300 W2 Discussion
Tie3D
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Ethics: Doing the Right Thing
Chapter 3
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
The Ethical Imperative
Protecting research participants and upholding boarder human rights.
Gaining knowledge and finding a clear answer to a research question.
Balancing two priorities when doing research
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
The Ethical Imperative
Researchers have a strong moral and professional obligation to act ethically at all times and in all situations
- Scientific Misconduct
- Scientific misconduct = violating basic and generally accepted standards of honest scientific research, such as research fraud and plagiarism.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
The Ethical Imperative
- Scientific Misconduct
- Research fraud = to invent, falsify or distort study data or to lie about how a study was conducted.
- Plagiarism = using another person’s words or ideas without giving them proper credit and instead passing them off as your own.
- Unethical but Legal
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
The Ethical Imperative
- Unethical but Legal
Typology Of Legal And Ethical Actions In Research
| LEGAL | ETHICAL | |
| Yes | No | |
| Yes | Moral and Legal | Legal but Immoral |
| No | Illegal but Moral | Immoral and Illegal |
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants
- The Origin of Ethical Principles with Humans
- Protect Research Participants from Harm
- Avoid Harm To Research Participants
- Physical harm
- Psychological abuse, stress, or loss of self-esteem
- Legal harm
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants
- Participation Must be Voluntary and Informed
- Principle of Voluntary Consent = never force anyone to participate in a research study. Participants should explicitly and voluntarily agree to participate.
- Informed Consent = An agreement in which participants state they are willing to be in a study and they know what the research procedure will involve.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants
- Limits to Using Deception in Research
- Deception is Acceptable Only Within Strict Limits
- it has a clear, specific methodological purpose
- use it only to the minimal degree necessary and for shortest time;
- obtain informed consent and do not misrepresent any risks;
- always debrief.
- Avoid coercion.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants
- Privacy, Anonymity, and Confidentiality
- Privacy has two components:
- Anonymity = not connecting a participant’s name or identifying details to information collected about him or her.
- Confidentiality = holding information in confidence or not making it known to the public.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants
| Confidentiality | Anonymity | |
| YES | NO | |
| YES | Gather data so it is impossible for anyone to link it to any name and release findings in aggregate form. | Privately link details about a specific participant to a name, but only publicly release findings in aggregate form |
| NO | Release details about a specific participant to the public, but withhold the name and details that might allow someone to trace back to the person. | Unethical |
| Reveal publicly details about a person with his/her name |
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants
- Extra Protections for Special Populations
- Special populations = people lacking the cognitive competency or full freedom to give true informed consent.
- Formal Protections for Research Participants
- Institutional Review Board (IRB) = a committee of researchers and community members that oversees, monitors, and reviews the impact of research procedures on human participants.
- Code of Ethics = A written, formal set of professional standards that provides guidance when ethical questions arise in practice.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Ethics and the Sponsors of Research
- Arriving at Particular Findings
- Limits on How to Conduct Studies
- Suppressing Findings
- Whistle-blowing = when a researcher sees unethical behavior and after unsuccessful attempts to get superiors to end it, goes public to expose the wrongdoing.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Political Influences on Research
- Political concerns can influence and interfere with the research process.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Value-Free and Objective Research
- Multiple Meanings
- Value free has two meanings:
research without any prior assumptions or theory,
research free of influence from an individual researcher’s personal prejudices/beliefs.
- Objective has two meanings as well:
focus only on what is external or visible,
follow clear and publicly accepted research procedures and not haphazard, invented personal ones.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
Value-Free and Objective Research
- Alternative Goals
- Devoid of Values
