DQ 5 - International Migration and the Diffusion of Culture Options Menu: Forum

Module 8 Basic Geographic Concepts

Diffusion Relocation Diffusion

Case Study of German Migration to the United States

Geographic Diffusion

• Geographic diffusion refers to the spread of something across space

• Examples include the spread of

• Ideas

• Cultural values and traits

• Technology

• Disease

Types of Geographic Diffusion

• We are going to examine three types of diffusion

• Relocation diffusion

• Hierarchical diffusion

• Contagious

• But before doing that, let’s begin with the concept of the hearth

The Hearth

• The Hearth refers to the point of origin of something (e.g., a belief, an idea, a technology etc.)

• For example, do you know where and when the following started?

• Christianity

• Rock and Roll Music

• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

The Hearth

• To answer the questions asked on the previous slide:

• Christianity • Jerusalem - approximately 2,000 years

ago

• Rock and Roll Music • Southern United States – early 1950s

• HIV • Congo, Central Africa – 1950s

Outline

• In the remainder of this Module we are going to focus on Relocation Diffusion. So we will do two things:

• Define Relocation Diffusion

• Examine a case study of Relocation Diffusion – German Migration to the United States

• In subsequent Modules we will examine both Hierarchical Diffusion and Contagious Diffusion

Relocation Diffusion

• Relocation diffusion is diffusion that occurs as a result of people migrating from one place to another place

• Migration is defined as the “permanent” or “semi-permanent” relocation of a person from one place to another place

• Migration can be an imprecise concept, but generally it must involve a change of residence • Moving from Cleveland to Toledo to live is an example of migration • Going to Florida for spring break is NOT an example of migration • However, both of the above are examples of spatial interaction

• Why does migration result in diffusion?

• What might diffuse when a person or group of people migrate?

Migration and Relocation Diffusion

• Consider a family from a foreign country who migrate to the United States

• In addition to some physical possessions, what types of things might that family bring with them?

Migration and Relocation Diffusion

• Some of the things that a migrant family coming to the United States from a foreign country might bring with them include the following:

• Cultural values and beliefs • Language • Religion • Tastes in food, drink, music, sport etc.

• Can you think of other things?

• We will now turn to a case study of German migration to the United States

The game of cricket is popular in countries such as India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Some migrants from these (and other) countries still play cricket after they migrate to the United States

Read • ConnectionNewspapers. 2002. Immigrants

Fuel Growth in Cricket http://www.connectionnewspapers.com/n ews/2002/jun/11/immigrants-fuel-growth- in-cricket/

Read the following:

Read

• Associated Press. 2014. Immigrants fueling a US boom in cricket. MSN.com https://www.msn.com/en- us/sports/other/immigrants-fueling-a-us- boom-in-cricket/ar-AA1g7xY

Read the following:

Relocation Diffusion Case Study

German Migration to the United States

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The Hearth

• The Hearth refers to the point of origin of something (e.g., a belief, an idea, a technology etc.)

• The hearth in this case was the country of Germany

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Migration and Relocation Diffusion

• As noted on a previous slide, some of the things that a migrant family coming to the United States from a foreign country might bring with them include the following:

• Cultural values and beliefs

• Language

• Religion

• Tastes in food, drink, music, sport etc.

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German Immigration to the United States

• During the 19th century, Germany was a major source of immigrants to the United States

• Between 1830 and 1889, ~4.9 million Germans immigrants arrived in the United States

• Between 1880 and 1889, 1.4 million German migrated to the United States (see slide 16)

• They settled primarily in Pennsylvania, New York, Missouri, Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin

• On slide 17 you can view of map of the distribution of German immigrants in the United States in 1890

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German Immigration into the United States, 1820-2008

Source: Department of Homeland Security, Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, 2008

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Distribution of German- Americans, 1890

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German Immigration to the United States

• Between 1841 and 1850 Germans were, after the Irish, the largest immigrant group entering the United States

• Between 1851 and 1860, Germans had displaced the Irish as the largest immigrant group entering the United States

German Immigration to the United States

Between 1861 and 1881, Germany was main source of immigrants to the United States

Number of Immigrants Arriving in USA

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Interactive Immigration Map

• The New York Times has an interactive map that uses Census data from 1880 to 2000 to show where various immigrant groups to the United States have settled

• On the few next slides (Slides 21-24), there are some suggestions for exploring the map

• On slide 25, there is a link to the map

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Interactive Immigration Map

• You can select area of origin (some specific, such as Germany; others very broad, such as “All Africa”)

• This allows you to see where individuals from that area were living in the U.S. for different years

• When you open the link to the map select Germany from the pull-down window

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Interactive Immigration Map

• The first map you will see, after selecting Germany, is a map of where German immigrants lived in the US in 1880

• The larger the circle the larger the number of German immigrants who lived in that place

• You can hover your mouse over the circles and more information for that place will appear

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Interactive Immigration Map

• For example, hover your mouse over Lucas County (where Toledo is) and you will see that, in 1880, the total population of Lucas County was 67,377, of which 8,267 were immigrants from Germany

• Note, there is a Zoom In/Zoom Out tool, so you can make the circles larger

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Interactive Immigration Map

• There is also a “date bar” that runs from 1880 until 2000 (using 10-year intervals)

• You can move the bar to different years to view the distribution of a population at different points in time

• So, go ahead, explore the interactive map selecting Germany • After exploring Germany, you can explore the

map for other countries/regions if you like

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Explore • New York Times. 2009. Immigration

Explore. March 10. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes .com/interactive/2009/03/10/us/2009031 0-immigration-explorer.html

Explore this map:

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Note: You will need to have the latest version of flash player installed on your computer to view the interactive map

German Ancestry in Toledo

• One of the pieces of information that is collected by the U.S. Government when it conducts what is called The American Community Survey is about ancestry

• As you can see from the chart on the right, 22% of Toledo residents claim German ancestry, the highest of any ancestral group

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Top 10 Ancestries of Toledo Residents

Source: https://www.neighborhoodscout.com/oh/toledo/demographics

International Immigrants and Ethnic Neighborhoods

• International immigrants to a city often cluster geographically in one part of a city

• These neighborhoods are often referred to by the name of the dominant immigrant population • Many U.S. cities, for example have a Chinatown

or a Little Italy (see next slide)

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Koreatown, Los Angeles

Chinatown, San Francisco

Little Italy, New York

Greektown, Baltimore

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International Immigrants and Ethnic Neighborhoods

• Cincinnati, Ohio was a major destination for 19th century German immigrants to America

• Many of the German immigrants to Cincinnati settled in the same neighborhood

• This neighborhood came to be known as “Over-the-Rhine”

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Over-the-Rhine (OTR)

• Over-the-Rhine was a neighborhood of 362 acres (just over a half square mile)

• Just south of the OTR neighborhood there was a canal – the Miami and Erie Canal

• When people south of the canal went to visit their German friends who lived north of the canal, they referred to it as going “Over-the- Rhine”

• Hence, this is how the neighborhood got its name

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Over-the-Rhine

• By the 1870s it was one of the densest neighborhoods in the Western Hemisphere, with German-speaking churches, German-language schools and newspapers, and a network of breweries built atop enormous beer cellars, themselves connected to taprooms and beer gardens by clandestine tunnels, built to circumvent city ordinances” (Woodward 2016)

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Over-the-Rhine

• Here is a map of Cincinnati today

• The Miami-Erie Canal ran north of the Ohio River (seen on map) and just south of the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood

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Watch • WCPO.com. Positively Cincinnati: German-

inspired mural uncovered in OTR. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CqWI 62l4wmw#action=share

Watch the following:

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German Brewing

• Slide 30 mentions that there were a lot of breweries in the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood

• In 19th century German culture, beer consumption was important (it still is today)

• Some of the German immigrants had been brewers back in Germany

• When they arrived in Cincinnati, they built breweries to produce beer for other Germans living in the city

• As we will see in the next few slides, the Germans introduced a particular type of beer to Cincinnati (and to the rest of the United States)

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Types of Beer

• Two types of beer exist:

• Ales

• top fermenting yeast

• Ferment under warmer conditions

• More robust, fruity, aromatic, bitter

• Best served at 45 to 55 degrees Fahrenheit

• 2-3 weeks to brew

• Lagers

• Bottom fermenting yeast

• Ferment under cooler conditions

• More carbonated, crisp, smooth, mellow

• Best served at 38 to 45 degrees Fahrenheit

• 7-8 weeks to brew

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Ale

Lager

Ales, Lagers, and Migration

• A critical difference between ales and lagers is they type of yeast used to make them

• Ales are made with what is called a “top fermenting” yeast

• Lagers are made with what is called a ”bottom fermenting” yeast”

• Ale was the first type of beer that was popular in the United States

• This was the most popular beer type in Britain where early colonists came from

• Lagers did not reach the United States until 1840s

• Most popular beer type in Germany

• German immigrants were responsible for introducing it to the United States

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Over-the- Rhine Breweries, 1890

• In 1890, there were 13 breweries in the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood (see map on next slide)

• 1893 - 150 liters of beer were consumed for every resident of Cincinnati • This was 2.5 times the national average

• There were 1,800 saloons in the city - 1 for every 160 residents

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Over-the-Rhine Breweries, 1890

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Anheuser-Busch

• German immigrants came to dominate the American brewing industry

• Eberhard Anheuser, (a German soap maker) purchased a struggling brewery in St. Louis, Missouri in 1860

• His daughter married a brewery supplier, Adolphus Busch

• Thus, perhaps the most famous name in American brewing was established – Anheuser-Busch

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Miller Brewing Company • Miller Brewing Company is

another well-known American brewery

• It was founded in Milwaukee, WI in 1855 by Frederick Miller, after his migration from Hohenzollern, Germany

40 Frederick Miller

Christian Moerlein Brewing Company

• The largest brewery in Cincinnati in the 19th century was the Christian Moerlein Brewing Company

• Christian Moerlein was born on May 13, 1818 in Truppach, Bavaria

• He emigrated to the United States in 1841, eventually settling in Cincinnati

• In 1853, Christian established a brewery on Elm St. in the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood

• The brewery became the largest brewery in Cincinnati, and the 13th largest brewery in the United States

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Christian Moerlein

Read • Senefeld, Ann. 2012. Digging Cincinnati

History: The "Old" Christian Moerlein Brewing Company - What Still Exists. http://www.diggingcincinnati.com/2012/0 4/christian-moerlein-brewing- company.html

Read the following:

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Read • Benbow, Mark. 2017. German Immigrants

in the United States Brewing Industry (1840-1895) https://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.o rg/entry.php?rec=284

Read the following:

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Summary

• In this Module, we have explored the concept of Relocation Diffusion

• When people migrate (relocate) they bring with them their language, religious beliefs, cultural values, culinary customs etc.

• Using the example of German migration to the United States, we saw how German immigrants introduced Lager beer into the United States

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End

In the next Module we will explore the concept of hierarchical diffusion

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