Recreational therapy
georgynava
module2.pptxChapter 2: Describing Behaviors (pg. 9)
“An accurate description of behavior is dependent upon the use of terms that specify OBSERVABLE and MEASURABLE actions”
Dattilo, J & Murphy, W.D (1987). Behavior Modification in Therapeutic Recreation. State College, PA: Venture.
Overt behaviors (pg. 9)
Behaviors that are observable and measurable.
Can be identified with the 5 senses.
Generally mean the same this to different people.
Dattilo, J & Murphy, W.D (1987). Behavior Modification in Therapeutic Recreation. State College, PA: Venture.
Covert Behaviors & Terms (pg 9)
Not as readily identifiable as overt behaviors.
Terms are not as specific
Terms may not mean the same thing to different people.
Often used to describe the interpretations made by an observer about another individual’s behavior or attitude and, therefore, may be subject to many different interpretations.
Dattilo, J & Murphy, W.D (1987). Behavior Modification in Therapeutic Recreation. State College, PA: Venture.
Behaviorally Specific Statements (pg 9)
Depicts explicit actions (overt behaviors).
Does NOT include what the observer assumes the person being observed thinks or feels.
Does NOT refer to covert behaviors.
Deals only with actions that are observable and measurable.
Dattilo, J & Murphy, W.D (1987). Behavior Modification in Therapeutic Recreation. State College, PA: Venture.
Chapter 3: Observing Behaviors (pg 17)
Accurate and Effective observation cannot begin until target behaviors are clearly described.
Dattilo, J & Murphy, W.D (1987). Behavior Modification in Therapeutic Recreation. State College, PA: Venture.
Four ways to observe and record behavior…
Frequency (tally)
Duration
Interval
Instantaneous time sampling
Dattilo, J & Murphy, W.D (1987). Behavior Modification in Therapeutic Recreation. State College, PA: Venture.
Frequency Recording (pg 17)
Counting and recording each occurrence of a behavior.
Used when the identified behavior occurs at
a LOW RATE and lasts for BRIEF periods of time
Used for DISCRETE behaviors (e.g.: easily defined beginning and ending).
Used when the goal is to increase or decrease the number of times a behavior occurs.
Dattilo, J & Murphy, W.D (1987). Behavior Modification in Therapeutic Recreation. State College, PA: Venture.
Duration Recording (pg 18-19)
Involves recording the length of time that the target behavior occurs.
It measures “how long” the behavior lasts.
Used when behavior occurs at LOW frequency and lasts for an extended time period.
Used for DISCRETE behaviors (e.g.: easily defined beginning and ending).
Used when the goal is to increase or decrease the length of time that a behavior occurs or to eliminate a behavior.
Dattilo, J & Murphy, W.D (1987). Behavior Modification in Therapeutic Recreation. State College, PA: Venture.
Interval Recording (pg 20-21)
Requires that a block of time (e.g. 30 minute session) be divided into short segments of equal length (15 seconds).
The participant is observed during pre-determined intervals.
Record if the target behavior occurred during an interval.
Dattilo, J & Murphy, W.D (1987). Behavior Modification in Therapeutic Recreation. State College, PA: Venture.
Instantaneous Time Sampling (pg 21-22)
Behaviors are recorded as occurring (+) or not occurring (-).
The time period does not have to be divided into shorter segments of equal length and the observer only examines the behavior at the END of the interval.
The observation intervals must be of equal length
These intervals may be separated by larger blocks of time.
This technique is used when target behavior occurs at a high frequency and the observer does not have the time to continuously observe the client.
Dattilo, J & Murphy, W.D (1987). Behavior Modification in Therapeutic Recreation. State College, PA: Venture.
Chapter 4: Measuring Behaviors
“When target behaviors are being described, observed, and recorded, a considerable amount of data is generated. To be useful these data must be displayed in an efficient and clearly understood manner. The picture obtained from this display may be developed by the means of a graph.”
Dattilo, J & Murphy, W.D (1987). Behavior Modification in Therapeutic Recreation. State College, PA: Venture.
A Graph…
A diagram that the depicts the interrelationship between the program or treatment and the behaviors of the participants.
Dattilo, J & Murphy, W.D (1987). Behavior Modification in Therapeutic Recreation. State College, PA: Venture.
Parts of the graph
Ordinate
Abscissa Axix
Dattilo, J & Murphy, W.D (1987). Behavior Modification in Therapeutic Recreation. State College, PA: Venture.
Measurements on the ordinate axis
Frequency
Duration
Percentage
Rate
Dattilo, J & Murphy, W.D (1987). Behavior Modification in Therapeutic Recreation. State College, PA: Venture.
Frequency graph
SIB session 1 session 2 session 3 4.3 2.4 2 Aggression session 1 session 2 session 3 2.5 4.4000000000000004 2 Disruption session 1 session 2 session 3 3.5 1.8 3 non-compliance session 1 session 2 session 3 4.5 2.8 5
Sample duration graph
min of toyplay session 1 session 2 session 3 4.3 2.4 2 min of neg vocs session 1 session 2 session 3 2.5 4.4000000000000004 2 min of social interaction session 1 session 2 session 3 3.5 1.8 3 min of on task behavior session 1 session 2 session 3 4.5 2.8 5
Percentage graph
1 2 3 4 2 0 0
Rate Graph
1 2 3 4 5 2 0 0
Base line
The observation period that occurs prior to the initiation of an intervention strategy.
During baseline, NO attempt is made to change or influence the behavior, except perhaps to set the occasion for the behavior to occur.
Dattilo, J & Murphy, W.D (1987). Behavior Modification in Therapeutic Recreation. State College, PA: Venture.
Graph illustrating baseline & treatment
Graph with baseline and treatment to increase behavior
minutes of engagement 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 1 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 5 6 7 8 9
Graph with baseline and decrease in frequency of behavior
frequency of behavior 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 10 9 8 9 8 7 6 7 4 5 4 3 2 4 3
Graph depicting baseline and maintenance of behavior
frequency of behavior 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 10 9 8 4 3 5 4 5 4 3 4 3 3 4 3
