opinion 4.1 R

#1 Denise

Information Processing Model

The Information Processing Model is a theory that was developed to understand how information is processed by the brain. It describes four stages where new information is developed and understood. The first stage is external and is where the person gives information their attention. It is the initial stimuli that causes the person to show interest in the information. The second step is internal and is where the person begins to process the information. At this point, the person determines if the information is relevant and worth remembering. The third stage is also an internal process where the person selects the information to be remembered and stored. This information is then placed in short term memory, where it is held for less than thirty seconds, or in the long-term memory, where the information is stored but may be difficult to retrieve (Utley, 2011). The fourth stage is an external process where the person responds to the information. External factors that can influence curriculum development is to gain the students attention. There are many ways, teachers can gain attention. Visual stimuli, touch stimuli, and sound stimuli can help gain attention. When teachers develop curriculum, they can use a PowerPoint, visual representation, show and tell items, design hands-on lessons and allow students to share their own thoughts (Cox, 2020). Touch stimuli and be used by passing around objects that pertain to the curriculum. Sound stimuli could be music, a speech, or each student presenting their own information. Internal process that can be used to influence curriculum are how a teacher presents the information. A presenter can lump information into smaller organized groups to help students memorize information (Utley, 2020). Another way a presenter can help students memorize information is link it, write it down, use mnemonics, or create songs or jingles (The Learning Center: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, n.d.). Linking or showing a connection with information that a student already knows can help the student link the information together in their long-term memory. Presenters can pass out handouts that have the information noted so the student can return to the information at a later date. Presenters can give students phrases that connect information together. For example, the phrase: my (Mercury) very (Venus) educated (Earth) mother (Mars) just (Jupiter) sat (Saturn) upon (Uranus) nine (Neptune) pies (Pluto) is a mnemonic for the planets in the solar system (I learned this in elementary school). Songs and jingles can also help with memorization.

            Nursing educators can impact external stimuli by making the information interesting and relevant in what they students are learning an using. For example, when a student is in labor and delivery, combine information that they are using in class as well as what they are doing in clinicals. Nursing is not only about critical thinking; it is applying the information that is learned with a real-life person in the hospital.

#2 Bindu

Teaching and scholarship are a critical part of the theoretical foundations in the discipline of education. Knowledge of conceptual frameworks, theories, and models should also be included.(Melrose et al., 2015)

 There are different components of theoretical foundation which are:

The scholarship of teaching and learning

· Common conceptual frameworks

· Constructivism

· Transformational learning

· Self-direction

· Experimental learning

· Collaboration (Melrose et al., 2015).

 Critical learning and critical reflection are essential to transformational learning. Throughout nursing education, we frequently see this type of thing. Students are encouraged to use critical thinking in their learning styles by nurse educators. Analysis, assessment, and reconstruction are required in order to correctly understand the process. A example of critical learning that comes to my mind is cases studies. When I attended nursing school, the students must do care plans and case studies. In the care plan, I had to pick a patient from my clinicals and I must give care to that patient for a minimum of three days. I must create a care plan consisting of ADPIE ( Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation and Evaluation). Once you have completed the care plan, it is used to weigh as part of the clinical skills. My professors also throw different scenarios where they expect the students to use critical thinking to resolve the problem.

 PHILOSOPHICAL

 A nurse educator must have adopted a philosophy or philosophies for planning, implementing, and evaluating the school curriculum.

Philosophical foundation of nursing education is based on the following:

· Behaviorism

· Cognitivism

· Humanism

· Sociology and curriculum.(Alvior, 2015)

 There are different domains in behaviorism. They included cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. Psychomotor domain is also known as the “skills” domain. In this domain, students will use both gross and fine motor skills such as writing, using different equipment or even performing procedures. Different methods of teaching are used in order to develop the motor skills. (Bastable, 2019) During my clinical times, my clinical educator would demonstrate the skill to the students. We then return had to do a return demonstration three times in the clinics. Once that is completed, we were tested on the knowledge of the skill before getting the signature of the instructor in our skills book. Faculty continues to be responsible for curriculum development and evaluation and is part of the process for collecting information about the internal frame factors that impact the educational program. Internal frame considerations include the parent academic institution's definition and organizational structure; mission and intent, theory, and goals; internal economic environment and its effect on the curriculum; resources within the institution (laboratories, classrooms, library, learning facilities, instructional technology support, student services, and so on); as well as future faculty and students characteristics.

 There is a strong connection between health problems and the sociopolitical and economic characteristics of the societies in which people live, work, and play. Practicing nurses must be trained to deal effectively with a range of complex issues including bioterrorism, climate change, global and domestic violence, economic recession, obesity, teen pregnancy, emerging infectious diseases, and increasingly drug-resistant organisms by understanding the broad determinants of health.External factors affect the program in a number of ways. Their actions have an impact on the environment in which nurses work and study, for example. The present state of society and overall wellbeing is described in these reports. Additionally, they contribute to the intricate web of causes, contributing to wellbeing and illness.Nursing professionals need to be knowledgeable about these topics if they are to maintain health and prolong lives. According to both viewpoints, topics outside of nursing provide a crucial framework for nursing's perception of social needs and features, and thus contribute to the foundation needed for modern curriculum development.