Week 5 Discussion

North American Societies Native Americans, Spanish, French, and British

Spanish struggle for control Texas, New Mexico and California

Pueblo Revolt of 1680

• Pueblo Indians expel Spanish for 13 years

French vs. English

European conflicts in the 1600s-1700s often spread to the Americas and pinned the colonial empires against each other.

Example: In 1689, Iroquois, armed by English, attacked Montreal. French retaliate by attacking the English frontier.

What can we conclude about European control in North America given that conflicts

were so prevalent in the 17th and 18th centuries?

Africans in the Northern Colonies

• Africans came to the Americas early on with European explorers:

• Usually as Slaves • Sometimes as free blacks • Miscegenation and Creolization happened early

on, and colonial officials tried to regulate it.

• In North America: • Initially Africans were considered “unfree” but

not slaves. • They could work off their servitude. • English law did not define slavery and

Church of England tradition banned enslaving fellow Christians.

• From the 1620s to the 1670s, Africans were treated as indentured servants:

• Slowly efforts were made to define differences between white and black indentured servants

• Slave Codes started emerging in the late 1600s and defined slavery through race.

Quakers • Pacifists • Mostly respected Native

American land claims • Considered outsiders

How diverse was the North American northeast? Is it accurate to mainly focus on Puritans as the originators of what would

become the United States?