PERSONAL GENOMICS
LEESEUNG
Name-AntibioticsExamplePowerPointwithNarrationforBIOL101Assignment2.pptxAntibiotics
BIOL 101 at UMGC
July 30, 2020
Purpose
Aunt Jeanie hasn’t been feeling well. She has had a fever and a sore throat for a few days. After finally convincing her to go to the doctor’s, she has been prescribed antibiotics to clear up an infection in her throat. Aunt Jeanie prefers natural methods of healing and doesn’t want to take the antibiotics.
I am researching antibiotics in order to advise Aunt Jeanie on the wisdom of taking the medicine.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
Background
The word “Antibiotic” means “against life”
Antibiotics were first discovered in the 1920’s
Antibiotics are drugs that kill bacteria
Before then, many people died from bacterial infections such as Strep Throat
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
How Do Antibiotics Work?
Almost all organs in the body can be infected by bacteria
Bacteria are single celled organisms made from prokaryotic cells
Some bacteria can be harmful to the body by secreting toxins that damage tissues
Some bacteria invade tissues and their population growth damages the tissue
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How Do Antibiotics Work?
Penicillin
“Penicillins block the protein struts that link the peptidoglycans together. This prevents the bacterium from closing the holes that develop in its cell walls after cell division.” (Medical News Today, 2018)
Tetracycline
“Tetracycline works by binding specifically to the 30S ribosome of the bacteria, preventing attachment of the tRNA to the RNA-ribosome complex and inhibiting protein synthesis.” (Bristol University School of Chemistry, 2001)
Chloramphenicol
“Chloramphenicol binds to the 50S ribosome, inhibiting peptidyl transferase which prevents amino acid adding to protein chains in protein synthesis.” (University of Minnesota, 2018)
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
Some Diseases that Antibiotics Help With
Ear infections
Sinus infections
Skin infections
Meningitis
Strep Throat
Bladder and Kidney Infections
Bacterial Pneumonias
Whooping Cough
How Antibiotics Have Impacted Disease Over the Last 100 Years
Molds and plant extracts were used to treat infections though people didn’t realize the infections were caused by bacteria
Ancient Egyptians applied moldy bread to wounds!
Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered penicillin in 1928 when he noticed fungus growing on a plate with Staphylococcus. There were bacteria free zones where the fungus ended up!
90% of children with bacterial meningitis died before antibiotics and strep throat could be fatal
Life expectancy has risen to 78.8 years old
13% of the US Population is now older compared to 4%
Infectious diseases are concerns with elderly, those with cancer, surgical patients, people who are immunosuppressed – rarely in young and healthy population
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Reasons Why People Worry About Antibiotics
Antibiotics do not work on viruses such as those that cause the flu and colds
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Why People Worry About Antibiotics
Antibiotics can cause side effects when they kill helpful gut bacteria
Vomiting
Nausea
Diarrhea
Bloating or indigestion
Abdominal pain
Hives, itchy skin
Wheezing
Coughing
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Why People Worry About Antibiotics
If antibiotics are taken when they aren’t needed or if the course of antibiotic is not completed, antibiotic resistant bacteria can grow
Bacteria that are less susceptible to antibiotics remain in the body
They are then able to divide and cause an infection
The offspring of these bacteria contain genes that are less susceptible to antibiotics
Over time, antibiotic resistant bacteria are bred
MRSA Methyllin Resistant Staphyloccos aureus
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Conclusion
Antibiotics are usually fast acting and target the bacteria causing infection
Side effects are short lived and can be treated
Bacterial infections left untreated can lead to fatal infections
According to the Journal of American Medical Association in 2002, doctors prescribed 40% fewer antibiotics compared to the 1990s to decrease antibiotic resistance
Take the antibiotics as prescribed and the is little chance of the infection returning!
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
References
Web MD July 1, 2020 https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-are-antibiotics#2
NHS National Health Services UK May 23, 2019 https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/antibiotics/
Medical News Today, How Do Penicillins Work? July 30, 2018 https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/216798#takeaway
Microbiology Society, The History of Antibiotics 2020 https://microbiologysociety.org/members-outreach-resources/outreach-resources/antibiotics-unearthed/antibiotics-and-antibiotic-resistance/the-history-of-antibiotics.html
Healthy Children, November 15, 2019 https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/treatments/Pages/The-History-of-Antibiotics.aspx
Tetracycline, Molecule of the Month, Bristol University School of Chemistry, Rafal Klagn, October 2001 http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/tetracycline/tetracycline.htm
US National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health, The Treasure Called Antibiotics, WA Adedeji, Dec. 14, 2016 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5354621/
