Developmental Theories
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Module2DevelopmentalTheories.pdf
Developmental Theories
The Relationship between and Research
What is a theory?
An explanation
Suggests what, how, or why
In development, it explains change
in us over time
A guideline for research
Helps us understand research
It is not a fact.
Theories of Motivation
Psychodynamic Theories
Freud’s Psychosexual Theory: Background
Freud: (b.1856- d.1939)
Hysteria
“talking cure”
early childhood
Mental illness and reality
Defense Mechanisms
Repression
Regression
Rationalization
Denial
Sublimation
Displacement
Projection
Reaction Formation
Freud’s Parts of the Self
Id
Ego
Superego
Psychosexual Development
Oral Stage
Anal Stage
Phallic Stage
Latency Stage
Genital Stage
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Student of Freud’s
Emphasized the Ego
Father of Developmental Psychology
Erikson’s First Four Stages
Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (toddlers)
Initiative vs. Guilt (early childhood)
Industry vs. Inferiority (middle childhood)
Erikson’s Last Four Stages
Identity vs. Role Confusion (teens)
Intimacy vs. Isolation (early adulthood)
Generativity vs. Stagnation (midlife adults)
Integrity vs. Despair (late adults)
Test Yourself
Who is the father of developmental psychology?
According to Freud, which part of the self are we born with?
At what age do we establish a basic sense of trust, per Erikson?
Name and describe one defense mechanism.
When does the ego develop?
How would you test Freudian concepts?
Learning Theories
Focus on how we learn and emphasizes behaviors that can be seen rather than internal motivation
Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Learning through association
Feelings or emotions
Gut level reactions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
Pavlov’s Dogs
One of Pavlov’s Dogs
(Robert K. Lawton)
Classical Conditioning Terms
Before conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
After conditioning
Conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
WHO CARES ABOUT PAVLOV’S DOGS?
Watson and Behaviorism
Watson built on Pavlov’s work
Parenting expert in the 1920s
Kids can be taught to love or hate anything!
Little Albert
Who Else Cares?
ADVERTIZERS
Operant Conditioning
Why repeat actions?
Law of Effect
Reinforcement not criticism
Reinforcers
Reinforcer defined
Intrinsic or primary reinforcers
Extrinsic or secondary reinforcers
Primary or Secondary?
Food College Degree Money
Big House Hug Car
Job Compliment Award
Positive Reinforcers
Adding
An example?
How do you positively reinforce others?
Negative Reinforcers
Subtraction
An example?
How do you negatively reinforce others?
Punishment
Stopping behavior
Less effective than reinforcers.
Suppresses rather than stops
Doesn’t indicate desired behavior.
Leads to a focus on mistakes.
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
Social Learning Theory
Learn from others without conditioning
Modeling
Albert Bandura and the Bobo Doll Experiment on Aggression
How did you learn?
To kiss?
To drive?
To be afraid of the dark?
To do your job?
Cognitive Theories
How thinking changes over time
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
“father of cognitive psychology”
how children think and reason
Maturation
Piaget’s Principles: Equilibrium
Cognitive Equilibrium:
A balance between what we see and what we know
Piaget’s Principles: Schema
Schema:
Mental box containing a concept
Piaget’s Principles: Assimilation
Assimilation:
Similarity between what we see and what we already know
Piaget’s Principles: Accommodation
Accommodation:
Changing our mind to adjust to new people, objects, experiences, etc.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor (birth to 2)
Preoperational (early childhood)
Concrete operational (middle childhood)
Formal Operational (adolescence or adulthood)
Sociocultural Theory: Vygotsky
Cognitive abilities change with guidance
Scaffolding
Zone of Proximal Development: potential
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Model
A focus on context
The Ecological Systems Model
Microsystems
Mesosystems
Exosystems
Macrosystems
Chronosystems
