How influential were social media in the Arab uprisings of 2011?

DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL

POLITICS

Module Outline 2018/19 Period 1

Code: IP2019

Title: Transnational Social Movements

Credits: 15 Credits

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Disclaimer Every effort has been taken to ensure that the information in this Module Outline is correct at the time of going to press. The University reserves the right, arising from unforeseen events or circumstances beyond our control, to add to or remove programmes and to make changes in regulations, syllabuses, programme options and modules without prior notice.

Contents: 1. Introduction to Module Outline 2. Key Staff 3. Module Description 4. Aims and Objectives 5. Teaching Pattern and Timetable 6. Assessment 7. Word Limit 8. Submission of Coursework 9. Presentation of Coursework 10. Late Coursework 11. Study Skills Help 12. Summary of Module Content 13. Module Synopsis: Lectures and Seminars 14. Reading List 1. INTRODUCTION TO MODULE OUTLINE This Module Outline contains information about the objectives of the module, its structure, content and assessment. Please read this handbook carefully and retain it for future reference. You should also refer to the Module Specification available on Moodle. This contains more formal information about Learning Outcomes for the module. 2. KEY STAFF

NAME ROLE ROOM TEL EMAIL ADDRESS

Tom Davies1 Module Leader D504,

Rhind Building x 4589 [email protected]

Damien Frettsome Administrator A129, College

Building x0128 [email protected]

3. MODULE DESCRIPTION From peace and security to human rights activism, religious movements to nationalist groups, environmentalism to ‘global justice’, the Arab uprisings to ‘Occupy Wall Street’, the range of issues in which transnational social movements have become involved in contemporary world politics is

1 Tom Davies’ Office Hours: Tuesdays 9.00-9.50 and Fridays 10.00-10.50, or by appointment at other times (to arrange appointments email [email protected]).

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considerable. This module aims to provide a wide-ranging introduction to the major transnational social movements. Students are encouraged to think about the place of transnational social movements in world politics, and are introduced to the tools for understanding transnational social movements provided in the relevant sociological literature. The interactions between transnational social movements and other international political actors are evaluated, as are the factors affecting the influence of transnational social movements. Students are introduced to the evolution of transnational social movements, and the factors that have affected their emergence and growth, including the role of the internet. Case studies are used to analyse the impact of transnational social movements in a wide variety of issue-areas, such as: peace and security, democratization, human rights, women's equality, labour rights, and the environment.

4. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES  To provide students with a critical overview of transnational social movements.  To familiarise students with the analytical tools relevant to the study of transnational social

movements.  To encourage students to develop their ability to research, analyse, and communicate critical

and informed arguments relating to the theory and practice of transnational social movements.

5. TEACHING PATTERN AND TIMETABLE One lecture and one tutorial per week across one teaching term (in week one there is just a lecture). Students are reminded that attendance at both lectures and tutorials is mandatory. The timetable is provided at https://sws.city.ac.uk/tt1819/default.aspx The tutorial allocation is provided on Moodle.

6. ASSESSMENT

Pass Marks In order to pass an undergraduate module and acquire the associated credit, a student must normally achieve an aggregate module mark of no less than 40% and pass or be exempted from all assessment components which have a pass mark.

A student who fails one or more assessment components at the first attempt may pass the module if their performance in other components justifies this. However, a mark of less than 30% in any assessment component will result in a fail for that module.

Oral Presentation (20% of module mark) A 5-minute individual oral presentation, to be delivered in class during one of the tutorials. Further advice on the oral presentation will be provided in the lectures and tutorials. Essay (80% of module mark) One assessed essay of 2,500 words. Essay Deadline: 4.00 pm on Thursday 3 January 2019.

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Essay Titles You should devise your own question to answer, in consultation with the module leader. The module leader’s approval for the essay question should be sought by the end of week seven (5.00 pm on Friday 9 November 2018). Essay Advice Essays should be based on wide reading. The reading list in section 14 provides suggestions based around each week’s tutorial topic. You should aim to look at as many of the relevant further readings for your chosen essay topic as possible, as well as the core reading. You should look at the textbooks and core readings first before moving on to the further readings. Using case studies in your essays is strongly recommended – possible case studies are suggested for each topic, but you should feel free to choose an alternative case study. You should also be prepared to look beyond the reading list when preparing your essays. Use of materials in the Northampton Square library beyond those listed on the reading list is encouraged. It is also recommended that you make use of London’s many other libraries for further readings: other libraries’ catalogues can be accessed through www.copac.ac.uk, and access to many of these libraries is available via SCONUL. Some internet resources – such as scholarly journal articles provided at http://uk.jstor.org – can be useful BUT you need to be very careful when using internet sources to investigate their reliability and internet sources cannot be relied upon exclusively for your essays. Further advice on essays will be given in the first class. It is strongly recommended that you discuss your essay plan with the class tutor or the module leader before writing up your essay. 7. WORD LIMIT The word limit for the essays is 2,500 words (students may go over or under by 10%). The word limit runs from the Introduction to the Conclusion of the assignment and will include quotes and footnotes which appear in the body of the assignment. The word limit does not include the following: abstracts, contents page, diagrams, graphs, images, reference list, bibliography or appendices. The marker will only mark an assignment up to the word limit. The part of the assignment which exceeds this limit will not be marked. Feedback will be provided and it will be explained that the penalty has been applied. 8. SUBMISSION OF COURSEWORK Students should refer to the Programme Handbook for information about coursework submission. To summarise: (a) Deadlines are final: Your work should be ready for submission on the deadline. Please do

not leave submission until the last minute. If you are unable to submit your coursework on time due to Extenuating Circumstances (EC’s) you must submit these in accordance with the School Policy.

(b) Submission: Students must not submit coursework to the School Office or directly to

teaching staff. Students must not email coursework to staff to print off. Students must submit an electronic copy of the assignment on the module on Moodle by the deadline (this will be

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your coursework receipt). It is your responsibility to ensure that your coursework is submitted on time and in the correct manner. If you have any difficulties submitting on Moodle, please contact your Programme Administrator immediately.

(c) Plagiarism: By submitting coursework for assessment either in hard copy or electronically

you are agreeing to the following declaration: “The work I have submitted is exclusively my own work except where explicitly indicated (with quotations and citation). I have read and understood the statement on plagiarism contained in the School Handbook and understand that plagiarism is a serious academic offence and could result in my exclusion from the University.” Please note that your assignments may be submitted to the plagiarism detection software.

9. PRESENTATION OF COURSEWORK Submitted work must be well presented, legible and, where appropriate, in good, standard English. The use of word processing and spell checking is essential in producing written work. As a rule of thumb, work should be presented in Arial font, point 11, double-spaced with a 2.5 cm margin on either side of the page. You should always include the module code in the header of the essay and the page number in the footer. 10. LATE COURSEWORK Coursework MUST be submitted by the set deadline. You should aim to have your work completed well before the deadline in order to allow for any problems. If you are not able to complete an assessment for reasons that are unforeseen and beyond your control you can submit an application for extenuating circumstances, using an online form on eVision. Further information can be found here: https://studenthub.city.ac.uk/help-and- support/extenuating-circumstances-complaints-appeal. You will be penalised for any work you submit past the deadline unless you have an extenuating circumstance claim accepted through the School procedure. If there are no extenuating circumstances, work submitted up to 24 hours after the deadline will be treated as late and capped at the pass mark. If there are no extenuating circumstances, work submitted more than 24 hours after the deadline will receive a mark of 0% and you will be required to resit at a later date, unless the module is eligible for compensation in which case compensation rules will apply (please see Assessment Regulation 19. Section 4.7.1.) and you may not be offered a resit for the component. 11. STUDY SKILLS HELP If you require help with your study skills such as referencing or essay writing, further information can be found in your Programme Handbook. The Student Centre also provides a series of workshops to help students with study skills. You can email them at the following address [email protected].

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12. SUMMARY OF MODULE CONTENT

13. MODULE SYNOPSIS: LECTURES AND SEMINARS Each week the tutorial covers the topic of the lecture of the preceding week. The below reading list provides the questions that will help guide tutorial discussion and core and further readings for each topic. Each week students will be expected to have prepared for the tutorial by doing at least the core reading and by thinking about the discussion questions. Active participation in tutorial discussions is expected of every student. 14. READING LIST The list is divided into the topics outlined in section 12 above. Under each topic are a number of questions. These questions will guide the discussions in tutorials. The readings for each week are divided into essential readings and further readings. Each week you are expected to have done the essential reading and preferably to have looked at at least one of the further readings. For your essays you will be expected to have read several of the further readings, and to have conducted wider independent research. Readings on possible case studies for each topic are provided, but you are encouraged to seek your own case studies for your essays. Textbooks The main introductory texts are:

 J. Smith, C. Chatfield & R. Pagnucco, Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics: Solidarity beyond the State

 S. Batliwala & L. D. Brown, Transnational Civil Society: An Introduction

Week Lecture Topic Tutorial Topic

1 Introduction and Overview No tutorial in week one

2 Analytical Framework 1: Framing the Issues

Introduction and Overview

3 Analytical Framework 2: Explaining Success; Mobilizing & Opportunity Structures

Analytical Framework 1: Framing the Issues

4 Civil Resistance and the Peace Movement Analytical Framework 2: Explaining Success; Mobilizing & Opportunity Structures

5 Transnational Social Movements and Democracy

Civil Resistance and the Peace Movement

6 Human Rights; Women’s and Labour Movements

Transnational Social Movements and Democracy

7 Environmentalism and Development Human Rights; Women’s and Labour Movements

8 Religious and Nationalist Movements Environmentalism and Development

9 New ICTs and Social Media Religious and Nationalist Movements

10 Essay workshop New ICTs and Social Media

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Other recommended introductory textbooks on this subject include:

 C Fominaya, Social Movements and Globalization

 S. Ahmed & D. Potter, NGOs in International Politics

 M. Edwards & J. Gaventa, Global Citizen Action

 Global Civil Society Yearbooks

 M. Keck and K Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders

 J. Khagram, S. Riker & K. Sikkink, Restructuring World Politics

 K. McDonald, Global movements: action and culture

 J. Smith and D. Wiest, Social Movements in the World System

 S. Tarrow, Power in Movement

 S. Tarrow, The New Transnational Activism

 D. West, Social Movements in Global Politics

 S. Berger and H. Nehring, The History of Social Movements in Global Perspective

 P. Willetts, Non-Governmental Organizations in World Politics Introduction and Overview Questions:

 What are transnational social movements and how do they differ from international non- governmental organizations, transnational advocacy networks, transnational activism and ‘global civil society’?

 How do transnational social movements wield influence?

 Why have transnational social movements become a notable subject of study in the post-Cold War era? What can be gained from an understanding of their activities?

Essential Reading: J. Khagram, S. Riker and K. Sikkink, Restructuring World Politics, chap. 1 T. Davies, ‘Transnational Movements’, in Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology, second edition

(advance copy on Moodle) Further Reading: H. Anheier et al, Introducing Global Civil Society S. Batliwala and L. Brown, Transnational Civil Society: An Introduction, introduction P. Bloom, Beyond Power and Resistance M. Keck & K. Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders, chap. 1 C Fominaya, Social Movements and Globalization D. Malet and M. Anderson, Transnational Actors in War and Peace: Militants, Activists, and

Corporations in World Politics N. Piper & A. Uhlin, Transnational Activism in Asia R. Price, ‘Transnational Civil Society and Advocacy in World Politics’, review article in World

Politics (2003) J. Smith, ‘Transnational Processes and Movements’ in D. Snow et al., The Blackwell Companion

to Social Movements J. Smith, C. Chatfield & R. Pagnucco, Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics:

Solidarity beyond the State, intro. & chap. 1 (& chap. 3) S. Tarrow, The New Transnational Activism, chaps. 1-3 S. Tarrow, ‘Transnational Politics: Contention and Institutions in International Politics’, article in

Annual Review of Political Science (2001) D. West, Social Movements in Global Politics

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P. Willetts, ‘What is an NGO?’ – online at: http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/p.willetts/CS-NTWKS/NGO- ART.HTM

Analytical Framework I: Framing the Issues Questions:

 What are the most significant framing processes for transnational social movements?

 Why is framing so important for transnational social movements?

 Use a case study to illustrate the role of framing in transnational social movements. Essential Reading on Frame Analysis: R. D. Benford and D. A. Snow, ‘Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and

Assessment’, article in Annual Review of Sociology (2000) J. Smith, C. Chatfield & R. Pagnucco, Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics:

Solidarity beyond the State, chaps. 4 and 14, esp. pp. 70-73 and 244-247 Essential Reading on Example of Zapatistas: T. Olesen, ‘The Zapatistas and Transnational Framing’ in H. Johnston & P. Almeida (eds), Latin

American Social Movements (2006) Further Reading on Framing: C. Bob, The Marketing of Rebellion: Insurgents, Media and International Activism E. Goffman, Frame Analysis J. A. Guidry, M. Kennedy and M. N. Zald, Globalizations and Social Movements: Culture, Power,

and the Transnational Public Sphere J. Khagram, S. Riker & K. Sikkink, Restructuring World Politics: Transnational Social Movements,

Networks and Norms, chap.1 D. McAdam, J. D. McCarthy & M Zald, Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements, part 3 D. McAdam, S. Tarrow & C. Tilly, Dynamics of Contention H. Johnston and J. Noakes, Frames of Protest D. Snow, et al, The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, esp. chap. 17 S. Tarrow, The New Transnational Activism, esp. chap. 4 S. Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, chap. 7 Further Reading on the Zapatistas: J. Holloway and E. Pelaez (eds), Zapatista! Reinventing Revolution in Mexico C. Jung, The Moral Force of Indigenous Politics T. Olesen, ‘Globalising the Zapatistas: from Third World solidarity to global solidarity?,’ article in

Third World Quarterly (2004) T. Olesen, International Zapatismo: The Construction of Solidarity in the Age of Globalization R. Burbach, Globalization and postmodern politics: from Zapatistas to high tech robber barons R. Stahler-Sholk, ‘The Zapatista Social Movement: Innovation and Sustainability’, article in

Alternatives: Global, Local, Political (2010) Analytical Framework II: Explaining Success; Mobilizing and Opportunity Structures Questions:

 What are mobilizing structures and structures of political opportunity and why are they significant for transnational social movements?

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 How should success and failure for transnational social movements be defined?

 How should successes and failures for transnational social movements be explained?

Essential Reading on Transnational Mobilizing and Opportunity Structures: J. Smith, C. Chatfield & R. Pagnucco, Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics:

Solidarity beyond the State, chaps. 4 and 14, esp. pp. 60-70 and 249-257 Essential Reading on the Muslim Brotherhood: Z. Munson, ‘Islamic Mobilization: Social Movement Theory and the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood’,

article in Sociological Quarterly (2001) Essential Reading on the International Campaign to Ban Landmines: D. Hubert, The Landmine Ban: A Case Study in Humanitarian Advocacy,

http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/2001/landmine_brown_nov2000.pdf, esp. chap. 3 Further Reading on Mobilizing and Opportunity Structures and Social Movement Impact: L. Bosi, M. Giugni, and K. Uba, The Consequences of Social Movements J. A. Guidry, M. Kennedy and M. N. Zald, Globalizations and Social Movements: Culture, Power,

and the Transnational Public Sphere J. Khagram, S. Riker & K. Sikkink, Restructuring World Politics: Transnational Social Movements,

Networks and Norms, chap.1 D. McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency D. McAdam, J. D. McCarthy & M Zald, Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements, parts 1

and 2 D. McAdam, S. Tarrow & C. Tilly, Dynamics of Contention D. Snow, et al, The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, esp. chaps. 4 and 6 S. Tarrow, The New Transnational Activism S. Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, chaps. 5, 6 and 8 Further Reading on the International Campaign to Ban Landmines: K. Anderson, ‘The Ottawa Convention Banning Landmines, the Role of International Non-

Governmental Organizations and the Idea of International Civil Society’ article in European Journal of International Law (2000)

M. Cameron, R. Lawson and B. Tomlin (eds.), To Walk Without Fear: The Global Movement to Ban Landmines

M. Edwards & J. Gaventa, Global Citizen Action, chap. 9 A. Florini, The Third Force: The Rise of Transnational Civil Society, chap. 6 R. Price, ‘Reversing the Gun Sights: Transnational Civil Society Targets Landmines,’ article in

International Organization (2000) N. Short, ‘The Role of NGOs in the Ottawa Process to Ban Landmines,’ article in International

Negotiation (1999) Further reading on the Muslim Brotherhood A. Pargeter, The Muslim Brotherhood: The Burden of Tradition B. Rubin, The Muslim Brotherhood: The Organization and Policies of a Global Islamist Movement C. Wickham, The Muslim Brotherhood: Evolution of an Islamist Movement R. Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brothers H. Kandil, Inside the Brotherhood E. Bakker et al, The Muslim Brotherhood in Europe L. Vidino, The New Muslim Brotherhood in the West See also the readings on Islamic activism on page 18.

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Civil Resistance and the Peace Movement Questions:

 Is non-violent action more effective than the use of violent methods?

 How have transnational social movements contributed towards international peace? Essential Reading: S. Batliwala and L. Brown, Transnational Civil Society: An Introduction, chap. 10 M. Stephan and E. Chenoweth, ‘Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent

Conflict’, article in International Security (2008) Further Reading on Civil Resistance: P Ackerman & J. DuVall, A Force More Powerful P Ackerman & B Rodal, ‘The Strategic Dimensions of Nonviolent Conflict’, article in Survival (2008) P Ackerman & C Kruegler, Strategic Nonviolent Conflict T Davies, ‘The Failure of Strategic Nonviolent Action in Bahrain, Egypt, Libya and Syria’, Global

Change, Peace and Security (2014) R Holmes, Nonviolence in Theory and Practice R S Powers et al, Protest, Power and Change A Roberts & T Garton Ash, Civil Resistance and Power Politics J Schell, The Unconquerable World K Schock, ‘Nonviolent Action and Its Misconceptions’, article in PS: Political Science and Politics

(2003) K Schock, Unarmed Insurrections G Sharp, There Are Realistic Alternatives, online at:

http://www.aeinstein.org/organizations/org/TARA.pdf M Stephan and E Chenoweth, Why Civil Resistance Works S Zunes et al, Nonviolent Social Movements 'Symposium on Nonviolence - A Force More Powerful', in PS: Political Science and Politics (June

2000), online at: http://www.apsanet.org/content_13167.cfm Recommended Websites on Civil Resistance: www.aeinstein.org www.civilresistance.info www.nonviolent-conflict.org Further Reading on the Peace Movement: S. Ahmed & D. Potter, NGOs in International Politics, chap. 8 M. Anderson, Do No Harm: How Aid Can Support Peace – Or War G. Bussey & M Tims, Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, 1915-1965 M. Cameron, R. Lawson & B. Tomlin, To Walk without Fear: The Global Campaign to Ban

Landmines A. Carter, Peace Movements: International Protest and World Politics since 1945 M. Ceadel, Thinking about Peace and War T. Davies, The Possibilities of Transnational Activism: The Campaign for Disarmament between

the Two World Wars T. Davies, ‘Transnational Campaigning for Disarmament: Lessons from between the Two World

Wars’ (available online at: www.cisd.soas.ac.uk/Editor/assets/davies.%20soas%20paper.doc) M. Evangelista, Unarmed Forces: The Transnational Movement to End the Cold War

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A. M. Florini (ed.), The Third Force: The Rise of Transnational Civil Society, chaps. 3 & 6 W. Kaltefleiter & R Pfaltzgraff, Peace Movements in Europe and the United States J. Knopf ‘Beyond Two-Level Games: Domestic-International Interaction in the Intermediate-range

Nuclear Forces Negotiations,’ article in International Organization (1994) S. Marullo & D. S. Meyer, ‘Antiwar and Peace Movements’ in The Blackwell Companion to Social

Movements D. Meyer, A Winter of Discontent: The Nuclear Freeze and American Politics Y. Moser-Puangsawan and T. Weber (eds), Nonviolent Intervention Across Borders D. Prasad, War is a Crime Against Humanity: The Story of War Resisters’ International R. Price, ‘Reversing the Gunsights: Transnational Civil Society Targets Land Mines,’ article in

International Organization (2000) T. Rochon, Mobilizing for Peace. The Antinuclear Movements in Western Europe J. Schell, The Unconquerable World J. Smith, C. Chatfield and R. Pagnucco, Transnationl Social Movements and Global Politics,

chaps. 5, 7, 8 & 9 M. Tate, The Disarmament Illusion: The Movement for a Limitation of Armaments to 1907 F. Terry, Condemned to Repeat? The Paradox of Humanitarian Action L. Wittner, The Struggle Against the Bomb Transnational Social Movements and Democracy Questions:

 Have transnational social movements produced ‘global democracy’?

 By what transnational processes have social movements contributed towards democratization?

Essential Reading: M. Kaldor, ‘Democracy and Globalisation’ in Global Civil Society 2007/8 G.-R. Horn and P. Kenney, Transnational Moments of Change, chap. 12 T. Rosenberg, ‘Revolution U’, Foreign Policy, 16 February 2011:

http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/02/16/revolution_u Further Reading: P. Ackerman, A. Karatnycky et al., How Freedom is Won: From Civic Resistance to Durable

Democracy: http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/29.pdf P. Ackerman & J. DuVall, A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict M. Albrow et al, Global Civil Society 2007/8 P. Almeida, Mobilizing democracy: globalization and citizen protest J. Anderson, Transnational Democracy D. Archibugi & D. Held, Cosmopolitan Democracy: An Agenda for a New World Order D. Archibugi et al, Re-Imagining Political Community: Studies in Cosmopolitan Democracy T. Carothers, Critical Mission: Essays on Democracy Promotion R. Celikates, et al. Transformations of democracy T. Davies, H. Ryan and A. Pena, Protest, Social Movements and Global Democracy since 2011 D. Della Porta, Can democracy be saved? Participation, deliberation and social movements D. Della Porta and D. Rucht, Meeting Democracy: Power and Deliberation in Global Justice

Movements L. Diamond, Developing Democracy L. Diamond, The Global Resurgence of Democracy D. Held, Democracy and the Global Order

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D. Held, Global Covenant D. Jacobs, Global Democracy M. Kaldor & I. Vejvoda, Democratization in Central and Eastern Europe I. Krastev, Democracy Disrupted: The Global Politics of Protest J. Markoff, Waves of Democracy M.McFaul, ‘The Fourth Wave of Democracy and Dictatorship: Noncooperative Transitions in the

Postcommunist World’ in World Politics (2002) S. Mendelson & J. Glenn, The Power and Limits of NGOs B. Morrison, Transnational Democracy in Critical and Comparative Perspective J. Riker, ‘NGOs, Transnational Networks, International Donor Agencies and the Prospects for

Democratic Governance in Indonesia’, in Khagram, Riker and Sikkink, Restructuring World Politics

K. Schock, Unarmed Insurrections: People Power Movements in Nondemocracies K. Schwartzman, ‘Globalization and Democracy’ in Annual Review of Sociology (1998) G. Sharp, From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation:

http://www.aeinstein.org/organizations/org/FDTD.pdf J. Smith, Global Democracy and the World Social Forums J. Smith, Social Movements for Global Democracy F. Soborski, Ideology and the Future of Progressive Social Movements D. C. Thomas, The Helsinki Effect: International Norms, Human Rights, and the Demise of

Communism P. Willetts, The Conscience of the World Readings on Arab uprisings of 2011: A. M. Agathangelou & N. Soguk, ‘Rocking the Kasbah: Insurrectional Politics, the “Arab Streets”,

and Global Revolution in the 21st Century’, Globalizations (2011) J. Brownlee et al, The Arab Spring H Dabashi, The Arab Spring T Davies, ‘The Failure of Strategic Nonviolent Action in Bahrain, Egypt, Libya and Syria’, Global

Change, Peace and Security (2014) T. Davies, ‘The 2011 Uprisings and the Limits of People Power’: http://www.city.ac.uk/social-

sciences/international-politics/policy-briefs/the-2011-uprisings-and-the-limits-of-people-power C. Henry et al, The Arab Spring J. Gelvin, The Arab Uprisings: What Everyone Needs to Know M. Gonzalez and H. Barekat, Arms and the people: popular movements and the military from the

Paris Commune to the Arab Spring A. Kabesh, Egyptian Revolutions D. Lesch and M. Haas, The Arab Spring: Change and Resistance in the Middle East M. Lynch, The Arab Uprisings Explained P. Marfleet, Egypt: Contested Revolution D. McMurray, Arab revolts : dispatches on militant democracy in the Middle East L. Noueihed and A. Warren, The Battle for the Arab Spring: Revolution, Counter-Revolution and

the Making of a New Era S. Schielke, Egypt in the Future Tense: Hope, Frustration, and Ambivalence Before and After

2011 Foreign Affairs, May/June 2011 special issue on Arab uprisings International Journal of Communication, 2011 special issue on the Arab uprisings:

http://ijoc.org/ojs/index.php/ijoc/issue/view/6 Readings on European revolutions of 1989: G. Prins (ed), Spring in Winter: The 1989 Revolutions

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T. Garton Ash, We The People: The Revolution of ’89 witnessed in Warsaw, Budapest, Berlin and Prague

A. Roberts, Civil Resistance in the East European and Soviet Revolutions of 1989: http://www.aeinstein.org/organizationse3a7.html

A. Roberts and T. Garton Ash, Civil Resistance and Power Politics, chaps. 6-8. P. Ackerman & J. DuVall, A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict, chap. 12 D. Mason, ‘Solidarity as a New Social Movement’, Political Science Quarterly (1989) B. Wheaton & Z. Kavan, The Velvet Revolution: Czechoslovakia, 1988-91 G. Meard, ‘The Legacy of “Solidarity”: Class, Democracy, Culture and Subjectivity in the Polish

Social Movement’, Social Movement Studies (2005) G. Jones, G. Baczynska, Solidarity in the Arab Spring, Reuters Special Report, June:

http://graphics.thomsonreuters.com/specials/Poland.pdf M. Weigle, J. Butterfield, ‘Civil Society in Reforming Communist Regimes: The Logic of

Emergence’, Comparative Politics (1992) D. Ost ‘The Weakness of Strong Social Movements: Models of Unionism in the East European

Context’, European Journal of Industrial Relations (2002) Human Rights, Women’s and Labour Movements Questions:

 How do transnational human rights campaigners attempt to overcome the obstacles they face?

 What explains the principal achievements of transnational women’s movements?

 Which has been the most successful part of the transnational labour movement? Why? Essential Reading: S. Batliwala and L. Brown, Transnational Civil Society: An Introduction, chaps. 5, 8, 9 A. Florini, The Third Force: The Rise of Transnational Civil Society, chap. 7 Further Reading on Human Rights Movements: P. Ball, ‘State Terror, Constitutional Traditions, and National Human Rights Movements,’ in J.

Guidry, M. Kennedy, and M. Zald (eds.), Globalizations and Social Movements A. Brysk (ed.), Globalization and Human Rights D. Hawkins, ‘Human Rights Norms and Networks in Authoritarian Chile’ in Khagram, Riker and

Sikkink, Restructuring World Politics S. Hopgood, The Endtimes of Human Rights S. Hopgood et al, Human Rights Futures M. Keck and K Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders T. Risse, S. Ropp, and K. Sikkink, The Power of Human Rights T. Risse, S. Ropp, and K. Sikkink, The persistent power of human rights: from commitment to

compliance H. P. Schmitz & K. Sikkink, ‘International Human Rights’ in W. Carlsnaes, T. Risse and B.

Simmons, Handbook of International Relations K. Sikkink, ‘Human Rights, Principled Issue-networks and Sovereignty in Latin America,’ article in

International Organization (1993) K. Sikkink, Evidence for Hope: Making Human Rights Work in the 21st Century J. Smith, ‘Transnational Political Processes and the Human Rights Movement,’ article in Research

in Social Movements, Conflict and Change (1995) J. Smith et al, ‘Globalizing Human Rights: The Work of Transnational Human Rights NGOs in the

1990s,’ article in Human Rights Quarterly (1998)

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D. Thomas, The Helsinki Effect: International Norms, Human Rights, and the Demise of Communism

D. Thomas, ‘Human Rights in U.S. Foreign Policy,’ in Khagram, Riker, and Sikkink, Restructuring World Politics

L. Wiseberg, ‘Human Rights Nongovernmental Organizations’ in R.Claude and B. Weston (eds.), Human Rights in the World Community: Issues and Action

Readings on Amnesty International: M. Keck and K Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders, chap. 3 Amnesty International, Reports: http://thereport.amnesty.org/downloads A. M. Clark, Diplomacy of Conscience P. Willetts, Pressure Groups in the Global System, chap. 4 P. Willetts, The Conscience of the World, chap. 7 S. Hopgood, Keepers of the Flame T. Kelly, This Side of Silence, chap. 1 J. Power, Amnesty International: The Human Rights Story Further Reading on Women’s Movements: S. Alvarez, ‘Latin American Feminisms “Go Global”’ in S Alvarez et al, Cultures of Politics, Politics

of Cultures P. Antrobus, The Global Women’s Movement R. Baksh and W. Harcourt (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Transnational Feminist Movements J. Boli and G. Thomas, Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations

since 1875, chap. 4 M. Chen, ‘Engendering World Conferences: The International Women's Movement and the United

Nations’, article in Third World Quarterly (1995) C. Cockburn, ‘The Women’s Movement: Boundary Crossing on Terrains of Conflict’ in R. Cohen

& S. Rai, Global Social Movements C. Daley and M. Nolan (eds.), Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives M. Ferree & W. Gamson, ‘The Gendering of Abortion Discourse: Assessing Global Feminist

Influence in the United States and Germany,’ in della Porta et al, Social Movements in a Globalizing World

M. Ferree & C. Mueller, ‘Feminism and the Women’s Movement: A Global Perspective’ in D. Snow et al, The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements

M. Feree & A. Tripp, Global Feminism C. Gabriel & L. Macdonald ‘NAFTA, Women and Organizing in Canada and Mexico: Forging a

“Feminist Internationality”’, article in Millennium (1994) M. Hawkesworth, Globalization and Feminist Activism W. Hesford, Just Advocacy? Women’s Human Rights, Transnational Feminisms and the Politics

of Representation International Council of Women, Women in a Changing World: The Dynamic Story of the

International Council of Women since 1888 M. Keck and K. Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders, chaps. 2 and 5 V. Moghadam, Globalizing Women: Transnational Feminist Networks N. Naples & M. Desai, Women’s Activism and Globalization Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Whole of the 23rd Special Session of the General

Assembly: http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/followup/as2310rev1.pdf L. Rupp, Worlds of Women: The Making of An International Women’s Movement D. Stienstra, ‘Making Global Connections Among Women, 1970-1999’ in R. Cohen & S. Rai,

Global Social Movements D. Stienstra, Women's Movements and International Organizations

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K. B. Thompson, ‘Women's Rights are Human Rights’ in Khagram, Riker and Sikkink, Restructuring World Politics

M. Waller & S. Marcos, Dialogue and Difference: Feminisms Challenge Globalization A. Whittick, Woman into Citizen Readings on Campaign against Violence against Women: M. Keck & K. Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders, chap. 5 P. Sen, ‘Successes and Challenges: Understanding the Global Movement to End Violence against

Women’, in M. Kaldor et al, (eds), Global Civil Society 2003 J. Joachim, ‘Shaping the Human Rights Agenda: The Case of Violence against Women’, in M.

Meyer and E. Prügl (eds), Gender Politics in Global Governance J. Joachim, ‘Framing Issues and Seizing Opportunities: The UN, NGOs, and Women's Rights’,

International Studies Quarterly (2003) E. J. Friedman, ‘Gendering the Agenda’, Women’s Studies International Forum (2003) Further Reading on Labour Movements: G. Arrighi, ‘Marxist Century, American Century: The Making and Remaking of the World Labour

Movement’, article in New Left Review (1990) S. Ashwin, ‘International Labour Solidarity after the Cold War’ in R. Cohen & S. Rai, Global Social

Movements C. Bergquist (ed.), Labor in the Capitalist World Economy A. Bieler et al (eds), Labour and Transnational Action in Times of Crisis A. Colas, ‘Putting Cosmopolitanism into Practice: the Case of Socialist Internationalism,’ article in

Millennium (1994) D. Cornfield, ‘Labor Transnationalism?,’ article in Work and Occupations (1997) R. Cox, ‘Labor and Transnational Relations’, article in International Organization (1971) D. della Porta & S. Tarrow, Transnational Protest and Global Activism R. Fantasia & J. Stepan-Norris, ‘The Labor Movement in Motion’ in D. Snow et al, The Blackwell

Companion to Social Movements J. D. French, ‘From the Suites to the Streets: The Unexpected Re-emergence of the “Labor

Question,”’ article in Labor History (2002) M. Giugni and M. Grasso, Austerity and protest: popular contention in times of economic crisis M. Gordon & L. Turner (eds.), Transnational Cooperation Among Labor Unions T. Kidder, ‘Networks in Transnational Labor Organizing’ in Khagram, Riker and Sikkink,

Restructuring World Politics R. Locke and K. Thelen (eds.), The Shifting Boundaries of Labor Politics A. Martin and G. Ross (eds.), The Brave New World of European Labor P. Mason, Live Working or Die Fighting: How the Working Class went Global B. Mello, Evaluating social movement impacts: comparative lessons from the labor movement in

Turkey R. Munck, ‘Labour in the Global’ in R. Cohen & S. Rai, Global Social Movements R. Munck and P. Waterman, Labour Worldwide in the Era of Globalization: Alternative Union

Models in the New World Order M. Regini (ed.), The Future of Labour Movements B. Silver, Forces of Labor: Worker’s Movements and Globalization since 1870 D. Tomich, ‘World of Capital/Worlds of Labor’ in J. Hall (ed.), Reworking Class P. Waterman, Globalization, Social Movements and the New Internationalisms P. Waterman & J. Timms, ‘Trade Union Internationalism and a Global Civil Society in the Making’

in Global Civil Society Yearbook 2004/5 R. Wilkinson and S. Hughes ‘Labor Standards and Global Governance: Examining the

Dimensions of Institutional Engagement’ article in Global Governance (2000)

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H. Williams, ‘Mobile Capital and Transborder Labor Rights Mobilization’ article in Politics and Society (1999)

Readings on Hemispheric Social Alliance: M. Saguier, ‘The Hemispheric Social Alliance and the Free Trade Area of the Americas Process:

The Challenges and Opportunities of Transnational Coalitions against Neo-liberalism’, Globalizations (2007)

M. Anner and P. Evans, ‘Building Bridges across a Double Divide: Alliances between US and Latin American Labour and NGOs’, Development in Practice (2004)

T. Legler, Transnational Coalition-Building in the Americas: The Case of the Hemispheric Social Alliance - http://www.yorku.ca/drache/talks/2000/pdf/legler.pdf

M. von Bülow, ‘Networks of Trade Protest in the Americas: Toward a New Labor Internationalism?’, Latin American Politics and Society (2009)

M. von Bülow, ‘Brokers in action: Transnational Coalitions and Trade Agreements in the Americas’, Mobilization: An International Quarterly (2011)

M. Doucet, ‘Territoriality and the democratic paradox: the hemispheric social alliance and its alternatives for the Americas’, Contemporary Political Theory (2005)

Readings on Global Justice Movement: T. Davies and A. Peña, ‘Globalisation from Above? Corporate Social Responsibility, the Workers’

Party, and the Origins of the World Social Forum’, New Political Economy (2013) D. della Porta, The Global Justice Movement: Cross-National and Transnational Perspectives D. della Porta, Transnational Protest and Global Activism D. della Porta, Social Movements in Times of Austerity D. della Porta, ‘Making the Polis: Social Forums and Democracy in the Global Justice Movement’

in Mobilization (2005) Global Civil Society Yearbook 2005-6: chapters on World Social Forum T. Kidder, ‘Networks in Transnational Labor Organizing’ in Khagram Riker & Sikkink, Restructuring

World Politics P. Mason, Live Working or Die Fighting: How the Working Class went Global G. Schoenleitner, ‘World Social Forum: Making Another World Possible?’ in J. Clark (ed),

Globalizing Civic Engagement B. Silver, Forces of Labor: Worker’s Movements and Globalization since 1870 J. Smith, ‘The World Social Forum and the challenges of global democracy’, article in Global

Networks (2004) J. Smith et al, Global Democracy and the World Social Forums T. Teivainen, ‘The World Social Forum and global democratisation: learning from Porto Alegre’,

article in Third World Quarterly (2002) P Waterman, Globalization, Social Movements and the New Internationalisms Environmentalism and Development Questions:

 Which forms of environmental activism have succeeded and why?

 Have the activities of transnational social movement organizations concerned with aid and development achieved more harm than good?

Essential Reading: S. Batliwala and L. Brown, Transnational Civil Society: An Introduction, chap. 6

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T. Davies, ‘The Transformation of International NGOs and Their Impact on Development Aid’, article in International Development Policy (2012) – available on Moodle

Further Reading on Environmentalism: S. Ahmed & D. Potter, NGOs in International Politics, chap. 10 K. Conca & G. Dabelko, Green Planet Blues: Environmental Politics from Stockholm to

Johannesburg J. Fox & L. D. Brown, The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs, and Grassroots

Movements D. J. Frank, A. Hironaka and J. Meyer, ‘The Rationalization and Organization of Nature in World

Culture,’ in J. Boli and G. Thomas (eds.), Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations Since 1875

J. Hadden, Networks in Contention: The Divisive Politics of Climate Change L. Johnston, Religion and Sustainability: Social Movements and the Politics of the Environment S. Kamienecki, Environmental Politics in the International Arena: Movements, Parties,

Organizations, and Policy M. Keck and K. Sikkink, ‘Environmental Advocacy Networks’ in their Activists Beyond Borders S. Kothari, ‘Globalization, Global Alliances and the Narmada Movement’ in Khagram, Riker and

Sikkink, Restructuring World Politics A. So, L. Lee, L. Yok-Shiu, Asia's Environmental Movements: Comparative Perspectives J. McCormick, The Global Environmental Movement T. Princen, ‘Ivory, Conservation, and Environmental Transnational Coalitions’ in T Risse-Kappen,

Bringing Transnational Relations Back In T. Princen and M Finger, Environmental NGOs in World Politics K. Raustiala, ‘States, NGOs, and International Environmental Institutions’, article in International

Studies Quarterly (1997) P. Rohrschneider and R. J. Dalton ‘A Global Network? Transnational Cooperation among

Environmental Groups’ article in The Journal of Politics (2002) C. Rootes, ‘Environmental Movements’ in D. Snow et al (eds), The Blackwell Companion to Social

Movements A. Rowell, Green Backlash: Global Subversion of the Environmental Movement D. Rucht, ‘Limits to Mobilization: Environmental Policy for the European Union,’ in Smith et al,

Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics R. Scarce, Eco-Warriors: Understanding the Radical Environmental Movement J. Smith, ‘Global Politics and Transnational Social Movement Strategies: The Transnational

Campaign against International Trade in Toxic Wastes,’ in Kriesi, della Porta, and Rucht, Social Movements in a Globalizing World

M. Thomashow, Ecological Identity: Becoming a Reflective Environmentalist P. Wapner, Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics P. Wapner, ‘Politics Beyond the State: Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics’, article in

World Politics (1995) O. R. Young, Global Governance: Drawing Insights from the Environmental Experience Further Reading on Development: S. Ahmed & D. Potter, NGOs in International Politics, chap. 6 M. Barnett (ed), Paternalism Beyond Borders A. Bebbington et al, Can NGOs Make a Difference? J. Boli and G. Thomas, Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations

since 1875, chap. 9 L. Bolling & C. Smith, Private Foreign Aid: US Philanthropy for Relief and Development

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J. Brinkerhoff et al, NGOs and the Millennium Development Goals: Citizen Action to Reduce Poverty

S. Cleary, ‘The World Bank and NGOs’ in P. Willetts, The Conscience of the World R. Dibie, NGOs and Sustainable Development in Sub-Saharan Africa D. Eade & J. Pearce, Development, NGOs and Civil Society D. Eade & T. Vaux, Development and Humanitarianism: Practical Issues M. Edwards, Making a Difference: NGOs and Development in a Changing World M. Edwards & J. Gaventa, Global Citizen Action L. Fast, Aid in danger : the perils and promise of humanitarianism J. Fisher, Nongovernments: NGOs and the Political Development of the Third World J. Fox, The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs and Grassroots Movements P. Hoy, Players and Issues in International Aid D. Hulme (ed), NGOs, States and Donors: Too Close for Comfort? R. Jain, NGOs in Development Perspective S. Khagram, ‘Restructuring the Global Politics of Development’ in Khagram, Riker and Sikkink,

Restructuring World Politics D. Lewis, Management of Non-Governmental Development Organizations D. Lewis and T. Wallace, New Roles and Relevance: Development NGOs and the Challenge of

Change M. Lindenberg & C. Bryant, Going Global: Transforming Relief and Development NGOs M. Maren, The Road to Hell: The Ravaging Effects of Foreign Aid and International Charity S. Michael, Undermining Development: The Absence of Power among Local NGOs in Africa B. Rajagopal, International Law from Below: Development, Social Movements and Third World

Resistance J. Rubenstein, Between Samaritans and States B. Rugendyke, NGOs as Advocates for Development in a Globalizing World I. Smillie, Stakeholders: Government-NGO Partnerships for International Development B. Smith, More than Altruism: The Politics of Private Foreign Aid S. Srivastava, Social Movements for Development T. Tvedt, Angels of Mercy or Development Diplomats? NGOs and Foreign Aid H. Yanacopulos, International NGO Engagement, Advocacy, Activism Religious and Nationalist Movements Questions:

 Explain the development and impact of one or more transnational religious social movements.

 Does social movement theory help us to understand religious movements?

 Describe and explain the emergence of ethnic and nationalist social movements and evaluate the objectives they promote.

 Describe and explain the different impacts that ethnic and nationalist social movements have had.

Essential Reading: J. Beckford, ‘Religious Movements and Globalization’, in R. Cohen & S. Rai, Global Social

Movements S. Olzak, ‘Ethnic and Nationalist Social Movements’ in The Blackwell Companion to Social

Movements Q. Wiktorowicz, Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach, esp. intro.

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Further Reading – General Literature on Religious Movements: W. Bainbridge, The Sociology of Religious Movements J. Beckford, ‘The Sociology of Religion and Social Problems’, article in Sociological Analysis

(1990) C. Bhatt, Liberation and Purity: Race, New Religious Movements & the Ethics of Postmodernity D. Billings, ‘Religion as Opposition’, article in American Journal of Sociology (1990) S. Eisenstadt, ‘The Resurgence of Religion’: article available from

http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001388/138885e.pdf J. Hannigan, ‘Social Movement Theory and the Sociology of Religion’, article in Sociological

Analysis (1991) J. Haynes, ‘Transnational Religious Actors and International Politics’, article in Third World

Quarterly (2001) F. Kniss & G. Burns, ‘Religious Movements’ in The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements H. Johnston & B. Klandermans, Social Movements and Culture M. Juergensmeyer, God in the Tumult of the Global Square: Religion in Global Civil Society F. Peter, Islamic movements of Europe T. Robbins, Cults, Converts and Charisma: The Sociology of New Religious Movements D. Snow & R. Machalek, ‘The Sociology of Conversion’ in Annual Review of Sociology (1984) D. Snow, ‘The Lofland Stark Conversion Model’ in Social Problems (1980) R. Stark & W. Bainbridge, ‘Of Churches Sects and Cults: Preliminary Concepts for a Theory of

Religious Movements’, in Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion (1979) P. Van der Veer, Transnational Religion: www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working%20papers/WPTC-

01-18%20Van%20der%20Veer.pdf R. Warner, ‘Work in Progress towards a New Paradigm for the Sociological Study of Religion in

the United States’, article in American Journal of Sociology (1993) R. Wuthnow, The Restructuring of American Religion M. Zald, ‘Theological Crucibles’, article available at:

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/51019/1/247.pdf Further Reading – Islamic Activism: A. Bayat, Making Islam Democratic: Social Movements and the Post-Islamist Turn E. Burke, Islam, Politics and Social Movements A. Campana and C. Jourde, Islamism and Social Movements in North Africa, the Sahel and

Beyond: Transregional and Local Perspectives P. Lubeck, ‘The Islamic Revival’ in R. Cohen & S. Rai, Global Social Movements Z. Munson, ‘Islamic Mobilization: Social Movement Theory and the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood’,

article in Sociological Quarterly (2001) D. Singerman, ‘The Networked World of Islamist Social Movements’ in J. Goodwin & J. Jasper,

Social Movements, vol. 2 D. Snow & S. Marshall, ‘Cultural Imperialism, Social Movements & the Islamic Revival’ in

Research in Social Movements, Conflict & Change (1984) P. W. Sutton, ‘Islamic “New Social Movements”? Radical Islam, Al-Qaida, and Social Movement

Theory’ in Mobilization (2006) Q. Wiktorowicz, Radical Islam Rising Further Reading – Nationalist Movements: B. Anderson, Imagined Communities R. Bhavnani, and D. Backer ‘Localized Ethnic Conflict and Genocide’, article in Journal of Conflict

Resolution (2000) K. Blee, Understanding Racist Activism E. Bonacich, ‘A Theory of Ethnic Antagonism’, article in American Sociological Review (1972)

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R. Brubaker & D. Laitin ‘Ethnic and Nationalist Violence’, article in Annual Review of Sociology (1998)

D. Carment, ‘Internal Constraints and Interstate Ethnic Conflict’, article in Journal of Conflict Resolution (1995)

M. Castells, The Power of Identity Y. Choueiri, Arab Nationalism J. Coakley, The Social Origins of Nationalist Movements G. Delanty et al, The SAGE Handbook of Nations and Nationalism F. Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth J. Fearon & D. Laitin ‘Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War’, article in American Political Science

Review (2003) J. Fearon & D. Laitin ‘Explaining Interethnic Cooperation’, article in American Political Science

Review (1996) E. Gellner, Nations and Nationalism R. Gould, ‘Collective Violence and Group Solidarity: Evidence from a Feuding Society’, article in

American Sociological Review (1999) T. Gurr, ‘Ethnopolitical Rebellion’, article in American Journal of Political Science (1997) P. Havemann, ‘Enmeshed in the Web: Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in the Network Society’ in R.

Cohen & S. Rai, Global Social Movements M. Hechter, ‘Nationalism as Group Solidarity’, Ethnic and Racial Studies (1987) J. Hutchinson and A. Smith, Nationalism R. Jalali & S. Lipset ‘Racial and Ethnic Conflicts: A Global Perspective’, article in Political Science

Quarterly (1992) E. Kedourie, Nationalism E. Kedourie (ed.), Nationalism in Asia and Africa S. May et al., Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Minority Rights J. Mayall, Nationalism and International Society J. D. Medrano, ‘The Effects of Ethnic Segregation and Ethnic Competition on Political Mobilization

in the Basque Country’, article in American Sociological Review (1994) J. Nagel, ‘Constructing Ethnicity: Creating and Recreating Ethnic Identity and Culture’ article in

Social Problems (1994) J. Nagel & S. Olzak, ‘Ethnic Mobilization in New and Old States,’ article in Social Problems (1982) S. Olzak, ‘Ethnic Protest in Core and Periphery States’, article in Ethnic and Racial Studies (1998) K. Shehadi, Ethnic Self-Determination and the Break-up of States A. Smith, Nationalism in the Twentieth Century A. Smith, Nationalist Movements K. von Benda-Beckman et al, Nationalism, Ethnicity and Cultural Identity in Europe R. Williams, ‘The Sociology of Ethnic Conflicts’, article in Annual Review of Sociology (1994) Readings on collapse of Soviet Union: M. Beissinger, ‘How Nationalisms Spread: Eastern Europe Adrift the Tides and Cycles of

Nationalist Contention’, article in Social Research (1996) M. Beissinger, Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State A. Roberts and T. Garton Ash (eds), Civil Resistance and Power Politics, chap. 14 P. Roeder, ‘Soviet Federalism and Ethnic Mobilization,’ article in World Politics (1991)

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New ICTs and Social Media Questions:  In what ways can we say that ICTs have evolved and how does this aid or impede social

movement activities across the globe?

 How influential were social media in the Arab uprisings of 2011?

Essential Reading: R Kelly Garrett, ‘Protest in an Information Society: a review of literature on social movements and

new ICTs’, article in Information, Communication & Society (2006) H Farrell, ‘The Consequences of the Internet for Politics’, Annual Review of Political Science

(2012), esp pp 43-47 A. Feigenbaum, ‘Concrete needs no metaphor: Globalized fences as sites of political struggle’,

Ephemera (2010) Vol 10, No. 2, pp. 119-133

Further Reading: S Aday et al, Blogs and Bullets: New Media and Contentious Politics:

http://www.usip.org/files/resources/pw65.pdf A. Al-Rawi, Online Political Activism in Syria: Sentiment Analysis of Social Media V. Barassi, Activism on the Web: Everyday Struggles against Digital Capitalism M. Castells, Networks of outrage and hope: social movements in the Internet age L. Dencik and O. Leistert, Critical perspectives on social media and protest J D H Downing, Radical Media: Rebellious Communication and Social Movements M. El-Nawawy and S. Khamis, Egyptian revolution 2.0 P. Ester and H. Vinken ‘Debating Civil Society: On the Fear for Civic Decline and Hope for the

Internet Alternative’, International Sociology (2003) D. Faris, Dissent and revolution in a digital age: social media, blogging and activism in Egypt M.M. Ferree and T. Podrovska ‘Transnational Feminist NGOs on the Web: Networks and Identities

in the Global North and South’ in M.M. Ferree and A.M. Trip (eds), Global Feminism: Transnational Women’s Activism, Organizing and Human Rights, pp. 247-274

P. Gerbaudo, Tweets and the Streets S Harlow ‘Social media and social movements: Facebook and an online Guatemalan justice

movement that moved offline’, article in New Media and Society (2012) J. Hassid, ‘Safety Valve or Pressure Cooker? Blogs in Chinese Political Life’, Journal of

Communication (2012) S. Hill, Digital revolutions: activism in the Internet age P Howard and M Hussein ‘The Role of Digital Media’, article in Journal of Democracy (2011) E. Isin and E. Ruppert, Being digital citizens J Jones ‘ Social Media and Social Movements’, article in International Socialism (2011) J S Juris, ‘The new digital media and activist networking within anti–corporate globalization

movements’, article in The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (2005).

W. Lafi Youmans and J. York, ‘Social Media and the Activist Toolkit: User Agreements, Corporate Interests, and the Information Infrastructure of Modern Social Movements’, Journal of Communication (2012)

A. Mattelart, ‘Communications/excommunications: an interview with Armand Mattelart, Conducted by Costas M Constantinou’ (2008) Available from: http://www.fifth-estate- online.co.uk/comment/Mattelartintervie%5B1%5D.pdf

M. Monshipouri, Information politics, protests, and human rights in the digital age H Rane & S Salem, ‘Social media, social movements and the diffusion of ideas in the Arab

uprisings’, article in Journal of International Communication (2012)

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J Roberts, New media and public activism : neoliberalism, the state and radical protest in the public sphere

C Shirkey, ‘The Political Power of Social Media’, article in Foreign Affairs (Jan/Feb 2011) T Wolfson, Digital rebellion: the birth of the cyber left Special issue on the 2011 uprisings, Foreign Affairs (May/June 2011) Special issue on social media and political change, Journal of Communication (April 2012) Special issue on ‘The Arab Spring and the Role of ICTs’, International Journal of Communication

(2011)