4 Assigment

Models of Disability Scavenger Hunt Example Browse through the provided resources on disability history and look for at least one example for each of the models of disability listed below. After you found examples to use, fill out all the information in each section. You can use a variety of examples for this assignment (see sample assignment). Your examples can be artifacts (as seen in the artifact resource presentation) such as art, objects, and historical texts. Examples can also be taken from articles or websites, like the ones provided in the resource section. You can try to find your own examples online, but make sure that your sources are reputable and professional, such as; museum websites, university websites (with .edu in their URL), or scholarly/academic organizations. Your examples can be from any time period and from different time periods, as long as your examples are prior to the 1930s.

Medical Model

Provide a working link to your example(s). You can include images here, but please size them appropriately and also include the link to where you found them. If you are using artifacts from the resource presentation, please be clear which one(s) you are using. Example - https://www.disabilitymuseum.org/dhm/edu/essay.html?id=19

Briefly describe your example(s) and the source. This is a short article found in the Disability History Museum website. It is titled “Moral Treatment” and is about the treatment of people with psychological disabilities in France, England, and the United States from the late 18th century into modern times.

In at least one paragraph, make an argument and analysis that explains why you chose this example for this model of disability. The medical model of disability frames disability only in terms of physiology and biology, and it perceives disability as a medical problem in need of a medical “cure.” In this article, the author argues that the way people with psychological disabilities (referred to as “insane” in the past) were treated and managed over time changed dramatically. Specifically, he notes that there was a shift from “moral” treatment to one that prioritized mass medicalization in administrative, hospital-like settings. At this same time, the eugenics movement was gaining momentum and this movement was justified and implemented through the medical field. As a result, the medicalized, hospital settings that were housing and treating “insane” people became places where the medicalized eugenics movement was implemented. This is a very potent example of the medical model of disability, and its results, as it was the dominant philosophical and applied approach at this time.

Social Model

Provide a working link to your example(s). You can include images here, but please size them appropriately and also include the link to where you found them. If you are using artifacts from the resource presentation, please be clear which one(s) you are using. Example - https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/faces-of-war-145799854/

Briefly describe your example(s) and the source. This is an article from The Smithsonian Magazine, which is a part of the Smithsonian Institution and Museum. The article is titled “Faces of War: Amid the horrors of World War I, a corps of artists brought hope to soldiers disfigured in the trenches.” Clearly, this article is discussing the social issues around soldiers who were disfigured during WWI.

In at least one paragraph, make an argument and analysis that explains why you chose this example for this model of disability. The social model of disability is, essentially, making the case that social norms, attitudes, and beliefs determine things like what is or is not a disability, positive/negative perceptions about disability, and the interactions/inclusion of disability. Our course reding describes it as “"the loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in the normal life of the community on an equal level with others, due to physical or social barriers." This article covers many topics, but one in particular stands out in regards to the social model of disability. The author states that in post-WWI England, disfigurement and disability was looked down upon. One of the examples the author uses to emphasize this point is that some of the benches in parks were painted blue and that disfigured/disabled soldiers were required to use only those benches. This was done to warn others that a blue bench meant that they might see someone who was disfigured/disabled. In this example, British society was clearly determining what disability is, how it should be perceived, and how people should interact with it.

Expert/Professional Model

Provide a working link to your example(s). You can include images here, but please size them appropriately and also include the link to where you found them. If you are using artifacts from the resource presentation, please be clear which one(s) you are using. Example - https://www.disabilitymuseum.org/dhm/lib/detail.html?id=3523

Briefly describe your example(s) and the source. This image is from both the Disability History Museum website and the Library of Congress. According to the website, this image is a “Chart Showing The Aggregate Number Of The Insane” and was created using from the “Statistical Atlas Of The United States Based On The Results Of The Ninth Census 1870 With Contributions From Many Eminent Men Of Science And Several Departments Of The Government.”

In at least one paragraph, make an argument and analysis that explains why you chose this example for this model of disability. The expert/professional model of disability is, according to our document, when disability is seen as something where there is a “fixer” and a “fixee,” and that the “fixer” is a professional of some sort (doctor, teacher, psychologist) in a position of authority. This document was created by “many eminent men of science and several departments of the government” and attempts to illustrate how many “insane” people there are, who they are categorically, and where they reside. Essentially these “eminent men of science” and government bureaucrats are determining what “insanity” is and who falls into that category. This creates a specific paradigm with 3 very distinct groups, if you think about it; “insane” people, “not insane” people, and those who determine what “insane” is. As this is a census document, it will inevitably be used by policymakers (fixers) to make laws that oversee the management and treatment of “insane” people (fixees) and allocate resources.

Tragedy/Charity Model

Provide a working link to your example(s). You can include images here, but please size them appropriately and also include the link to where you found them. If you are using artifacts from the resource presentation, please be clear which one(s) you are using. Example - https://www.loc.gov/resource/ppmsca.28260/

Briefly describe your example(s) and the source. This is an image from the Library of Congress. The website describes it as “Illustration shows a female figure labeled "Charity" holding a bouquet of flowers and standing next to a young boy with crutches and a bandaged foot; Puck, holding a lithographic pen, gestures toward viewers to donate to a worthy cause.” In sum, this is a page from a magazine that is trying to convince readers to donate to a charitable cause involving children with disabilities.

In at least one paragraph, make an argument and analysis that explains why you chose this example for this model of disability. As our reading states, the tragedy/charity model of disability is one that “depicts disabled people as victims of circumstance, deserving of pity” and in need of charity. Clearly, this image is promoting the idea of charity for people with disabilities as something good and, arguably, as even something holy or a religious duty (evidenced by the writing on the collection jar in the image). To achieve its goal, it is using an image of a person with a disability who is displayed in a very helpless, downtrodden, and disheveled manner as well as a large (and full) hospital ward presumably filled with other disabled children. Compare this to the noble and angelic-like “Charity” figure who is dispensing flowers and “love.”

Economic Model

Provide a working link to your example(s). You can include images here, but please size them appropriately and also include the link to where you found them. If you are using artifacts from the resource presentation, please be clear which one(s) you are using. Example - https://www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3g11638/

Briefly describe your example(s) and the source. This image is from the Library of Congress website and was produced in Germany after WWI. According to the website, this “poster shows a wounded German soldier holding tools in one hand and a crutch in the other. Text: Ludendorff Fund for War Disabled.”

In at least one paragraph, make an argument and analysis that explains why you chose this example for this model of disability. The economic model of disability is one that views disability primarily through the costs of having a disability. This includes the productivity and degree of self-sufficiency of a person with a disability, the personal/family costs for treatment and management of a disability, and the fiscal cost to society. This poster is specifically from an organization that collects money to support disabled soldiers (Ludendorff Fund for War Disabled.” It gives a very clear message that the disabled soldier’s capacity to work is diminished or gone and, as a result, society has an economic responsibility to support them.

Religious Model

Provide a working link to your example(s). You can include images here, but please size them appropriately and also include the link to where you found them. If you are using artifacts from the resource presentation, please be clear which one(s) you are using. Example 1: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Af1893-0715-44-b

Example 2: (using book chapter as resource - https://www.routledge.com/Disability-in- Antiquity/Laes/p/book/9780367518042 )

Briefly describe your example(s) and the source. Example 1 – From the British Museum. This is a scroll from 19th century Ethiopia that shows a saint killing a demon. According to the website, this scroll was made to protect someone and cure disease. Example 2 – This is a chapter from a book (chapter 28) which has a section that discusses Islamic history and disability.

In at least one paragraph, make an argument and analysis that explains why you chose this example for this model of disability. The religious model of disability is when people, societies, and/or institutions are perceiving and interacting with disability through a spiritual or supernatural perspective. The first example clearly illustrates a belief that “evil” spirits are responsible for illness and “good” spiritual entities are responsible for preventing illness. This is evidenced in the illustration and also the fact that the scroll itself is considered an object of “protection” from “evil” forces causing illness. The second source (book chapter) has a few paragraphs describing Islam’s transition from a spiritual perception of disability to a medical one. Despite that transition, this is still an example of the religious model of disability. The author argues that even though Islam had significant medical developments and advancements early on, anything that they could not understand and explain through medicine/science was interpreted and managed through religion.