module 3 discussion
Bella edwards
myersep11e_lectureslides_ch10.pptxMotivation and Emotion
Chapter 10
EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY
DAVID G. MYERS | C. NATHAN DEWALL
Chapter Overview
Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement
Hunger
Theories and Physiology of Emotion
Expressing and Experiencing Emotion
Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 1)
Motivational concepts
Instinct theory (evolutionary theory): Genetically predisposed behaviors
Drive-reduction theory: Response to inner pushes and pulls
Arousal theory: Finding the right stimulation level
Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: Priority of some needs over others
Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 2)
Instincts and evolutionary theory
Instinct
Complex behavior throughout species
Unlearned fixed patterns
Assumption: evolutionary psychology
Genes predispose some species-typical behaviors
Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 3)
Drive-reduction theory
Physiological needs create an aroused, motivated state (incentive)
When physiological needs increase, so does the psychological drive to reduce those needs (homeostasis)
Pushed by need to reduce drives; pulled by incentives
Drive-reduction theory: Drive-reduction motivation arises from homeostasis—an organism’s natural tendency to maintain a steady internal state. Thus, if we are deprived of water, our thirst drives us to drink and to restore the body’s normal state.
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Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 4)
Arousal theory
Some motivated behaviors can increase—rather than decrease—arousal
Human motivation aims to find optimal arousal levels, not to eliminate arousal
Yerkes-Dodson law states that moderate arousal leads to optimal performance
Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 5)
Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs
Begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied …
Before people can fulfill their higher-level safety needs …
Then their psychological needs
Some needs take priority over others; the hierarchy is not universally fixed.
Meaning is related to purpose, significance, and coherence.
People’s sense of life’s meaning predicts their psychological and physical well-being, and their capacity to delay gratification.
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Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 6)
Reduced to semistarvation by their rulers, inhabitants of Suzanne Collins’ fictional nation, Panem, hunger for food and survival. Hunger Games heroine Katniss Everdeen expresses higher-level needs for actualization and transcendence, and in the process inspires the nation.
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Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 7)
Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 8)
The need to belong: affiliation need
Central human motivation to build relationships and feel part of a group
Enhances survival
Colors thoughts and emotions
Related to health, performance, and self-esteem
Thwarts loneliness and social isolation
Self-determination theory
Competence
Autonomy
Relatedness
Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 9)
Being shut out
Ostracism (social exclusion) threatens the need to belong and causes pain
Social media ostracism causes similar pain
Pain
Focuses and motivates corrective action
Positive and negative remedies
Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 10)
Mobile networks and social media
Provide information and supportive connections among friends and family
Activate reward centers in the brain
Function as a matchmaker
Predict longer life when used in moderation
Enable comparisons that can create envy and depression
Support narcissistic tendencies
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Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 11)
Strategies for maintaining balance and focus
Monitor time
Monitor feelings
Hide from incessantly posting online friends when necessary
Check phone and email less often when studying
Refocus and take a nature walk
Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 12)
Achievement motivation
Desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard
High-motivation achievers
Accomplish more; greater financial success; healthier social relationships and emotional well-being
Demonstrate persistence, self-discipline, grit, and intrinsic motivation
Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement (part 13)
Research-based strategies for achieving goals
Set concrete goals
Share goals with friends or family
Develop an implementation plan
Create short-term rewards that support long-term goals
Monitor and record progress
Create a supportive environment
Transform difficult behavior into habit
Hunger (part 1)
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Hunger (part 2)
Physiology of hunger
Body chemistry and the brain
Glucose
Set point
Basal metabolic rate
Physiology: Body chemistry and brain activity
Glucose: The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
Set point: The point at which your “weight thermostat” may be set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight.
Basal metabolic rate: The body’s resting rate of energy output.
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The Hypothalamus
(a) The hypothalamus (colored orange) performs various body maintenance functions, including control of hunger. Blood vessels supply the hypothalamus, enabling it to respond to our current blood chemistry as well as to incoming neural information about the body’s state. (b) The fat mouse on the left has nonfunctioning receptors in the appetite-suppressing part of the hypothalamus.
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The Appetite Hormones
Hormones that increase appetite:
• Ghrelin: Hormone secreted by the empty stomach; sends “I’m hungry” signals to the brain.
• Orexin: Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus.
Hormones that decrease appetite:
• Insulin: Hormone secreted by the pancreas; controls blood glucose.
• Leptin: Protein hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes the brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger.
• PYY: Digestive tract hormone; sends “I’m not hungry” signals to the brain.
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Hunger (part 3)
Psychology of hunger
Hunger: Involves body chemistry, brain activity, and memory of time of last meal
Taste preferences: Influenced by body cues and environmental factors
Physiology: Body chemistry and brain activity
Countries with hot climates, in which food historically spoiled more quickly, feature recipes with more bacteria-inhibiting spices (Sherman & Flaxman, 2001). India averages nearly 10 spices per meat recipe; Finland, 2 spices.
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Hunger (part 4)
Situational influences on eating
Arousing appetite
Friends and food
Serving size
Selection
Nudging nutrition
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Hunger (part 5)
Effects of obesity
Physical health risks
Increased depression
Bullying
Physiology factors
Storing fat was adaptive
Set point and metabolism matter
Genes influence us
Environmental factors
Sleep loss
Social influences
Food and activity levels
Obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) measurement of 30 or higher. Overweight individuals have a BMI of 25 or higher.
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Hunger (part 6)
Weight loss strategies
Begin when motivated and self-disciplined
Exercise and sleep adequately
Minimize exposure to tempting food cues
Limit variety and eat healthy foods
Reduce portions
Don’t starve and stuff
Decide what you will eat before eating with others
Chart progress online
Connect to a support group
Remember: Most people occasionally lapse!
Theories and Physiology of Emotion (part 1)
Emotion: arousal, behavior, and cognition
Components of emotion
Bodily arousal
Expressive behaviors
Conscious experience
How do these three pieces fit together to explain emotion?
Theories and Physiology of Emotion (part 2)
James-Lange theory
Arousal comes before emotion
Arises from awareness of specific bodily responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
Cannon-Bard theory
Arousal and emotion occur simultaneously
Emotion-arousing stimuli trigger bodily responses and simultaneous subjective experience
Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
General arousal + conscious cognitive label = emotion
Spillover effect
Emotion: Response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.
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Theories and Physiology of Emotion (part 3)
Zajonc-LeDoux theory
Some embodied responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal
Acutely sensitive radar for emotionally significant information
Lazarus
Cognitive appraisal defines emotion, sometimes without awareness
Cognitive low road
Two Pathways for Emotions
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Theories and Physiology of Emotion (part 4)
In the two-track brain, sensory input may be (a) routed to the cortex (via the thalamus) for analysis and then transmitted to the amygdala, or (b) routed directly to the amygdala (via the thalamus) for an instant emotional reaction.
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Theories and Physiology of Emotion (part 5)
Embodied emotion
Basic emotions
Most emotion scientists: Anger, fear, disgust, sadness, happiness
Izard: Joy, interest–excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt
Tracy and colleagues: Added pride, love
Are these emotions biologically distinct?
Theories and Physiology of Emotion (part 6)
To identify the emotions generally present in infancy, Carroll Izard analyzed the facial expressions of infants.
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Emotional Arousal
Like a crisis control center, the autonomic nervous system arouses the body in a crisis and calms it when danger passes.
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Theories and Physiology of Emotion (part 7)
Physiology of emotions
Different emotions can share common biological signatures
A single brain region can serve as the seat of different emotions
Insula
Some emotions have distinct brain circuits
Theories and Physiology of Emotion (part 8)
Lie detection
Polygraphs measure emotion-linked autonomic arousal
Changes in breathing, heart rate, and perspiration
About one-third of the time, polygraph test results are just wrong
The Concealed Information Test is more effective
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Expressing and Experiencing Emotion (part 1)
Detecting emotions in others
The brain detects subtle expressions in reading nonverbal cues and nonverbal threats
Facial muscles reveal emotional signs
Deceit is difficult to discern
When viewing the morphed middle face, which evenly mixes anger with fear, physically abused children were more likely than nonabused children to perceive the face as angry (Pollak & Kistler, 2002; Pollak & Tolley-Schell, 2003).
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Expressing and Experiencing Emotion (part 2)
Gender, emotion, and nonverbal behavior
Women generally surpass men
Reading emotional cues
Emotional literacy
Emotional responsiveness and expressiveness
Expressing empathy
Experiencing emotional events more deeply
Remembering these better
Male and female film viewers did not differ dramatically in self-reported emotions or physiological responses. But the women’s faces showed much more emotion. (Data from Kring & Gordon, 1998.)
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Male or Female?
Researchers manipulated a gender-neutral face. People were more likely to see it as male when it wore an angry expression and female when it wore a smile (Becker et al., 2007).
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Expressing and Experiencing Emotion (part 3)
Culture and emotion
Signs across cultures
Crying when distressed; shaking head when defiant; smiling when happy
Facial muscles speak universal language; the degree varies among and within cultures
Gestures
Meanings vary from culture to culture
Facial expressions
Some nonverbal accents provide cultural cues
Culture and Emotion
As people of differing cultures, do our faces speak differing languages? Which face expresses disgust? Anger? Fear? Happiness? Sadness? Surprise? (From Matsumoto & Ekman, 1989.)
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Remember!
Like most psychological events, emotion is best understood not only as a biological and cognitive phenomenon, but also as a social-cultural phenomenon.
Expressing and Experiencing Emotion (part 4)
The effects of facial expressions
Facial expression communicate, amplify, and regulate emotion
Facial feedback effect
Tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
Behavior feedback effect
Tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions
