global pespective
Andrexa Peluso
MostUsedMLACitations-1.pptx
Most Used Citations and Overview of MLA
MLA format, 9
An MLA Style paper should:
Be typed on white 8.5“ x 11“ paper
Double-space everything
Use 12 pt. Times New Roman (or similar) font
Leave only one space after punctuation
Set all margins to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch
Format: General Guidelines
The entire document should be double-spaced, including the heading, block quotations, footnotes/endnotes, and list of works cited. There should be no extra space between paragraphs.
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor).
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin. MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times.
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Sample 1st Page
･Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
･In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name, your instructor's name, the course, and the date. Again, be sure to use double-spaced text.
･Double space again and center the title.
Do not underline, italicize, or place your title in quotation marks; write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization), not in all capital letters.
･Use quotation marks and/or italics when referring to other works in your title, just as you would in your text: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play; Human Weariness in “After Apple Picking“
･Double space between the title and the first line of the text.
･Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name, followed by a space with a page number; number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. (Note: Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last name/page number header on your first page. Always follow instructor guidelines.)
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An in-text citation is a brief reference in your text that indicates the source you consulted.
It should direct readers to the entry in your works-cited list for that source.
It should be unobtrusive: provide the citation information without interrupting your own text.
In general, the in-text citation will be the author’s last name (or abbreviated title) with a page number, enclosed in parentheses.
In-Text Citations: the Basics
Basic In-Text Citation Rules
The source information in a parenthetical citation should direct readers to the source’s entry in the works-cited list.
The in-text citation should be placed, if possible, where there is a natural pause in your text. If the citation refers to a direct quotation, it should be placed directly following the closing quotation mark.
Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the works-cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text, must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry in the works-cited list (so the author’s last name or the title, usually, with no punctuation in between)
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Author-Page Style
Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.
In-Text Citations: Author-Page Style
MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear in your works-cited page. The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence.
The both citations in the in-text examples on this slide, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by the author, William Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the works-cited list, where, under Wordsworth, they would find the information in the corresponding entry also shown on this slide.
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Citing Indirect Sources
In-text example:
Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as “social service centers, and they don't do that well” (qtd. in Weisman 259).
Multiple Citations
In-text example:
Romeo and Juliet presents an opposition between two worlds: “the world of the everyday… and the world of romance.” Although the two lovers are part of the world of romance, their language of love nevertheless becomes “fully responsive to the tang of actuality” (Zender 138, 141).
Other In-Text Citations 5
Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a source cited in another source. For such indirect quotations, use “qtd. in“ to indicate the source you actually consulted. This is illustrated in the first example on this slide. Note that, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find the original source, rather than citing an indirect source.
Multiple Citations
If you borrow more than once from the same source within a single paragraph and no other source intervenes, you may give a single parenthetical reference after the last borrowing.
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Works in time-based media
In-text example:
Buffy’s promise that “there’s not going to be any incidents like at my old school” is obviously not one on which she can follow through (“Hush” 00:03:16-17).
Works-cited entry:
“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance
by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10, Mutant Enemy, 1999.
Other In-Text Citations 6
For works in time-based media, such as audio and video recordings, cite the relevant time or range of times. Give the numbers of the hours, minutes, and seconds as displayed in your media player, separating the numbers with colons.
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Sources without page numbers
In-text example:
Disability activism should work toward “creating a habitable space for all beings” (Garland-Thomson).
Corresponding works-cited entry:
Garland-Thomson, Rosemarie. “Habitable Worlds.” Critical Disability
Studies Symposium. Feb. 2016, Purdue University, Indiana.
Address.
Other In-Text Citations 7
When a source has no page numbers or any other kind of part number, no number should be given in a parenthetical citation. Do not count unnumbered paragraphs, pauses, or other parts. This is an example of how to cite a direct quotation from an oral address.
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Works Cited: The Basics
Each entry in the list of works cited is made up of core elements given in a specific order.
The core elements should be listed in the order in which they appear here. Each element is followed by the punctuation mark shown here.
While earlier editions of the MLA Handbook showed writers how to create a works-cited entry based on the source’s publication format (book, periodical, film, etc.), the updated 8th edition demonstrates that documentation should be created by consulting the list of core elements. The 9th edition continues use of these and explains each element more in depth. Rather than asking: “how do I cite a book, DVD, or webpage,” the writer now creates an entry by looking at the list of core elements– which are facts common to most works– and assembling them in a specific order.
These changes have been made to reflect the differences in how we consult works. In the updated model, the writer should ask: “who is the author?” and “what is the title?”, regardless of the nature of the source. The following slides will explain each of the core elements, and how they might differ from one medium to another.
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Title of source – the title of the work
Books and websites should be in italics:
Hollmichel, Stefanie. So Many Books. 2003-13, somanybooksblog.com.
Linett, Maren Tova. Modernism, Feminism, and Jewishness. Cambridge UP, 2007.
Periodicals (journal, magazine, newspaper article), television episodes, and songs should be in quotation marks:
Beyoncé. “Pretty Hurts.” Beyoncé, Parkwood Entertainment, 2013, www.beyonce.com/album/beyonce/?media_view=songs.
Goldman, Anne. “Questions of Transport: Reading Primo Levi Reading Dante.” The Georgia Review, vol. 64, no. 1, 2010, pp. 69-88.
Works-cited List: Title of Source
IF the work does not have a title, provide a brief, clear description of the work such as “Email to Patrick Borchert.”
The title of the source should follow the author’s name. Depending upon the type of source, it should be listed in italics or quotation marks.
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Contributor – people, groups, or organizations that contribute without being its primary creator.
Examples:
Chartier, Roger. The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Translated by Lydia G. Cochrane, Stanford UP, 1994.
“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10, Mutant Enemy, 1999.
Woolf, Virginia. Jacob’s Room. Annotated and with an introduction by Vara Neverow, Harcourt, Inc., 2008.
Works-cited List: Other Contributors
In addition to the author, there may be other contributors to the source who should be credited, such as editors, illustrators, performers, translators, television show creators, narrator of an audiobooketc. If their contributions are relevant to your research, or necessary to identify the source, include their names in your documentation.
Occasionally you may list a key contributor in the Author element if your focus is on their work, such as their translation choices. In this case, the primary author will be moved to the Contributor element preceded by the label “by.”
Contributor water formally titled “Other Contributors” in MLA 8.
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Location – specifies work’s location, such as page range
Be as specific as possible in identifying a work’s location.
Examples:
Adiche, Chimamanda Ngozi. “On Monday of Last Week.” The Thing around Your Neck, Alfred A. Knopf, 2009, pp. 74-94.
Deresiewicz, William. “The Death of the Artist—and the Birth of the Creative Entrepreneur.” The Atlantic, 28 Dec. 2014, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/01/the-death-of-the-artist-and-the-birth-of-the-creative-entrepreneur/383497/. Bearden, Romare. The Train. 1975, Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Works-cited List: Location
First example: an essay in a book, or an article in journal should include page numbers.
Second example: The location of an online work should include a URL.
Third example: A physical object that you experienced firsthand should identify the place of location.
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Purdue University Writing Lab
Heavilon 226
Web: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/
Phone: (765) 494-3723
Email: [email protected]
Where to Go to Get More Help
Rationale: Purdue students are invited to meet with a tutor to assist with writing challenges on an individual basis. Viewers outside of Purdue may receive assistance through the OWL (Online Writing Lab) and answers to quick questions through the OWL email service.
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