Sociology paper
Mod3909
MODULE7-SEXANDGENDER.pptxMODULE 7
GENDER, SEX AND SEXUALITY
OBJECTIVEsS
Define and Differentiate between sex and gender
Define sexual orientation
Homophobia
Heterosexism
Define gender identity
Differentiate between transgender, transsexual and homosexual
Socialization of Gender
Theoretical Perspective
Women’s Movements
SEX AND GENDER
sex
Sex refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males.
Primary sex characteristics include the genitalia used in the reproductive process.
Secondary sex characteristics include the physical traits that identify an individual’s sex.
GENDER
Social, cultural, and psychological traits associated with being male and female
Makes us masculine or feminine
Is an achieved status
Gender is learned
Not an innate characteristic
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
Sexual orientation refers to an individual’s preference for emotional-sexual relationships with members of the different sex, the same sex, or both sexes.
Sexual attraction
Sexual involvement
Self-identification
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
Four Categories
Heterosexuality – attraction to the opposite sex
Homosexuality – attraction to the same sex
Bisexuality – attraction to either sex
Asexuality – no attraction to either sex
Sexual orientation
Alfred Kinsey -
Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick – homosocial – describes non-sexual same sex relations (ie. Bromance)
homophobia
The extreme prejudice and sometimes discriminatory actions directed at gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and others who are perceived as not being heterosexual.
Sexual orientation terminology
LBGTQ
DOMA (p. 266)
Windsor v United States
Hollingsworth v Peery
Obergefell v Hodges
EMPLOYEE NON-DISCRIMINATION ACT
GLAAD
GENDER ROLES
Gender role refers to the attitudes, behavior, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process.
Gender Roles in the United States
Gender Role Socialization
Boys must be masculine:
Active
Aggressive
Tough
Daring
Dominant
Girls must be feminine:
Soft
Emotional
Sweet
Submissive
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Gender identity
Gender identity is a person’s perception of the self as female or male.
gender idenity
A transgendered person is an individual whose gender identify does not match the person’s assigned sex.
Transsexual
Homosexual
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Cross dresser
A cross-dresser is a male who dresses as a woman or a female who dresses as a man, but who does not alter his/her genitalia.
Gender identity terms
Gender Identity Disorder
Gender Dysphoria
TRANSSEXUAL
Transsexuals are people who transition from one sex to another. A person born as a male can become recognizably female through the use of hormones and/or surgical procedures; and a person born as a female can become recognizably male. That said, transsexuals are unable to change their genetics and cannot acquire the reproductive abilities of the sex to which they transition.
https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=rGr8vl0vlfg
INTERSEXED
An intersexed person is an individual who is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that does not correspond to typical definitions of male or female; the person’s sexual differentiation is ambiguous.
Gendered Social Institutions
Family
Early and powerful source of gender socialization (Parents begin before birth)
Gender learned as early as 2 years of age.
What or how does the family teach?
Role modeling
Mother engaged in the majority of homemaking duties
Toy purchases
Girls’ toys encourage domesticity;
Boys’ toys encourage self-reliance and problem solving
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Gendered Social Institutions
Education
Across all academic levels teachers respond differently according to the gender of the child
Girls perform better in school on average than boys
Boys standardized test scores better than girls
Boys more likely to enroll in advanced courses
Females are less likely to be portrayed in instructional materials
Title IX – prohibits sex (gender) discrimination in schools receiving federal funds. It calls for reasonable opportunity for financial assistance for each sex in proportion to the number of participating in the collegiate sport.
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Gendered Social Institutions
PEER GROUP
Media
Men occupy twice as many movie and TV roles as women
Women directed 7% of the top 100 movies of 2000
Females account for 16% of the characters in video games
Females account for 13% of the expert commentators used in the news
Women’s sport coverage is less than 10% in newspapers
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Gender stratification
The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women
GENDER IN THE WORKPLACE
The Wage gap
The usa and Canada has the highest – iceland has the lowest
3 reason for wage gap
Women work is less valued overall than men
The higher the number of women the lower the salary
Gender discrimination in the workplace happens
Women in business
Start their own business for autonomy and due to the glass ceiling effect
Gender management styles
Women style, men style, Japanese style
https:// www.youtube.com/results?search_query=2XbeJotW16E
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GENDER AND THE LAW
In order to keep regulations or equality in the workplace, certain laws had to be passed:
Title vii of the civil rights
Equal employment opportunity commission
Bonafide occupational qualification
Equal pay act
Affirmative action
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SEXUAL HARRASSMENT
Behavior in which work benefits are contingent upon sexual favors, or when touching, lewd comments, or pornographic materials create a “hostile environment”.
Viewed as a continuing source of prejudice and discrimination against women.
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Sexual Harassment
Quid pro quo sexual harassment
One thing in return for another
Violation of civil rights
More often, problem of unwelcome sexual attention is subtle
Based on the effect standard, actions add up to a hostile environment
Complex because they involve different perceptions of the same behavior
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SEXISM
Is the ideology that one sex is superior to the other.
Institutional discrimination contributes to sexism. All major institutions are controlled by men, and are biased in their treatment of women.
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TIMELINE OF GENDER INEQUALITY
Before 1809 – women could not execute a will
Before 1840 – women were not allowed to own or control property
Before 1920 – women were not permitted to vote
Before 1963 – Employers could legally pay a women less than a man for the same work
Before 1973 – women did not have the right to a safe and legal abortion
Emergence of a Collective Consciousness
Feminism: Belief in social, economic, and political equality for women
Feminist movement in U.S. born in 1848
Second wave of feminism emerged in the 1960s and came to full force in the 1970s
While women generally endorse feminist positions, they do not necessarily accept the label feminist
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Feminism
A perspective and movement to end sexist views and behaviors leading to the empowerment of women
Liberal Feminism
The genders are equal and should not be denied opportunities based on gender
Socialist Feminism
Capitalism puts women in an inferior position
Need to apply socialist principles to the workplace and home
Radical Feminism
Women’s oppression is tied to male dominance
Resolve the problem of oppression through the creation of separate institutions
Multicultural Feminism
Women can not be free of oppression until women all over the globe are treated equally
Argues the equality of genders is a universal
Pre-feminist vs post-feminist – which are you?
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Table 11-2: Sociological Perspectives on Gender
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SEXUALITY
Is viewed as a person’s capacity for sexual feelings.
Each society interprets sexuality and sexual activities differently.
Incest Taboo – is universal
SEXUALITY globally
Characteristics of Sweden
SEXUALITY in the united states
Theoretical perspectives and sex
Functionalist – importance of regulating sexual behavior is to ensure marital cohesion and family stability.
Conflict Theory – Dominant Group – worldview and economic interest
Symbolic Interactionism – Sexuality and Sexual Orientation
Queer Theory – splitting of gender between male and female (Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick)
