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Module_11vs9_Memory_14_city.pptxTypes of Memory
Module 11
Psychology 1: General Psychology
J. Marie Hicks, Ph.D. Adjunct Psychology Instructor [email protected]
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INTRODUCTION
J. Marie Hicks, M.A. Doctoral Candidate UCR
Office hours available by arranged appointment
Access to Blackboard is through Open Campus
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Definitions
Memory
Encoding
Storing
Retrieving
INTRODUCTION
Definitions
Memory
ability to retain information over time through three processes: encoding, storing, and retrieving
not copies but representations of the world that vary in accuracy and are subject to error and bias
Encoding
refers to making mental representations of information so that it can be placed into memory
Storing
process of placing encoded information into relatively permanent mental storage for later recall
Retrieving
process of getting or recalling information that has been placed into short- or long-term storage
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Sensory memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory
3 TYPES OF MEMORY
Memory processes
Sensory memory
Initial process that receives and holds environmental information in its raw form for a brief period of time, from an instant to several seconds
don’t pay attention, information is forgotten
pay attention, information is automatically transferred into short-term memory
Short-term memory
Also called working memory; refers to another process that can hold only a limited amount of information an average of seven items, from 2 to 30 seconds
don’t pay attention, information isn’t encoded and is forgotten
Long-term memory
Process of storing almost unlimited amounts of information over long periods of time
encoded information will remain on a relatively permanent basis
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Iconic memory
Icon means image
Echoic memory
Echo infers sound
Functions of sensory memory
SENSORY MEMORY: RECORDING
Iconic memory
Form of sensory memory that automatically holds visual information for about a quarter of a second or more; as soon as you shift your attention, the information disappears
Icon means image
Echoic memory
Form of sensory memory that holds auditory information for 1 to 2 seconds
Holds speech sounds long enough to know that sequences of certain sounds form words
Functions of sensory memory
Prevents being overwhelmed
Gives decision time
Provides stability, playback, and recognition
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Short-term, or working, memory – usually 7, + or - 2
Major Feature
Limited duration
(Maintenance rehearsal helps)
Interference (causes losses)
Chunking (increases amount)
Functions of short-tem memory
Attending
Rehearsing
Storing
SHORT-TERM MEMORY: WORKING
Short-term, or working, memory
Process of holding a limited amount of information (an average of seven items) for a limited period of time (2 to 30 seconds)
Short duration can be lengthened by repeating or rehearsing the information
Two features
Limited duration
Maintenance rehearsal
practice of intentionally repeating information so that it remains in short-term memory longer
Interference
Results when new information enters short-term memory and overwrites or pushes out information that’s already there
Chunking
Combining separate items of information into a larger unit, or chunk, and then remembering these chunks rather than individual items
Functions of short-tem memory
Attending
selectively attend to relevant information and disregard everything else
Rehearsing
allows you to hold information for a short period of time until you decide what to do with it
Storing
helps store or encode information in long-term memory
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SHORT-TERM MEMORY
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Putting information into long-term memory
Encoding
Long-term memory
Retrieving
LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORING
Putting information into long-term memory
Encoding
transferring information from short- to long-term memory by paying attention to it, repeating it, or forming new associations
Long-term memory
process of storing almost unlimited amounts of information over long periods of time
Retrieving
process of selecting information from long-term memory and transferring it to short-term memory
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Separate memory systems
Primacy versus recency
Primacy effect – first items on the list (first learned)
Recency effect – last items on the list (last learned)
Primary-recency effect
Declarative versus procedural or nondeclarative
Declarative memory
Semantic memory
Episodic memory
Procedural or nondeclarative memory
LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORING
Separate memory systems
Primacy versus recency
Primacy effect
better recall or retention of information presented at the beginning of a task
Recency effect
better recall or retention of information presented at the end of a task
Primary-recency effect
better recall of information presented at the beginning and end of a task
Declarative versus procedural or nondeclarative
Declarative memory
involves memories for facts or events, such as scenes, stories, words, conversations, faces, or daily events
aware of and can recall or retrieve these kinds of memories
Semantic memory
type of declarative memory that involves knowledge of facts, concepts, words, definitions, and language rules
Episodic memory
type of declarative memory that involves knowledge of specific events, personal experiences (episodes), or activities, such as naming or describing favorite restaurants, movies, songs, habits, or hobbies
Declarative versus procedural or nondeclarative
Procedural or nondeclarative memory
involves memories for motor skills (playing tennis), some cognitive skills (learning to read), and emotional behaviors learned through classical conditioning
can’t recall or retrieve procedural memories
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Encoding
Two kinds of encoding:
Automatic encoding
Effortful encoding
Rehearsing and encoding
Maintenance rehearsal
Elaborative rehearsal
Levels of processing
ENCODING: TRANSFERRING
Encoding
Acquiring information or storing it in memory by changing it into neural or memory codes
Two kinds of encoding
Automatic encoding
transfer of information from short- to long-term memory without effort or awareness (personal events, interesting facts, skills/habits)
Effortful encoding
transfer of information from short- to long-term memory by working hard to rehearse the information or by making associations
Rehearsing and encoding
Maintenance rehearsal
simply repeating or rehearsing information rather than forming any new associations
works better for short-term memory
Elaborative rehearsal
using effort to actively make meaningful associations between new information that you wish to remember and old or familiar information already stored in long-term memory
Levels of processing
Theory says that remembering depends on how information is encoded
Information encoded at a shallow level results in poor recall
Deeper and deepest processing: encode by making new association
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Definition of repressed memory
Implanting false memories
Pseudomemory
Hypnosis & Repressed Memory
To stipulate that repressed memory
is possible…
Repression – Repressed Memory
Retrieval – Recovered Memory
PTSD
How MEMORY functions: repressed memory / ptsd
Definition of repressed memory
Process by which the mind pushes a memory of some threatening or traumatic event deep into the unconscious mind
Implanting false memories
Studies show that a false suggestion can grow into a vivid, detailed, and believable personal memory
Pseudomemory
A memory for an event that never occurred and that may be possible to create by methods similar to those used to recover repressed memories
Repressed memory of abuse
It is important to note that we are addressing a specific psychological theory and its implications
Abuse is bad. It can have severe consequences in people’s lives.
Having said that, the recovered memory movement also devastated people’s lives.
As responsible citizens, we should make every effort to be informed about all such issues (e.g. child abuse, recovered memory movement) and make responsible decisions when opportunities are afforded to us.
Hypnosis and Repressed Memory
Hypnosis creates a highly suggestible state. Hypnosis poses a risk of creating false memories -- usually as a result of unintended suggestions by the therapist. It is not considered a dependable tool as it is risky because it is easy to lead and encourage the patient by suggestive or leading questions.
To Stipulate that Repressed memory is possible…
Repressed Memory
A memory of an event that is so bad, that it is not consciously accessible
Recovered Memory
A repressed memory that has once again become consciously accessible
PTSD
Flashbacks
reliving the trauma over and over, including physical symptoms like a racing heart or sweating
Bad dreams
Nightmares reliving the trauma
Frightening thoughts
“Daymares” or reoccurring thoughts related to the trauma
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How MEMORY functions: implanted memory
Hot Air Balloon Ride Wade, Garry, Read, & Lindsay (2002)
Ss shown four photographs
3 real childhood photos / 1 ‘doctored’ childhood photo (hot air balloon)
Ss viewed photos 3 times over 2 weeks
50% remembered something about the balloon ride that never happened
Their reports were often rich and detailed.
Definition of repressed memory
Process by which the mind pushes a memory of some threatening or traumatic event deep into the unconscious mind
Implanting false memories
Studies show that a false suggestion can grow into a vivid, detailed, and believable personal memory
Pseudomemory
A memory for an event that never occurred and that may be possible to create by methods similar to those used to recover repressed memories
Repressed memory of abuse
It is important to note that we are addressing a specific psychological theory and its implications
Abuse is bad. It can have severe consequences in people’s lives.
Having said that, the recovered memory movement also devastated people’s lives.
As responsible citizens, we should make every effort to be informed about all such issues (e.g. child abuse, recovered memory movement) and make responsible decisions when opportunities are afforded to us.
Hypnosis and Repressed Memory
Hypnosis creates a highly suggestible state. Hypnosis poses a risk of creating false memories -- usually as a result of unintended suggestions by the therapist. It is not considered a dependable tool as it is risky because it is easy to lead and encourage the patient by suggestive or leading questions.
To Stipulate that Repressed memory is possible…
Repressed Memory
A memory of an event that is so bad, that it is not consciously accessible
Recovered Memory
A repressed memory that has once again become consciously accessible
PTSD
Flashbacks
reliving the trauma over and over, including physical symptoms like a racing heart or sweating
Bad dreams
Nightmares reliving the trauma
Frightening thoughts
“Daymares” or reoccurring thoughts related to the trauma
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How MEMORY functions: implanted memory
Loftus & Pickrell (1995)
Lost in a mall
Porter, Yuille, & Lehman (1999)
dog attacks and other injuries and accidents.
Hyman, Husband, & Billings (1994)
beestings, punch bowls, & fire alarms
Clark & Loftus (1996)
space alien abduction memories
(don’t laugh – as many as 3 million people believe they have been abducted by space aliens).
Definition of repressed memory
Process by which the mind pushes a memory of some threatening or traumatic event deep into the unconscious mind
Implanting false memories
Studies show that a false suggestion can grow into a vivid, detailed, and believable personal memory
Pseudomemory
A memory for an event that never occurred and that may be possible to create by methods similar to those used to recover repressed memories
Repressed memory of abuse
It is important to note that we are addressing a specific psychological theory and its implications
Abuse is bad. It can have severe consequences in people’s lives.
Having said that, the recovered memory movement also devastated people’s lives.
As responsible citizens, we should make every effort to be informed about all such issues (e.g. child abuse, recovered memory movement) and make responsible decisions when opportunities are afforded to us.
Hypnosis and Repressed Memory
Hypnosis creates a highly suggestible state. Hypnosis poses a risk of creating false memories -- usually as a result of unintended suggestions by the therapist. It is not considered a dependable tool as it is risky because it is easy to lead and encourage the patient by suggestive or leading questions.
To Stipulate that Repressed memory is possible…
Repressed Memory
A memory of an event that is so bad, that it is not consciously accessible
Recovered Memory
A repressed memory that has once again become consciously accessible
PTSD
Flashbacks
reliving the trauma over and over, including physical symptoms like a racing heart or sweating
Bad dreams
Nightmares reliving the trauma
Frightening thoughts
“Daymares” or reoccurring thoughts related to the trauma
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Photographic memory
Eidetic imagery
Flashbulb memories
unusual MEMORY: special cases
Photographic memory
Occurs in adults; ability to form sharp, detailed visual images after examining a picture or page for a short period of time and to recall the entire image at a later date
Eidetic imagery
Form of photographic memory that occurs in children; the ability to examine a picture or page for 10 to 30 seconds and then for several minutes hold in one’s mind a detailed visual image of the material
Flashbulb memories
Vivid recollections, usually in great detail, of dramatic or emotionally charged incidents that are of interest to the person
Encoded effortlessly and may last for long periods of time
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