Short Essay
Razan.akili
Module_7vs9_SleepDreams_20_city.pptxModule 7
Sleep and Dreams
Psychology 1: General Psychology
J. Marie Hicks, Ph.D. Adjunct Psychology Instructor [email protected]
1
CONTINUUM OF CONSCIOUSNESS
Different states
Consciousness
Continuum of consciousness
Different states
Consciousness
refers to different levels of awareness of one’s thoughts and feelings
Continuum of consciousness
refers to a wide range of experiences, from being acutely aware and alert to being totally unaware and unresponsive
2
CONTINUUM OF CONSCIOUSNESS (CONT’D)
Different states
Controlled processes
Automatic processes
Daydreaming
Different states
Controlled processes
require full awareness, alertness, and concentration to reach some goal; usually interfere with execution of other ongoing activities
Automatic processes
require little awareness, take minimal attention, and don’t interfere with other ongoing activities
Daydreaming
requires low level of awareness, often occurs during automatic processes, and involves fantasizing or dreaming while awake
3
CONTINUUM OF CONSCIOUSNESS (CONT’D)
Different states
Altered states of Consciousness
Meditation
Psychoactive drugs
Hypnosis
Sleep deprivation
Different states
Altered states
Result from using any number of procedures, such as meditation, psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, or sleep deprivation, to produce an awareness that differs from normal consciousness
meditation is an altered state
4
CONTINUUM OF CONSCIOUSNESS (CONT’D)
Sleep and dreams
Sleep
consists of five stages
deepest state of sleep borders on unconsciousness
Dreaming
unique state of consciousness
Sleep and dreams
Sleep
consists of five stages that involve different levels of awareness, consciousness, and responsiveness as well as different levels of physiological arousal
deepest state of sleep borders on unconsciousness
Dreaming
unique state of consciousness in which we’re asleep but experience a variety of astonishing visual, auditory, and tactile images
5
CONTINUUM OF CONSCIOUSNESS (CONT’D)
Unconscious and implicit memory
Freud’s theory regarding the unconscious mind
Implicit or nondeclarative memory
Learning without awareness
Unconscious and implicit memory
Freud’s theory, when we’re faced with very threatening wishes or desires, especially if they’re sexual or aggressive
Defend self-esteem by placing these thoughts in the unconscious
Can’t voluntarily recall unconscious thoughts
Implicit or nondeclarative memory
Learning without awareness
Occurs in emotional situations or in acquiring habits
6
CONTINUUM OF CONSCIOUSNESS (CONT’D)
Unconsciousness
Causes
Results
Unconscious
Can result from disease, trauma, a blow to the head, or general medical anesthesia
Results in total lack of sensory awareness and complete loss of responsiveness to one’s environment
7
RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING
Biological clocks
Internal timing devices
Circadian rhythm
Biological clock
Location
Biological clocks
Biological clocks are internal timing devices that are genetically set to regulate various physiological responses for different periods of time
Circadian rhythm
Refers to a biological clock that’s genetically programmed to regulate physiological responses within a time period of 24 hours
Location of biological clocks
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
part of hypothalamus
lies in the lower middle of the brain
regulates a number of circadian rhythms
regulates sleep-wake cycle
highly responsive to change in light
8
RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT’D)
Circadian rhythm
Interval timing clock
Food-entrainable circadian clock
Circadian problems and treatments
Shift workers
Jet lag
Resetting clock
Melatonin
Interval timing clock
can be started and stopped like a stopwatch
gauges the passage of seconds, minutes, or hours
helps creatures time their movements, such as knowing when to start or stop doing some activity
located in the basal ganglia
Food-entrainable circadian clock
“midnight snack” clock
regulates eating patterns in people and animals
obese people might have an abnormality in their clock (located in hypothalamus)
Circadian problems and treatments
Shift workers
can result in decreased performance in cognitive and motor skills
sleep-wake clocks have prepared bodies for sleep (means workers feel sleepy, are less attentive and alert, and are often in a lousy mood)
Jet lag
experience of fatigue, lack of concentration, and reduced cognitive skills
occurs when travelers’ biological circadian clocks are out of step or synchrony with the external clock times at their new location
Resetting clock
light therapy: use of bright artificial light to reset circadian clocks and combat the insomnia and drowsiness that plague shift workers and jet lag sufferers
helps people with sleeping disorders in which the body fails to stay in time with the external environment
Melatonin
hormone secreted by the pineal gland (oval-shaped group of cells in the center of the brain)
melatonin secretion increases with darkness and decreases with light
suprachiasmatic nucleus; regulates the secetion of melatonin
plays role in the regulation of circadian rhythms and in promoting sleep
9
WORLD OF SLEEP
Stages of sleep
Alpha stage
Non-REM sleep
Stage 1 sleep
Stage 2 sleep
Stages 3 and 4
Stages of sleep
Distinctive changes in the electrical activity of the brain and accompanying physiological responses of the body that occur as you pass through different phases of sleep
Alpha stage
Feeling of being relaxed and drowsy, usually with the eyes closed
Non-REM sleep
Where you spend approximately 80% of your sleep time
Divided into four stages, identified by particular pattern of brain waves and physiological responses
Begin with stage 1 and gradually enter stages 2, 3, and 4
Stage 1 sleep
transition from wakefulness to sleep that lasts one to seven minutes
gradually lose responsiveness to stimuli and experience drifting thoughts and images
presence of theta waves
Stage 2 sleep
beginning of what we know as sleep
high-frequency bursts of brain activity called sleep spindles
muscle tension, body temperature, and heart rate gradually decrease
more difficult to be awakened
Stages 3 and 4
also called slow wave or delta sleep
waves of very high amplitude and very low frequency (delta waves)
stage 4 is often considered the deepest stage of sleep; most difficult to be awakened from
heart rate, respiration, temperature, and blood flow to the brain are reduced
marked secretion of growth hormone (GH), which controls levels of metabolism, physical growth, and brain development
10
WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT’D)
Stages of sleep
REM sleep
REM behavior disorder
REM rebound
REM sleep
Makes up the remaining 20% of your sleep time
Stands for “rapid eye movement”
Eyes move rapidly back and forth behind closed lids
Pass into REM sleep about five or six times throughout the night with about 30 to 90 minutes between periods
REM sleep remains for about 15 to 45 minutes then passes into non-REM sleep
REM behavior disorder
usually occurs in older people
voluntary muscles aren’t paralyzed
sleepers can and do act out their dreams such as fighting off attackers in dreams
REM rebound
refers to individuals spending an increased percentage of time in REM sleep if they were deprived of REM sleep on the previous nights
11
WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT’D)
12
QUESTIONS ABOUT SLEEP
According to a national survey
16% of adults sleep less than six hours
24% sleep 6 to 6.9 hours
31% sleep 7 to 7.9 hours
26% sleep 8 or more hours
Average: 6.9 hours a night
13
QUESTIONS ABOUT SLEEP
Why do I sleep?
Repair theory
Adaptive theory
What causes sleep?
Master sleep switch
Reticular formation
Why do I sleep?
Repair theory
activities during the day deplete key factors in brain/body that sleep replenishes or repairs
primarily a restorative process
Adaptive theory
sleep evolved because it prevented early humans and animals from wasting energy and exposing themselves to the dangers of nocturnal predators
What causes sleep?
Master sleep switch
VPN (ventrolateral preoptic nucleus); group of cells in the hypothalamus
switched on VNP secretes a neurotransmitter (GABA) that turns off areas that keep the brain awake
switched off VNP activates certain brain areas
Reticular formation
column of cells that stretches the length of the brain stem
arouses and alerts the forebrain and prepares it to receive information from all the senses
14
CULTURAL DIVERSITY
Seasonal affective disorder, or SAD
Pattern of symptoms
Includes…
Seasonal affective disorder, or SAD
Pattern of depressive symptoms, such as loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities; cycles with the seasons
Includes
lethargy
excessive sleepiness
overeating
weight gain
craving carbohydrates
SAD has become a subtype (Seasonal Pattern Specifier) of major depression (APA 2000)
15
WORLD OF DREAMS
Theories of dream interpretation
Freud’s theory of dream interpretation
Extensions of waking life theory
Activation-synthesis theory
Threat simulation theory
Theories of dream interpretation
Freud’s theory of dream interpretation
we have a “censor” that protects us from realizing threatening and unconscious desires or wishes, especially those involving sex or aggression
“censor” protects us from threatening thoughts by transforming our secret, guilt-ridden, and anxiety-provoking desires into harmless symbols that appear in our dreams and don’t disturb our sleep or conscious thoughts
Extensions of waking life theory
dreams reflect the same thoughts, fears, concerns, problems, and emotions that we have when awake
Activation-synthesis theory
dreaming occurs because brain areas that provide reasoned cognitive control during the waking state are shut down
sleeping brain is stimulated by different chemical and neural influences that result in hallucinations, delusions, high emotions, and bizarre thought patterns that we call dreams
Threat simulation theory
dreaming serves a biological function by repeatedly simulating events that are threatening in our waking lives so our brain can practice how it perceives threats and rehearse our responses to such events
16
WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT’D)
17
WORLD OF DREAMS (CONT’D)
Typical dreams
What do people dream about?
Typical dreams
Emotions
Sexuality
Controlling dreams
Visual imagery
Blind people
Typical dreams
What do people dream about?
several characters
involve motion
take place indoors more often than out
visual sensation, but rarely sensations of taste, smell, or pain
seem bizarre, may include flying or falling without injury
may be recurrent (dreams of being threatened, pursued, or trying to hide)
Typical dreams
Involve emotions of anxiety or fear rather than joy or happiness
Rarely involve sexual encounters and are almost never about sexual intercourse
Rarely can we control or dream about something we intend to dream about
Dreams usually have visual imagery and are in color in sighted people
Blind people from birth dream in tactile, olfactory, or gustatory (taste), not visual
18
APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS - PARASOMNIAS
PARASOMNIAS
Insomnia
Difficulties in either going to sleep or staying asleep through the night
Associated with daytime complaints
Nondrug treatment
Drug treatment
Benzodiazepines (Dalmane, Xanax, Restoril)
Nonbenzodiazepines (Ambien, Sonata, Lunesta)
Insomnia
Difficulties in either going to sleep or staying asleep through the night
Associated with daytime complaints
fatigue
impairment of concentration
memory difficulty
lack of well-being
Nondrug treatment
Go to bed only when sleepy
Put light out immediately; don’t read or watch TV
If not asleep in 20 minutes, get out of bed and relax in another room until tired again
Repeat last step as often as required
Set alarm for same time each morning
Don’t nap during the day
Follow program rigidly for several weeks
Drug treatment
Benzodiazepines (Dalmane, Xanax, Restoril)
reduce anxiety, worry, and stress
effective in moderate dosages in short term (2 to 4 weeks) treatment; prolonged use in higher dosages may lead to dependence
Nonbenzodiazepines (Ambien, Sonata, Lunesta)
rapidly becoming popular
fast acting
reduce daytime drowsiness; fewer cognitive side effects
less likely to lead to dependence
19
APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT’D)
Sleep apnea
Narcolepsy
Night terrors
Nightmares
Sleepwalking
REM Behavior Disorder
Sleep apnea
Repeated periods during sleep when a person stops breathing for 10 seconds or longer; may repeatedly stop breathing, momentarily awaken, and then resume sleep
Results in insomnia; exhaustion during the day
Narcolepsy
Chronic disorder marked by excessive sleepiness
Form of sleep attacks or short periods of sleep throughout the day
Accompanied by brief periods of REM sleep and loss of muscle control (cataplexy)
Triggered by emotional change
Night terrors
Occur in stage 3 or 4 (delta sleep)
Frightening experiences that often start with a piercing scream, followed by sudden awakening in a fearful state with rapid breathing and increased heart rate
Usually no memory of experience in the morning
Nightmares
Occur during REM sleep
Very frightening and anxiety-producing images occur involving great danger
Upon awakening, person can describe nightmare in great detail
Sleepwalking
Occurs in stage 3 or 4 (delta sleep)
Sleeper gets up and walks while literally sound asleep
Has poor coordination
Clumsy but can avoid objects
Can engage in limited conversation
No memory of sleepwalking
REM Behavior Disorder
Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is asleep disorder (more specifically aparasomnia) that involves abnormal behaviour during thesleep phase with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. It was first described in 1986.
The major and arguably only abnormal feature of RBD is loss of muscle atonia (paralysis) during otherwise intact REM sleep. This is the stage of sleep in which most vivid dreaming occurs. The loss of motor inhibition leads to a wide spectrum of behavioural release during sleep. This extends from simple limb twitches to more complex integrated movement, in which sufferers appear to be unconsciouslyacting out their dreams. These behaviours can be violent in nature and in some cases will result in injury to either the patient or their bed partner.
Mike Barbiglia
Matt's anxieties began to bubble over into strange and vivid dreams, which he acted out in his bedroom. His father was quick to notice that he may have REM Sleep Behavior Disorder, a rare and dangerous parasomnia that gets worse over time. Instead of seeing a doctor, Matt got swept away by an opportunity to jump-start his comedy career. While he was on the road, the sleep disorder caused a near-fatal accident. A dream about a missile attack caused him to jump out of a second story window of a La Quinta Inn.
20
