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Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education 8th Edition George S. Morrison

Chapter 3

History and Theories

Developed by:

Kevin M. Dartt

Walden University

Joyce E. Myers

University of Texas Arlington

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Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 8e George S. Morrison

Learning Outcomes

Explain why professional educators need to know the history of early childhood education.

Describe how theory impacts current teaching practices.

Name five famous individuals who have influenced early childhood education and list their contributions to the field.

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Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 8e George S. Morrison

Learning Outcomes

Identify the basic beliefs essential for high-quality programs.

Explain how instructional practices designed to accommodate children with disabilities have changed over time.

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Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 8e George S. Morrison

Importance of
History and Theories

History of Early Childhood Education

Know the roots of your profession

Rebirth of great ideas

Build the dream—again

Implement current practice

Learning Theories

Understand learning

Understand child development

Communication

Evaluate learning

Provide guidance

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Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 8e George S. Morrison

Historical Figures and Their Influence on Early Childhood Education

Martin Luther

John Amos Comenius

John Locke

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Johann Pestalozzi

Robert Owen

Friedrich Froebel

Maria Montessori

John Dewey

Jean Piaget

Lev Vygotsky

Abraham Maslow

Erik Erikson

Urie Bronfenbrenner

Howard Gardner

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Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 8e George S. Morrison

Constructivism

A cognitive theory of development and learning based on the ideas of John Dewey, Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky.

Organization (how do children organize)

Repetition

Social interactions

Problem solving

Play

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Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 8e George S. Morrison

Piaget’s Theory of
Cognitive Development

Adaptation

integrated process of assimilation and accommodation that explains how learning is acquired
learning is an adaptation to our environment

Scheme

units of knowledge that children develop through the adaptation process

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Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 8e George S. Morrison

Piaget’s Theory of
Cognitive Development

Assimilation:

taking in sensory data through experiences and incorporating into existing schemes (knowledge)

Accommodation:

changing existing schemes to fit new sensory data or information
a process of changing ways of thinking, behaving, and believing to come into accord with reality.

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Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 8e George S. Morrison

Piaget’s Theory of
Cognitive Development

Equilibrium:

the balance between assimilation and accommodation

as a child takes in new information that does not fit into existing schemes, the child struggles to make sense of the information and accommodates in order to regain equilibrium

children reject data they can neither assimilate nor accommodate

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Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 8e George S. Morrison

Piaget’s Theory of
Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor

(birth to 2 years)

Preoperational

(2-7 years)

Concrete operations

(7-12 years)

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Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 8e George S. Morrison

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

The range of tasks that children cannot do independently but can do when helped by a more competent person.

Scaffolding
Assistance that enables children to complete tasks they cannot complete independently.

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Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 8e George S. Morrison

Abraham Maslow and
Self-Actualization Theory

Life Essentials

Safety and Security

Belonging and Love

Achievement and Prestige

Aesthetic Needs

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Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 8e George S. Morrison

Erikson’s First Four Stages of
Psychosocial Development

Stage I: Basic Trust vs. Mistrust

(birth to 18 months)

Stage II: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

(18 months to 3 years)

Stage III: Initiative vs. Guilt

(3 years to 5 years)

Stage IV: Industry vs. Inferiority

(the elementary school years)

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Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 8e George S. Morrison

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory

Microsystem
Includes the environments of parents, family, peers, child care, school, neighborhoods, religious groups, etc.

Mesosystem
Includes linkages or interactions between microsystems. For example, a family’s support or lack of attention to literacy will influence the child’s school performance.

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Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 8e George S. Morrison

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory

Exosystem
environments or settings in which children do not play an active role but influence their development

Macrosystem
broader culture in which children live which influences their development.

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Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 8e George S. Morrison

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory

Chronosystem
environmental influences and events that influence children over their lifetimes

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Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 8e George S. Morrison

Multiple Intelligences Theory
Howard Gardner

Linguistic intelligence

Logical-mathematical intelligence

Spatial intelligence

Musical intelligence

Bodily/Kinesthetic intelligence

Interpersonal Intelligence

Intrapersonal Intelligence

Naturalistic Intelligence

Existentialist intelligence

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Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 8e George S. Morrison

Basic Beliefs Essential for High Quality Early Childhood Programs

Basic Beliefs About Teaching Children

Basic Beliefs About Teachers And Teaching

Basic Beliefs About Collaborating With Parents And Families

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Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education, 8e George S. Morrison

Teaching and Learning in the Inclusive Classroom

Then:

Beliefs about disabilities

Now:

Inclusionary classrooms

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