Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

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Module6-DirectionalandOffshoreDrilling.pdf

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei

PTRE 201

Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

Module 6

Directional and Offshore Drilling

Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei

Applications of Directional Drilling

• Reaching Targets under inaccessible area

• Multilateral Wells

• Horizontal Wells

• Relief Wells

• Sidetracking

• Extended Reach Wells

• Salt Dome Wells

Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei

Applications of Directional Drilling

Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei

Some Terminologies

• Kick of Point

• Build up Section

• Tangent (Hold) Section

• Target

• Departure

• Total Vertical Depth

• Measured Depth

Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei

Typical 2D Well Trajectory

• Continuous Build

• Build and Hold Type

• Build-Hold and Drop (S-Type)

Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei

Directional Drilling Tools

Whipstock

Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei

Directional Drilling Tools

Jetting

Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei

Directional Drilling Tools

Bent Sub

Stabilizer

Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei

Down-Hole Motors

• PDM provide high torque and low RPM

• Turbines are higher RPM and low torque.

Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei

Directional Drilling Monitoring

Single-shot (magnetic or gyroscopic) Multi-shot (magnetic or gyroscopic)

Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei

MWD: Measure While Drilling

Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei

Survey Calculation

• Obtain approximate coordinates of points along the trajectory starting

from a known point on the surface.

• Dead Reckoning: new position calculated from the previous one based on

the distance drilled and measurements of inclination and azimuth.

- Average angle

- Radius of curvature

- Minimum curvature

- Tangential

Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei

Geo-steering

Bristow, J. F., 2002, Real-time formation evaluation for optimal decision making while drilling: Examples from the southern North Sea, in

M. Lovell and N. Parkinson, eds., Geological applications of well logs: AAPG Methods in Exploration No. 13, p. 1–13.

Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei

Geo-steering Setup

• Construct geologic & tool response models from logs

• A well trajectory is proposed

• Measured log data while drilling compared against prediction

Introduction to Offshore Drilling 1Prepared by Dr Vamegh Rasoullii

Offshore Drilling

Introduction to Offshore Drilling 2Prepared by Dr Vamegh Rasoullii

Introduction

COMPLIANT

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Offshore Environment

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Offshore Rig Types

• Inland barges (submersible)

• Jackup rigs

– Wildcats

– Shallow water templates

– Cantilevered over platform

• Platform rigs

• Floaters - semi’s and drillships

Introduction to Offshore Drilling 5Prepared by Dr Vamegh Rasoullii

Inland Barge

• Used in swamps, bays, inland water, shallow offshore.

• Floated and towed to location

• On location these rigs are submerged (sunk until touch the bottom)

• Well is drilled

• Personnel and supplies are brought in by boat.

Introduction to Offshore Drilling 6Prepared by Dr Vamegh Rasoullii

Inland Barge

Introduction to Offshore Drilling 7Prepared by Dr Vamegh Rasoullii

Submersible

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Jack-up Rig

• Independent legs or mat supported

• Some are self propelled to location, but

most moved by tugs

• On location survey boat surveys location

• Legs jacked down to sea floor

• Hull picked up above water

• …

Introduction to Offshore Drilling 9Prepared by Dr Vamegh Rasoullii

Jack-up Rig – cont’d

• Rig “pre-loaded”

• Seawater pumped out

• Jacked up to working “air gap”

• Well drilled

• Used for both wildcat and development

• Shallow water up to 350-400’ WD

• Derrick may be slotted or cantilevered

Introduction to Offshore Drilling 10Prepared by Dr Vamegh Rasoullii

Jack-up Rig

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Jack-up Legs

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Jack-up spud cans

Introduction to Offshore Drilling 13Prepared by Dr Vamegh Rasoullii

Platform rigs

• Operations similar to land except:

– Limited storage space

– Crew lives on location

– Cementing operations simpler

Platform rigs – cont’d

• Tendered

Platform rigs – cont’d

• Self contained

Platform

rigs cont’d

Parts

Platform rigs – cont’d

• Barge launching a jacket

Platform rigs – cont’d

• Launching a self-floating jacket

Introduction to Offshore Drilling Prepared by Dr Vamegh Rasoullii 19

Floating rigs

• Semi-submersible

• Drill ships

• Tension legs

• Spar-buoy or Caisson

Floating rigs – cont’d

• Semi-submersible

Floating rigs – cont’d

• Drill ship

Floating rigs – cont’d

• Drill ship

Floating rigs – cont’d

• Tension legs

Introduction to Offshore Drilling 24Prepared by Dr Vamegh Rasoullii

Floating Drilling

Floating Drilling Vessels

• Types of Motion

• Types of Waves

• When is Drilling Possible (W.O.W.)

• Vessel Equilibrium

Floating Drilling – cont’d

• Vessel motions

– Translations

(X)

(Y)

(Z)

• Surge

• Sway

• Heave

– Rotations

• Roll

• Pitch

• Yaw

(X)

(Y)

(Z)

Introduction to Offshore Drilling 26Prepared by Dr Vamegh Rasoullii

Some ship nomenclature

Freeboard

Draft

Beam

Introduction to Offshore Drilling 27Prepared by Dr Vamegh Rasoullii

Wave Directions

Introduction to Offshore Drilling 28Prepared by Dr Vamegh Rasoullii

Station Keeping

• The ability and means to keep the vessel

sufficiently close to the vertical passing at

the top of the bore hole for a time length

enough to execute a given drilling

operation

Introduction to Offshore Drilling 29Prepared by Dr Vamegh Rasoullii

Environmental Forces Acting

on the Drilling Vessel

(i) Wind Force

(ii) Current Force

(iii) Wave Force

These forces tend to displace the vessel

Introduction to Offshore Drilling 30Prepared by Dr Vamegh Rasoullii

Environmental Forces

Introduction to Offshore Drilling 31Prepared by Dr Vamegh Rasoullii

The Station Keeping System

Must be designed to withstand the

environmental forces

Two types:

– Mooring System (anchors)

– Dynamic Positioning

Introduction to Offshore Drilling 32Prepared by Dr Vamegh Rasoullii

The Mooring Line

Introduction to Offshore Drilling 33Prepared by Dr Vamegh Rasoullii

The Mooring Lines Resist the

Environmental Forces

Introduction to Offshore Drilling 34Prepared by Dr Vamegh Rasoullii

Mooring System – cont’d

Introduction to Offshore Drilling 35Prepared by Dr Vamegh Rasoullii

Typical 8-line Mooring Pattern

Introduction to Offshore Drilling 36Prepared by Dr Vamegh Rasoullii

Dynamic Positioning

Dynamic positioning uses thrusters instead

of mooring lines to keep the vessel above

the wellhead.

Glomar Challenger used dynamic

positioning as early as 1968.

Introduction to Offshore Drilling 37Prepared by Dr Vamegh Rasoullii

Dynamic Positioning - cont’d

Introduction to Offshore Drilling 38Prepared by Dr Vamegh Rasoullii

Dynamic Positioning

Introduction to Offshore Drilling Prepared by Dr Vamegh Rasouli 39

Dynamic Positioning – cont’d

Introduction to Offshore Drilling Prepared by Dr Vamegh Rasouli 40

Dynamic Positioning – cont’d

Floating rigs – Anchor

• Anchor

Anchor – cont’d

• Anchor setting