1000 words essay about social psychology

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O'Brien / Self, attitudes, social influence

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Conformity and Obedience

Myers & Twenge, Chapter 6 Social Psychology: Self, Attitudes, Social Influence (342) Kerth O’Brien , Portland State University – Winter, 2020

Friendly reminder: course content

Find discussion questions on Course Content for you to bring to class the day we see the classic Milgram video, Obedience.

If you miss class that day, feel free to go to the Portland State University Library and look for the Obedience DVD to check out. I haven’t put it on course reserve. The circulation desk often has multiple copies of Obedience available for checkout.

O'Brien / Self, attitudes, social influence

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3 About note-taking:

If you want to take notes and you’re not sure where to start, start by investigating the Cornell note taking system for which I’ve provided a link on D2L course content (under “optional”).

The Cornell system may be worth a look.

Ethical issues in research with human participants

What are Institutional Review Boards? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8fme1boEbE

IRBs are based on the US Code of Federal Regulations which, in turn, incorporate recommendations of the Belmont Report, created mid-1970s

(continued on next slide)

O'Brien / Self, attitudes, social influence

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. Ethical issues, cont’d

Belmont principles include: Beneficence Justice Respect for persons

About these principles: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=86zWBjDaXPk (~ 6 mins)

Gaps in your notes Questions

O'Brien / Self, attitudes, social influence

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. Varieties of social influence • Conformity o a change in behavior or belief as the result of

real or imagined group pressure • Compliance o conformity that involves outwardly going

along while privately disagreeing • Obedience o acting in accordance with direct order or

command • Acceptance o Conformity that involves both believing and

acting in accord with social pressure

Kurt Lewin’s general statement on behavior:

Every psychological event depends upon the state of the person and at the same time on the environment, although their relative importance is different in different cases.

-- Kurt Lewin, 1936

a.k.a. B = f (p,e) Lewin is a name to know.

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Classic Conformity and Obedience Studies

Muzafer Sherif ’s studies of norm formation involved informational influence

• Autokinetic effect (try it on next slide)

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. Classic Studies Solomon Asch’s studies

of group pressure changed the situation to an unambiguous one.

Participants’ (a.k.a. subjects’) given reasons sometimes suggest informational influence, sometimes normative influence.

Clip (4min 10sec): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYIh4MkcfJA

Find gaps in your notes Questions from you

O'Brien / Self, attitudes, social influence

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Milgram paradigm 13

Milgram paradigm, cont’d

Results

O'Brien / Self, attitudes, social influence

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. In Milgram’s program of research what facilitates obedience?

• The supposed learner’s proximity to the supposed teacher

• Proximity and, as always, perceived legitimacy of the authority figure to the supposed teacher

• Institutional authority: at Yale versus downtown

• Presence or absence of other dissenters (“liberating effects of social influence”)

What facilitates obedience, cont’d

When you see the Milgram video, consider whether the supposed teacher (the real participant) may be identifying more with the experimenters than with the so- called learner (the accomplice, a.k.a. confederate).

O'Brien / Self, attitudes, social influence

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. What facilitates obedience?

(cont’d)

The picture can't be display ed.

Concentric circles illustrate social forces and their ripple effects on our person in the middle.

… so, once again we see the power of the situation.

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In Milgram’s work and in various semi- replications, women participants have

responded, on the whole, similarly as men.

Myers & Twenge describe “the liberating effects of group influence” (p. 155, 13/e).

• Summarize this view • What do you think of this view • Have you ever created this

influence? If so, how did you feel?

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. Identify a place where you think

Milgram’s study fits.

Diagram source: http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Recovery_psychology/Lesson1

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. Be able to describe what happened in these authors’ classic studies and what we learned from them. Connected to “what we learned from them,” also be able to put these authors in chronological sequence:

Sherif, Asch, Milgram, Zimbardo

Four Reflections on the Classic Studies

1. Ethical questions 2. Behavior and attitudes

Concessions (foot in the door) Blaming the victim

3. The power of the situation 4. The fundamental attribution

error “To portray Eichmann as a monster renders him less dangerous than he was” (Arendt, quoted in Myers & Twenge). How so?

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. What Predicts Conformity?• Group size o Increasing from 1 to 5

brings more conformity

o Beyond 5, diminishing returns

• Unanimity o It’s hard to be a

minority of one. o People will usually

voice their own views if even just one other has dissented from the majority.

What predicts conformity (cont’d)

• Cohesion o “We” feeling o Cohesive groups have more

influence on their members than non-cohesive groups

• Status o Higher status people tend to

have more impact than do lower status people.

o Study: Cialdini’s RA who walked into the light, against traffic

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. What predicts conformity (cont’d) • Making a public response o People conform more when they must first express

their views in front of several others, versus first expressing their views privately.

• No prior commitment to the contrary o Individuals rarely back down from group pressure if

they’ve given their individual judgment first. They might adjust later ratings but not the ones already given.

Why Conform?

• Normative influence is due to the desire to belong

• Informational influence is due to the desire to act correctly

• Of course these can co-exist but they are different concepts

a.k.a. Why do members of Congress mostly dress the same?

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. Influences on Conformity 29

Influences on Conformity (cont’d)

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. 31

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