogeneic sensitizations that stem from the allogeneic stem cell transplants (Antonelli & Benvenga, 2018). Outcomes of treatments primarily stem cell treatments, have proven effective for the autoimmune illnesses and associated tissue damages coupled with exhausted therapeutic options and multiple defects such as the autoimmune hearing losses, multiple sclerosis, polymyositis, atopic dermatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis ("use of stem cells for the treatment of autoimmune diseases," n.d.). The stem cell treatment for clients with autoimmune illness through a systemic infusion of the culture expended autologous adipose tissues derived from the mesenchyme stem cells offers a piece of convincing evidence for the systematically administered Ad MSC in client with fewer treatment alternatives.

The autoimmune diseases are caused by the immunological imbalances and losses of Torrelance that translates to immune systems attacking the self-tissues within the patients. The autoimmune illness would be mediated by the immune complexes, circulating autoantibodies, and auto reactive T lymphocytes (Stoltz, Chen, & Magdalou, 2019). The convection autoimmune therapy proved to be effective in various clients; however, some patients demonstrated resistances against the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents use and can only respond to higher doses of the same, which tend to be toxic. The stem cell replacement is increasingly joint in the North American and European countries with the procedures encompassing peripheral blood autologous HSCT ("(PDF) Nursing care for hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients and their families," 2017). After the growth factors are administered to the client, the stem cells are mobilized from the BM to the peripheral blood, and the client's blood is collected and further processed with the mature cells being removed till a sufficient quantity of the HSCs is collected for the transplantations. The patient would then undergo radioactive and cytotoxic drug therapies, which is critical in the elimination of the cells in division comprising the immune cells ("(PDF) Nursing care for hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients and their families," 2017). This treatment proves to effectively result in the re-establishment of tolerance and a diminishing recurrence on the autoimmune disease, which ten to significantly contribute to better lives for the patient who has gone through the stem cell replacement.

The stems cell replacement mechanisms in the clients with the autoimmune disease is performed to adults aged 18 years to 70 years and scleroderma for five years or less coupled with active interstitial lung illnesses, either a forced vital capacity and or a diffused capacity of the lungs or the carbon monoxide which has a less than 70% of the predicted values. The individual should not have any of these conditions, such as the gastric antral vascular ecstasies DLco less than40 of predicted values, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and more than six months in previous treatment with the cyclophosphamide (Antonelli & Benvenga, 2018).

The allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is one of the excellent ways to gain a long-term disease-free endurance for the else fatal malicious or the none-malignant hematological illnesses (Schmit-Pokorny & Eisenberg, 2020). There is continually an increasing rate of survival associated with a reduction in levels of toxicity coupled with the advancement in the graft versus the host disease management and the improvement in anti-infectious therapy and prevention. The early and delayed neurological issues can be observed and are related with GvHD, which happen in 30-60 percent of allogeneic HSCT clients (n.d.). The GvHD and the auto GvHD are the major causes of high mortality and the T-cells allocative have remained to be the leading cause of this mortalities the client complication levels tend to differs based on the stage of analysis, age, of the clients, transplant mechanisms and whether the benefactor is main histocompatibility complex or the method can be mismatched to the client ("Role of stem cell-like memory T cells in systemic lupus Erythematosus," n.d.). Lowing the national institute of health consensus criteria, the neurological problems related to GvHD touch the central and the peripheral systems of the brain in the musculoskeletal structure. Both the metabolic and drug-related elements can add to neurological impairments.

The hematopoietic stem cell transplantation I regarded as one of the treatment options that are available to the clients suffering from the hematological illness and which is in continuous growth. The HSCT is quite complicated and a difficult process which calls for a long time hospitalization and further exposing the clients to physical, psychological and social alterations and also translates to the need of development of the coping mechanisms to battle these misfortunes "(PDF) Coping strategies used during treatment by clients surrender to to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation," 2018). The global demographics and epidemiological transitions reveal a growing impact in cancer cases and the hematological diseases in the coming decades. Following the arguments of the ministry of health in the year 2017, there were more than 2794 HSCTs in Brazil and more than 1126 allogeneic and more than 46 autologous and 155 allogeneic accruing in the Parana. When the HSCT is carried out, there is a significant disadvantage associated with the depression of the immune systems, which triggers physical alterations in the client's life. This I regarded to be one of the critical moments in their lives as the clients often become apprehensive and significant levels of uncertainties regarding their future. At times these reactions can be reinforced by the beliefs and fantasies that are associated with the pathology relating to the end of life. There is a need to seek diverse coping mechanisms and strategies for experiencing these changes. There are means of attempting to preserve the lives and the physical health of the clients in the faces of stressor moments, which tend to bring consequences in the day to day lives.

Following the studies which address the coping mechanisms theme in the treatment process can give birth to the scientific production of transplant clients with the indirect or direct experiences of the process such as their family members, friends, and healthcare providers. The client can further profit from the insights gained hence enhancing their understanding and thus engagement in treatment for higher success ("(PDF) Nursing care for hematopoietic stem cell transplant receivers and their relations," 2017). The family and friends will have a better understanding of the patient's experiences and assist them in coping and in the provision of specialized care during the hospitalization and at the home settings. The generated insights would offer assistance to the care providers and professionals in the nursing to understand client experiences and treatment, which can lead to benefits in the form of subsidies that will enhance the practice of developed care ("Adult stem cell therapy for autoimmune disease," n.d.).

The biotechnological development and improved therapies for the people suffering from the autoimmune challenges have positive impacts of prolonging the client's lifespan, and further promoting their cure while advancing diverse possibilities. During the HSCT process, the client undergoes various significant steps in which the complications tend to put their lives into more substantial risks and adversely impact their perceptions regarding themselves (Smith & Liehr, 2013). The treatment process has various side effects; one of them is causing symptoms which tend to temporarily disable capabilities such as mucositis and fatigues and which tend to worsen as the severity of the symptoms deepens. Regarding the client's situations, which stems from clinical and emotional manifestations of the treatment process, they would require strategies that will enable them to experience this moment to endure till the end. The presence of the family was regarded as the primary support during the copying with the ill, which constitutes in itself the support at all the stages of the transplant. Some clients have confesses that at least one of the family members has to be present during therapeutic procedures. The moments of sadness and longings were overcome by the desire to improve these conditions, which the family members often motivate. Clients who had children demonstrated that the faith of being reunited with their families and survive to witness their lives is the main factor that motivated them in coping with the pain associates with the therapeutic procedures.

Other factors that pray a critical role in increasing the effectiveness of coping mechanisms include spirituality and religion. Debilitated by the long waiting for donors and aggravation of the illness, faith in God acts as the primary source of consolation and motivation to continue. Praying is demonstrated to be the means of renewing faith and hope, as was seen in the clients p1 and P2 used in the study ("Role of stem cell-like memory T cells in systemic lupus Erythematosus," n.d.). Prayer is argued to provide clients with strength and encouragement, enabling them to remain in the treatment similar to how the experience of illness and disease assisted in having a greater appreciation of life and everything surrounding it, as was observed in the testimonies of the clients P3 and P4. When we fall sick or experience challenges in life, we tend to value ore the real things which are often invisible in our daily lives when we are healthy (Pham, 2019). The copying with the illnesses offers us to appreciate life and perceptions regarding the period of the disease and present life are demonstrated by the patient as gratitude for having managed to overcome that stage efficiently.

References

(PDF) Coping strategies used during treatment by patients submitted to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. (2018, December 31). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329958641_Coping_strategies_used_during_treatment_by_patients_submitted_to_hematopoietic_stem_cell_transplantation

(PDF) Nursing care for hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients and their families. (2017, August 30). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319381204_Nursing_care_for_hematopoietic_stem_cell_transplant_recipients_and_their_families

Adult stem cell therapy for autoimmune disease. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4021767/

Antonelli, A., & Benvenga, S. (2018). The association of other autoimmune diseases in patients with thyroid autoimmunity. Frontiers Media SA.

Galloway, J. (2020). Infections in systemic autoimmune diseases: Risk factors and management, volume 16. Handbook of Systemic Autoimmun.

Pham, P. V. (2019). undefined. Springer.

Retrieved from https://cignaforhcp.cigna.com/public/content/pdf/coveragePolicies/medical/mm_0535_coveragepositioncriteria_stem_cell_transplant_noncancer_disorders.pdf

Role of stem cell-like memory T cells in systemic lupus Erythematosus. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324549137_Role_of_Stem_Cell-Like_Memory_T_Cells_in_Systemic_Lupus_Erythematosus

Schmit-Pokorny, K., & Eisenberg, S. (2020). Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A manual for nursing practice.

Smith, M. J., & Liehr, P. R. (2013). Middle range theory for nursing (3rd ed.). Springer Publishing Company.

Stoltz, J., Chen, Y., & Magdalou, J. (2019). Stem cells and regenerative medicine: Proceedings of the 8th international China-Europe symposium, Wuhan, China, June 2018. IOS Press.

The use of stem cells for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2007001200001