Family values assignment

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Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition Chapter 2: Understanding Families and How Resources are Managed

History of the Family (1 of 3)

Organization of a clan around a patriarch.

Family in medieval Europe.

Inclusion of members in a family.

Westermarck’s views on origin of marriage.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.1: Summarize the history and origins of the family.

Organization of a clan around a patriarch:

Prehistoric clans were organized around a patriarch.

With the development of agriculture, clans got organized around geographic areas ruled by political figures.

Family in medieval Europe: Was influenced by church and feudalism and generally extended in form.

Inclusion of members in a family:

From the 18th-century English writings, the term included both the blood relatives in the household and servants and other relatives in residence.

Criterion for inclusion: Individual’s dependence on the head of household for basic needs.

Westermarck’s views on origin of marriage:

It was a habit from primitive times for a man and woman to live together, have offspring and rear them together.

This habit was sanctioned by custom, and afterwards by law and was thus transformed into a social institution.

History of the Family (2 of 3)

Gibbs and Campbell’s views on family.

Polygyny: man having more than one wife.

Preindustrial family: an economic unit.

Family during the Industrial Revolution.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.1: Summarize the history and origins of the family.

Gibbs and Campbell’s views on family: Religious and social groups experimented with different forms of familial social bonds in the Americas during the 19th century.

Polygyny:

The practice of a man having more than one wife at the same time.

Multiple adult members provided the resources necessary to fulfill the many daily needs of large family units.

Preindustrial family:

Largely an economic unit.

Those who lived together were needed to help provide for existence.

Children, once old enough, were often sent to help other families if they were not needed at home.

Family during the Industrial Revolution:

Men went away from the home to work, and family roles were more defined.

As the middle class emerged, the family became a symbol of stability and the domestic ideal.

History of the Family (3 of 3)

Modern family:

Democratic family: private societal group.

Companionate family: the presence of love.

Postmodern family: the contemporary family.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.1: Summarize the history and origins of the family.

Modern family:

A family that consists of a breadwinning husband, a housewife, and their children.

Democratic family: A family that emerged at the end of the 18th century as a separate and private group in society where mates were selected through preferences and children were nurtured.

Companionate family: A family where husbands and wives were partners who married because they loved each other, rather than out of a sense of moral duty.

Postmodern family:

The contemporary family that is more diverse than in the past in terms of family structure and relationships.

Implied concept: In trying to rely on past research and theory, one would be unable to study current family structures and relationships.

The Family Today

Questioning aspects of family structure.

Traditional family: married couple with children.

Nuclear family: family group.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.2: Describe how the family today is in transition.

Questioning aspects of family structure: The focus on family structure as a defining concept, and that the structure of family is ambiguous and confusing.

Traditional family: A married couple and their biological child or children in one household.

Nuclear family: The family group consisting of parents (usually a father and mother) and their children in one household.

Defining the Family (1 of 15)

Theoretical Definitions

Addressing the study of family.

Family: a basic unit in society.

Family: three core concepts.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Definitions addressing the study of family:

Burgess and Locke: A group of persons united by the ties of marriage, blood, or adoption; constituting a single household; interacting and communicating with each other in their respective social roles; and creating and maintaining a common culture.

Hess:

A range of household structures that meet people’s needs at various points in their lives or that are forced on them by circumstances.

A consuming unit that is highly dependent on the economic system beyond the home, over which the family members have little control.

American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences: Two or more persons who share resources, share responsibility for decisions, share values and goals, and have a commitment to one another over time.

Family: The basic unit in society, traditionally consisting of two parents rearing their children.

Three core concepts: drawn from Lamanna, Riedmann, and Stewart:

Any sexually expressive or parent-child or other kin relationship in which people, usually related by ancestry, marriage, or adoption, form an economic unit or otherwise practical unit and care for any young,

Consider their identity to be significantly attached to the group, and

Commit to maintaining that group over time.

Defining the Family (2 of 15)

Variations on a Definition of Family—When Numbers Are Necessary: U.S. Census Bureau

Family households: related people in the same household.

Spouse: married to householder.

Child: biological or adopted.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Family households:

A family consists of a householder and one or more other people living in the same household who are related to the householder by birth, marriage, or adoption.

A family household may contain people not related to the householder, but those people are not included as part of the householder’s family in tabulations.

The number of family households is equal to the number of families, but family households may include more members than do families.

A household can contain only one family for purposes of tabulations.

Spouse:

Includes a person married to and living with the householder.

In tabulations, beginning in 2013, “Spouse” and “married couple” includes same-sex married couples.

Child: Includes the following regardless of the child’s age or marital status.

Biological son or daughter - The son or daughter of the householder by birth.

Adopted child – The son or daughter of the householder by legal adoption.

Stepson or stepdaughter - The son or daughter of the householder through marriage but not by birth.

Defining the Family (3 of 15)

Variations on a Definition of Family—When Numbers Are Necessary: U.S. Census Bureau

Grandchild: grandson or granddaughter.

Brother/Sister: biological or adopted.

Parent: father and mother.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Grandchild: The grandson or granddaughter of the householder.

Brother/Sister: The brother or sister of the householder, including stepbrothers, stepsisters, and brothers and sisters by adoption.

Parent: The father or mother of the householder, including a stepparent or adoptive parent.

Defining the Family (4 of 15)

Variations on a Definition of Family—When Numbers Are Necessary: U.S. Census Bureau

Parent-in-law: spouse’s father and mother.

Son-in-law or daughter-in-law.

Other relatives: by birth, marriage, or adoption.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Parent-in-law: The mother-in-law or father-in-law of the householder.

Son-in-law or daughter-in-law: The spouse of the child of the householder.

Other Relatives: Related by birth, marriage, or adoption.

Defining the Family (5 of 15)

Variations on a Definition of Family—When Numbers Are Necessary: U.S. Census Bureau

Application of the data:

Business institutions.

Financial analysts.

Social scientists.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Application of the data:

Business institutions focus on these households as consuming units, categorizing them into socioeconomic, cultural, age-specific, and other target market groups.

Financial analysts use these data to forecast the economic health of the country.

Social scientists apply these data to the analysis of behavioral shifts and actual or possible impacts of such changes.

Defining the Family (6 of 15)

Variations on a Definition of Family—When Numbers Are Necessary: Public Opinion

Surveys administered to general public.

Scientific rigor: determines generalization.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Surveys administered to general public: The information about behaviors and configurations of family units collected and presented is deemed to be normal in that particular society.

Scientific rigor: Will determine the reliability and generalization of the results to the larger population.

Defining the Family (7 of 15)

Variations on a Definition of Family—When Numbers Are Necessary: The Legal System

Flexible definition of family.

Criteria used by the judges.

Functional and psychological qualities of relationships.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Flexible definition of family: No more limited to people linked by legal marriage, blood, or adoption.

Criteria used by the judges:

Common residence,

Economic interdependency,

Stability, and

Commitment.

Functional and psychological qualities relationships:

The exclusivity and longevity of relationship;

The level of emotional and financial commitment;

The reliance placed upon one another for daily family services; and

The conduct of the members to their everyday lives in the society

Defining the Family (8 of 15)

Variations on a Definition of Family—When Numbers Are Necessary: Life Insurance

Members covered.

University of Nebraska.

Spouse: husband or wife.

Child: natural-born, legally adopted, stepchild.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Members covered: Benefits package will usually limit coverage of an employee’s family members by defining such terms as spouse, child, and plus-one.

University of Nebraska:

Spouse:

Husband or wife, as recognized under the laws of the state of Nebraska.

Common-law spouse if the common-law marriage was contracted in a jurisdiction recognizing a common-law marriage.

Child: Those eligible for coverage:

Natural-born or legally adopted child who has not reached the limiting age of 26.

Stepchild who has not reached the limiting age of 26.

Child for whom the employee has legal guardianship and who has not reached the limiting age of 26.

Child with a mental or physical disability who has attained the limiting age of 26 may continue coverage beyond age 26 if proof of disability is provided within 31 days of attaining age 26.

Defining the Family (9 of 15)

Variations on a Definition of Family—When Numbers Are Necessary: The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)

Legal rights of employees.

Employees eligible for leave.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Legal rights of employees: Unpaid leave to care for infants, ill children, spouses, or parents, new parental bonding time with adopted or foster children.

Employees eligible for leave: Under the following situations:

Birth and care of a newborn child.

Placement with the employee of a child for adoption or foster care and to care for the newly placed child.

Care for an immediate family member with a serious health condition.

Any “qualifying exigency” arising from the fact that the employee’s spouse, son, daughter, or parent is a covered military member on or called to active duty.

Defining the Family (10 of 15)

Variations on a Definition of Family—When Numbers Are Necessary: U.S. Income Tax/Internal Revenue Service

Annual tax returns: tax liability.

Head of household: first in family census.

Dependent: is supported by others.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Annual tax returns: To determine tax liability, a U.S. citizens file annual tax returns.

Head of household: The person whose name appears first in the census enumeration of a family or group of people living together.

Dependent: A person who relies on another for support.

Defining the Family (11 of 15)

Variations on a Definition of Family—When Numbers Are Necessary: U.S. Income Tax/Internal Revenue Service

Five tests for qualification:

Relationship test: must be a family member.

Age test: must be younger than householder.

Residency test: more than six months.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Five tests for qualification:

Relationship test: The person must either be a relative or have lived in your home as a family member all year.

Age test: The person must be under age 19 or a student under age 24 at the end of the year and younger than you or permanently and totally disabled at any time during the year, regardless of age.

Residency test:

Your child must have lived with you for more than half the year.

There are exceptions for temporary absences, children who were born or died during the year, kidnapped children, and children of divorced or separated parents.

Defining the Family (12 of 15)

Variations on a Definition of Family—When Numbers Are Necessary: U.S. Income Tax/Internal Revenue Service

Five tests for qualification:

Support test: less than half of support.

Joint return test: cannot have filed returns.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Five tests for qualification:

Support test: The child cannot have provided more than half of his or her own support for the year, and you generally must provide more than half of a person’s total support during the calendar year.

Joint return test:

The child cannot file a joint return for the year.

An exception to the joint return test applies if your child and his or her spouse file a joint return only to claim a refund of income tax withheld or estimated tax paid.

Defining the Family (13 of 15)

Variations on a Definition of Family—When Numbers Are Necessary: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

Federal governmental program.

SNAP household.

Qualifying for SNAP.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Federal governmental program: Provides nutrition benefits to supplement the food budget of needy families and move towards self-sufficiency.

SNAP household: Everyone who lives together, purchases and prepares meals together is grouped together as one SNAP household.

Qualifying for SNAP: 60 years of age or older, unable to purchase and prepare meals separately because of a permanent disability or a challenging situation.

Defining the Family (14 of 15)

Gray Areas

Family: influenced by social factors.

Cohabitation or unmarried couple.

Domestic partners.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Family:

Influenced by social factors.

Include arrangements that may be seen as gray areas, and often granted “family” legal rights.

Cohabitation or unmarried couple:

To live together as or as if a married couple.

Unmarried couple households contain only two adults.

This form of family has now gained widespread social acceptance.

Domestic partners: The personal relationship between individuals who are living together and sharing a common domestic life together, but are not joined in any type of legal partnership, marriage, or civil union.

Defining the Family (15 of 15)

Gray Areas

Legal status of married same-sex couples.

Mutual definition: shared by groups.

Yorburg’s definition of families.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.3: Compare various definitions of families.

Legal status of married same-sex couples: Since July 9, 2015, married same-sex couples throughout the United States have had equal access to all the federal benefits given to married opposite-sex couples.

Mutual definition: A definition shared by or common to two or more people or groups.

Yorburg’s definition of families: Groups related by marriage, birth, adoption, or mutual definition, having elements of emotional involvement and identity attachment that connect individuals and create a maintenance need of that family unit, requiring acquisition and utilization of resources.

Changes in the Family (1 of 2)

Reports from Pew Research Center.

Decline of marriage rates.

Cohabitation as a family structure.

Childbearing in cohabiting unions.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.4: Discuss change to family expectations, family structure, and the institution of marriage.

Reports from Pew Research Center:

Family expectations differ by age.

Older adults believe that society is better off when people value marriage and children.

The American family is becoming increasingly more diverse with less than half of all children living with two married parents.

Decline of marriage rates:

Marriage rates continue to decline.

Reasons:

More people are waiting to marry later in life and a rise in cohabitation.

Previously married adults show less interest in marrying again.

Cohabitation as a family structure:

It is estimated that the majority of couples now live together before getting married.

Economic inequality is reported among those who cohabitate.

Childbearing in cohabiting unions:

Higher among high school graduates.

Children of less-educated parents are more likely to grow up in a single-parent household or to experience instability.

Changes in the Family (2 of 2)

Sliding versus deciding.

The National Marriage Project.

Benefits of delay in marriage.

Americans divided upon familial changes.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.4: Discuss change to family expectations, family structure, and the institution of marriage.

Sliding versus deciding:

Those couples who slide into cohabitation may also remain in a relationship or move toward marriage regardless of the quality of or commitment to the relationship.

Those couples who have discussed their future intentions and what cohabitation means to their relationship are more successful as they move into marriage.

The National Marriage Project:

The institution of marriage has changed, yet a large majority of young adults say they hope to marry in the future.

More young women are now becoming mothers before getting married.

Benefits of delay in marriage:

Better economic opportunities and

Lower divorce rate.

Americans divided upon familial changes:

Such as cohabitation, single parenting, mothers working outside the home, and intercultural marriage.

One third of people accept these changes;

One third reject or believe these changes are harmful for families;

One third are tolerant of the changes but believe they may not be good for the family.

Families Within Cultural Contexts (1 of 2)

Frameworks impact definitions.

Transmission through families.

Primary cultural expressions.

Interracial marriages.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.5: Explain how families exist in cultural contexts.

Frameworks impact definitions: Frameworks of cultural contexts of race, ethnicity, religion, politics, and economics impact how individuals and families are evaluated.

Transmission through families: Families pass learned behaviors and experiences, or a cultural heritage, from generation to generation.

Primary cultural expressions:

Lineal,

Collaborative, and

Individualistic.

Family units within these cultural groups reflect the orientation of the larger social group.

Interracial marriages: The joining together of individuals from the White, African American, Asian, and Native American races with people from outside their race.

Families Within Cultural Contexts (2 of 2)

Interethnic marriages: diverse cultural backgrounds.

Interfaith marriages: between different religious faiths.

The U.S. Religious Landscape Survey.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.5: Explain how families exist in cultural contexts.

Interethnic marriages:

Consists of partners who marry within their ethnic groups.

Today, 15.5% of new marriages represent two people from diverse cultural backgrounds.

Interfaith marriages:

Involving or occurring between people of different religious faiths.

Increasing in the United States.

The U.S. Religious Landscape Survey:

39% of Americans are married to a spouse with a different religious affiliation.

49% of people who are cohabitating are in an interfaith relationship.

Religion is much more fluid.

Certain religious groups are more likely to marry within their faith.

Family Functions (1 of 2)

Family provides emotional security.

Structural-functional theory.

Talcott Parson’s theory and criticism.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.6: List basic functions of the family.

Family provides emotional security:

A sense of belonging and provides for physical needs.

The family is the most basic economic unit in society; responsible for reproduction.

The family is the principal component in the socialization process.

Structural-functional theory: Views individuals as members of many interrelated systems.

Talcott Parsons:

Believed that four basic functions were necessary for any system to survive.

Latent pattern maintenance or loyalty,

Adaptation, or ability to adjust to change,

Integration of members, and

Goal attainment, or the ability to mobilize resources.

Criticism: patriarchal views and inability to explain the differences between culture and ethnicity.

Family Functions (2 of 2)

Four functions: Juliet Mitchell’ s theory.

Three basic functions of a family.

Responsibilities of the family.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.6: List basic functions of the family.

Four functions of family: Juliet Mitchell’ s theory:

Production: Producing or purchasing food and shelter, preparing workers to earn wages, and consumption of goods and services.

Reproduction: Bearing and raising children.

Socialization: Teaching the rules of society.

Sexuality: “Legitimate” sexual activity.

Three basic functions of a family:

To raise children responsibly,

To provide economic support, and

To give family members emotional security.

Responsibilities of the family:

Reproduction: bearing and raising children.

Meeting the basic economic needs (food, clothing, and shelter) of its members.

Provide individuals with an important source of emotional support, which includes affection and companionship.

Resources Available to Families

Resources: income, inheritance, social resources.

Assets: accumulation of resources.

Credit: obligation and expense.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.7: identify resources that are available to families.

Resources: Adults bring resources into the family as:

Income: Provides the ability to exchange money for goods and services.

Inheritance: Money or anything of value that is passed from someone who dies to designated survivors.

Social resources: Include social programs that provide resource to qualifying citizens, like disability payments, food subsidies, and rent assistance.

Assets:

Over time, families may accumulate resources that they can hold over time, such as homes, automobiles, savings, and personal property.

These resources are referred to as assets which also require management and maintenance.

Retaining, or holding, their value presents on-going demands on family members in terms of time, repair, and storage.

Credit:

Another resource for families to utilize to meet expenses.

Use of credit creates obligation; so, it also becomes an expense.

Borrowing money through credit cards or loans requires pledging future income for an immediate want or need.

Managing credit requires planning and monitoring of that payback process.

Managing Family Resources (1 of 2)

Home economics: metamorphosis to social change.

Broadening worldviews.

Five interrelated areas.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.8: Discuss how family resource management and home economics are related.

Home economics:

A field of study that purposefully began the metamorphosis to:

Better serve the changing needs of its mostly female constituency and

The changing social scripts of both men and women during the 1950s and 1960s.

Broadening worldviews:

Traditional female roles were being questioned.

Definition of family was being modified to align with emerging social programs and practices.

Five interrelated areas: in human economics:

Human development and family,

Home management and family economics, and

Food and nutrition,

Textiles and clothing, and

Housing.

Managing Family Resources (2 of 2)

Optimization: finding fit solution.

Abraham Maslow’s motivation theory.

Transformation of home economics.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.8: Discuss how family resource management and home economics are related.

Optimization:

The discipline focus shifted to family resource management which includes:

Family values,

Goals,

Standards,

Resources,

Decision making,

Organization and process, and

Optimization of families.

Optimization is the process of finding the solution that is the best fit to the available resources.

Abraham Maslow’s motivation theory: His famous pyramid of needs is applied to the study of psychology, sociology, economics, families, and business.

Transformation of home economics:

The name change from home economics to family and consumer sciences, as the old title too restrictive and laden with incorrect assumptions.

Issue: a lack of consistency in program names, thus confusing students, professionals, and the general public.

Key Family Management Challenges

Time management: time is a commodity.

Career management: future of school children.

Family planning: trends of childbearing.

Satisfies Learning Objective 2.9: Review key family management challenges.

Time management:

Commodity: an economic good:

A general belief in American culture is that time is a commodity.

One can measure time, keep time, save time, and waste time.

Career management:

School children think of future careers:

Time spent training for those careers is considered a current sacrifice for future gain.

Knowledge resources must be balanced against the prospects.

There is an expectation of continual education, training, and improvement to reach career goals across the life course.

Family planning:

Women’s control over childbearing has increased.

Many assume that having one child or multiple children can be managed or planned.

The average age of women giving birth in U.S. has increased.

Emerging trends of childbearing:

Remaining child-free,

Postponing parenthood,

Having only one child, and

Nonmarital births.

The roles and expectations of children have changed.