Motor Learning

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ModernOlympicGames_selectedreadings_Spring2022.ppt
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Pioneers and Progress: 1896-1936
(selected readings)

The Cold War Olympics, 1948- 1988
(selected readings)

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Origins of Modern Olympic Games

  • Originated in Athens in 1896
  • Evolved into one of the most significant social forces of the 20th century
  • Purpose:

To produce an international athletic festival

Bring people together

Promote world peace

Educate the youth of the world

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Modern Olympic Games

  • Promote ideals of fair play

Character formation through participation

  • Games promote ideals

Peace, harmony, cooperation

Transcend political barriers

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Spirit of Olympism

  • Viable social force
  • Integral part of the modern Olympic Movement
  • “Way of life based on the joy of effort and mutual respect” (Coubertin)
  • Olympic Games are inclusive

Promote peace and understanding throughout world

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Architect of the Modern Olympic Games: Dr. William Penny Brookes

  • Father of British Physical Education
  • 1850 - the Wenlock Olympic Class

made ceremony and pageantry an important feature of this event

1860 - known as Wenlock Olympian Society

  • Worked with the Zappas family, J. Gennadius, and Pierre de Coubertin to revive Olympic Games in Greece

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Architect of the Modern Olympic Games: Baron Pierre de Fredy de Coubertin

  • Dedicated his life to educational reform:

Focused on improving French pedagogy and revitalize the youth of France

Games were a means to this end

  • International travels influenced his plan

Athletic competition would be the catalyst

  • Promoted athletics throughout France and gained control over amateur sport

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Baron Pierre de Coubertin

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Baron Pierre de Coubertin, 1915

Image source: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C.

Reestablishing the Games

  • June 23, 1894: Coubertin organized Sorbonne International Congress
  • International Olympic Committee (IOC) formed during that Summer

Coubertin elected IOC Secretary General; became IOC President after 1896 Games

1924 Olympic Games in Paris were Coubertin’s last as President

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The 1st Olympiad: Athens, 1896

  • Preparation for the Games

Construction of the stadium

Money

Legitimizing Olympic Games

  • Participation in the Games

Track and field, gymnastics, target shooting, and fencing matches

241 male athletes from 13 National Olympic Committees (NOC’s)

William Sloane of Princeton University assembled and trained the American team

American James Connolly won the first Olympic medal in triple jump

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Athens, 1896

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Olympic stadium in Athens, built for 1896 Games

Image source: Photo © R. Mechikoff

The 2nd Olympiad: Paris, 1900

  • Governing body of French sport did not cooperate with IOC
  • Official and unofficial Olympic events caused controversy
  • 997 athletes from 24 NOCs participated
  • Female athletes made their first Olympic appearance in tennis and croquet
  • First appearance: Golf, polo, rugby, cricket

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The 3rd Olympiad: St. Louis, 1904

  • St. Louis wanted Games along with Louisiana Purchase Exposition

Games were originally awarded to Chicago

James Sullivan and Pres. Roosevelt changed

Coubertin refused to attend

  • Games were primarily American event
  • 651 athletes from 12 NOCs participated, including the first Africans to compete in the Games
  • American women: competed & won all archery events
  • 1st and only time American football was an event

Canada—gold; U.S.—silver

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The 4th Olympiad: London, 1908

  • Games were held in conjunction with the Franco-British Exhibition
  • 2,008 athletes from 22 NOCs participated
  • 37 women from 4 countries competed
  • Games became involved with political turmoil and nationalism

Flag issues

British advocacy of the creed of fair play versus American attempts to devise their own, more favorable scoring systems

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The 5th Olympiad: Stockholm, 1912

  • Last Olympiad for Russia until 1952
  • Women's swimming, equestrian, modern pentathlon
  • Olympic trials ensured best American athletes
  • Hosted 2,407 athletes from 28 nations
  • 48 women athletes represented 11 nations
  • Competitors included Jim Thorpe, Douglas McArthur, George Patton, Avery Brundage
  • Stockholm, 1912 video

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Stockholm, 1912

Members of the 1912 U.S. Olympic squad; Jim Thorpe is wearing a

turtleneck warm-up sweater

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Members of the 1912 U.S. Olympic squad

Image source: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C.

Stockholm, 1912

100-meter race, won by Ralph Craig of the United States

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100-meter race from the 1912 Olympic Games, Stockholm

Image source: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C.

Stockholm 1912: Jim Thorpe

  • Won both pentathlon and decathlon
  • Accused of playing semipro baseball less than one year after Stockholm
  • Thorpe admitted to playing baseball and being naïve about amateur rules
  • Stripped of medals by USOC and IOC
  • 1983: medals restored posthumously

The 7th Olympiad: Antwerp, 1920

  • Games initiated tradition of Olympic oath and five-ring Olympic flag
  • Paavo Nurmi, distance runner from Finland, made Olympic history

One of greatest distance runners of all time

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Participation of Women

  • Coubertin not in favor of women competing
  • Mme. Millait established Federation Feminine Sportive Internationalle (FSFI)

Organized First Women's Olympic Games 1922

  • 1920 Olympiad - 65 women from 13 nations competed

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The 10th Olympiad: Los Angeles, 1932

The most grandiose athletic festival in modern history

1332 athletes from 37 nations

Spirit of Olympicism and cooperation

The 11th Olympiad: Berlin, 1936

  • Politicians used Games for blatant political purposes
  • Hitler tried to undermine ideal of Olympism

Used games to send message of Nazi superiority

  • American athletes threatened boycott
  • Wanted Nazis to allow other races to compete

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The 11th Olympiad: Berlin, 1936

  • Torch run was initiated in the opening

ceremonies

  • 3,963 athletes competed from 49 nations; 331 women athletes
  • American Jesse Owens was a superstar
  • Americans collected 56 medals

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Berlin, 1936

The Nazi Olympics

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Jesse Owens at the start of his winning 200-meter run, 1936 Olympic Games

Image source: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C.

Olympic Interim

  • Next Olympic Games not until 1948
  • Coubertin dies in 1936

Count Henri de Baillet Latour successor

Dies suddenly

  • J. Sifried Edstrom was elected IOC president during 1946 London meeting

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The 19th Olympiad: Mexico City, 1968

  • Most controversial ever

Severe clashes between students and police

Tlatelco Massacre

Threatened staging of the Olympics

  • 6 days of rioting

150,000 students seeking “autonomy”

  • Athletes participated in political demonstrations during the Games

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The 19th Olympiad: Mexico City, 1968

  • Games marked a radical departure from past Olympic politics
  • U.S. Olympians John Carlos and Tommie Smith staged a Black Power demonstration on the victory stand
  • Black Power Conference: Olympic Project for Human Rights emerged
  • Black Power Salute

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The 19th Olympiad: Mexico City, 1968

  • 5,516 athletes from 112 nations competed
  • American Olympic contingent was the largest in attendance
  • U.S. fared well in swimming and diving
  • Americans continued to dominate men’s basketball

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The 20th Olympiad: Munich, 1972

  • Cold War between East and West

Student activism declined

Political terrorism increased

  • Many countries in political turmoil
  • Eleven nations boycotted the Games

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The 20th Olympiad: Munich, 1972

The Munich Massacre

  • Sep. 5: Arab terrorists kill 11 Israelis
  • Israel & New York Times call end to Games

Memorial for slain Israelis

Games resumed

  • Egypt, Kuwait, Syria: left Munich
  • After Games: Israeli war planes attacked Arab guerrilla bases
  • Munich Report

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The 20th Olympiad: Munich, 1972

  • 7,134 athletes competed from 121 nations, 1,059 women
  • Frank Shorter of U.S. won the marathon
  • American swimmers dominated
  • Finn, Lasse Viren, won gold medals in the 5,000 and 10,000 meter races

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The 23rd Olympiad: Los Angeles, 1984

  • LAOOC: first corporate Olympiad in history
  • First time Games generated “surplus,” $200 M
  • LAOOC was allowed to sell corporate sponsorships and to negotiate television contracts
  • Historically IOC had all money rights

The 23rd Olympiad: Los Angeles, 1984 cont.

  • IOC agreed to the demands of the LAOOC

Commercialization of the Games

The 23rd Olympiad: Los Angeles, 1984 cont.

Political atmosphere

  • Russians angry because of American boycott of 1980
  • LAOOC officials: numerous trips to Moscow
  • Propaganda war between U.S. and U.S.S.R.
  • 8 weeks before the Games, the Soviet Union cited “security concerns” as a reason to withdraw its team from the Games

Payback for the U.S. boycott in 1980

Los Angeles, 1984: Notables

  • 6,829 athletes competed from 140 nations
  • 1,566 women athletes competed
  • U.S. athletes dominated the games
  • U.S. men’s volleyball won its first gold medal
  • U.S. basketball teams won gold
  • Carl Lewis: star of the games

4 gold medals in track and field

The 32nd Olympiad: Tokyo, 2020