Argumentative Paper Topic Proposals
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MLAvsAPAstyle.pdf
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Category MLA APA CMS General Approach The Modern Language Association
(MLA) provides a method for source documentation that is used in most humanities courses. The humanities place emphasis on authorship, so most MLA citation involves recording the author’s name in the physical text. The author’s name is also the first to appear in the “Works Cited” page at the end of an essay. The most recent MLA formatting can be found in the seventh edition of the MLA manual.
The American Psychological Association (APA) provides a method for source documentation that is used in most social sciences courses. The social sciences place emphasis on the date a work was created, so most APA citation involves recording the date of a particular work in the physical text. The date is usually placed immediately after the author’s name in the “References” page at the end of an essay. The most recent APA formatting can be found in the sixth edition of the APA manual.
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) provides a method for source documentation that is used in most history courses. History places much emphasis on source origins, so footnotes and endnotes are used to demonstrate on-‐page where a particular piece of information was derived from. In CMS, a number is assigned to a particular fact in the text, and a footnote or endnote will appear at the bottom of the page linking the source to the text. The most recent CMS formatting can be found in the sixteenth edition of the CMS manual.
Citing Books Book citations in MLA generally require the author name, work title, publication city, publisher, year published, and an indication of the publication medium, such as print.
Book citations in APA generally require author name, publication year, work title, publication city, and publisher.
Book citations in CMS style generally require the author name, work title, publication city, publisher, and publication year.
General book format
Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma. New York: Penguin Group, 2006. Print.
Pollan, M. (2006). The omnivore’s dilemma. New York, NY: Penguin Group.
Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma. New York: Penguin Group, 2006.
Single author Pollan, Michael. Pollan, M. (2006). Pollan, Michael. Two or three authors
Bell, James K., and Adrian A. Cohn. Bell, J.K.., & Cohn A. (1968).
Bell, James K. and Adrian A. Cohn.
More than three authors
Kernis, Michael. et al. Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., Harlow, T., & Bach, J. S. (1993).
Kernis, Michael and Others,
More than seven authors
Kernis, Michael. et al. Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., Harlow, T., & Bach, J. S…Last Author’s Name (1993).
Kernis, Michael and Others,
Corporate/ Organization author
American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association. (2005).
American Psychiatric Association.
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Unknown author
Oxford Essential World Atlas. Oxford essential world atlas. (2001). Oxford Essential World Atlas.
Two or more works by the same author
No change to name format; change noted by title.
Slechty, P. C. (1997). Slechty, P. C. (2001).
No change to name format.
Two or more works by the same author in the same year.
No change to name format; change noted by title.
Slechty, P. C. (1997a). Slechty, P. C. (1997b).
No change to name format.
Author with an editor
Poston, Ted. A Draft of History. Ed. Kathleen A. Hauke.
Poston, T. (2000). A draft of history K.A. Hauke, (Ed.).
Poston, Ted. A Draft of History. Edited by Kathleen A. Hauke.
Author with a translator
Laplace, P.S. A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. Trans. F. W. Truscott and F. L. Emory.
Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities. (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.).
P.S. Laplace. A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. Translated by F. W. Truscott and F. L. Emory.
Editor with no author
Consequences of Growing Up Poor. Eds. G.J. Duncan and J. Brooks-‐Gunn.
Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-‐Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor.
Duncan, G.J. and J. Brooks-‐Gunn, eds.
Work in an anthology
Harris, Muriel. "Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers." A Tutor's Guide: Helping Writers One to One. Ed. Ben Rafoth. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2000. 24-‐34. Print.
Harris, Muriel. (2000). Talk to me: Engaging reluctant writers. In Ben Rafoth (Ed.), A tutor’s guide: Helping writers one to one (pp. 24-‐34). Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Harris, Muriel. "Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers." In A Tutor's Guide: Helping Writers One to One, edited by Ben Rafoth, 24-‐34. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2000.
Edition other than first
Helfer, M.S., R.S. Keme, and R.D. Drugman. The Battered Child. 5th ed.
Helfer, M. S., Keme, R. S., & Drugman, R. D. (1997). The battered child (5th ed.).
Helfer, M.S., R.S. Keme, and R.D. Drugman. The Battered Child. 5th ed.
Multivolume work
Dictionary of the History of Ideas. Ed. P. Wiener. 4 Vols.
Wiener, P. (Ed.). (1973). Dictionary of the history of ideas (Vols. 1-‐4).
Weiner, P., ed. Dictionary of the History of Ideas. 4 vols.
Encyclopedia/ Dictionary
Posner, Rebecca. “Romance Languages.” The Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropedia. 15th ed. 1987. Print.
Posner, R. (1987). Romance Languages. In The encyclopedia Britannica: macropedia (15th ed.).
Cited in endnotes only. 1. The Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropedia,
15th ed., s.v. “Romance Languages.”
Foreword, introduction,
Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Introduction. Permanence and Change: An
Duncan, H. D. Introduction. In K. Burke, Permanence and Change: An
Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Introduction to Permanence and Change: An Anatomy of
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preface, or afterword
Anatomy of Purpose. Anatomy of Purpose (xiii-‐xliv). United States: The Bobbs-‐Merrill Company, Inc.
Purpose.
Articles in Periodicals Although periodicals are cited similarly to most book sources, MLA’s seventh edition makes some distinctions specific to periodicals.
In APA periodical citation, authors are named by their last name followed by initials; the publication year goes between parentheses and is followed by a period. The title of the article is written in sentence-‐case, in which only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized. The periodical title is written in title case and is followed by the volume number, which, with the title, is also italicized or underlined.
CMS periodical citations include author name, article title, publication title, publication date, and issue information. CMS also requires citation of a URL if the journal was accessed online.
Magazine Poniewozik, James. "TV Makes a Too-‐ Close Call." Time 20 Nov. 2000: 70-‐71. Print.
Poniewozik, J. (2000, November). TV makes a too-‐close call. Time, 20, 70-‐71.
Poniewozik, James. "TV Makes a Too-‐Close Call." Time, November 20, 2000.
Journal paginated by issue
Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 15.1 (1996): 41-‐50. Print.
Bagchi, A. (1996). Conflicting nationalisms: The voice of the subaltern in Mahasweta Devi’s Bashai Tudu. Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature (15.1), 41-‐50.
Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature 15.1 (1996): 41-‐50.
Daily newspaper
Krugman, Andrew. "Fear of Eating." New York Times 21 May 2007. A1. Print.
Krugman, A. (2007, May 21). Fear of eating. New York Times, pp. A1.
Krugman, Andrew. "Fear of Eating." New York Times, May 2007.
Editorial in newspaper
"Of Mines and Men." Editorial. Wall Street Journal east. ed. 24 Oct. 2003: A14. Print.
Of mines and men (2003, Oct 24). [Editorial] The Wall Street Journal east, p. A14.
Cited in notes only. 1. Editorial, Wall Street Journal, October 24,
2003. Letter to the editor
Hamer, John. Letter. American Journalism Review Dec. 2006/Jan. 2007: 7. Print.
Hamer, J. (2006/2007, December/January). [Letter to the editor]. American Journalism Review, 7.
Cited in notes only. 1. John Hamer, letter to the editor,
American Journalism Review, December 2006/January 2007.
Book or film review
Seitz, Matt Zoller. "Life in the Sprawling Suburbs, If You Can Really Call It
Seitz, M. Z. (2007, May 30). Life in the sprawling suburbs, if you can really call
Sietz, Matt Zoller. Review of Radiant City, Directed by Gary Burns and Jim Brown.
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Living." Rev. of Radiant City, dir. Gary Burns and Jim Brown. New York Times 30 May 2007 late ed.: E1. Print.
it living [Review of the film Radiant City, directed by Gary Burns and Jim Brown]. New York Times, late ed.: E1.
New York Times, May 30, 2007, Late edition.
Online Sources MLA guidelines for most online sources were developed under the assumption that content can be found online as long as information, such as author and title, were included. Therefore, MLA does not require a URL listing. MLA citation of online sources does, however, ask for a publisher or sponsor of the webpage. Authors for websites are often corporations, or governments (Hacker).
In APA citation, online sources often include what are known as DOIs, or digital object identifiers. If a DOI is available, it is used in place of a URL. The DOI is a serial number that identifies the source regardless of URL changes, and it can often be found on the first page of an online source. Beyond the DOI, APA generally cites author, date, page title, site title, available page numbers, and a URL or DOI.
CMS citation requires the URL to be listed at the end of the citation but not the date the contented was accessed. If the internet source is time sensitive, include the date of access after the URL listing in parenthesis. CMS documentation often includes the use of DOIs.
General format
Author. Title of Site. Sponsor, Date created (use n.d. if not given). Medium. Date accessed.
Author. (Year [use n.d. if not given]). Article or page title. Larger Publication Title, volume or issue number. Retrieved from http://url address
Author. Document Title. URL or DOI.
Entire Website
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Drinking Water Standards. EPA, 8 July 2004. Web. 24 Jan. 2006
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2004, July). Drinking water standards. Retrieved from US EPA website http://water.epa.gov/drink
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Drinking Water Standards. http://water.epa.gov/drink.
Page from Website
Shiva, Vandana. “Bioethics: A Third World Issue.” Nativeweb. Nativeweb, n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2006.
Shiva, V. (2006, February). Bioethics: A third world issue. Nativeweb. Retrieved from http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/lega l/shiva.html
Shiva, Vandana. “Bioethics: A Third World Issue.” Nativeweb. http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/shi va.html.
Page from Website with unknown author
“Media Giants.” Frontline: The Merchants of Cool. PBS Online, 2001. Web. 7 Feb. 2006.
Media giants. (2001). Frontline: The Merchants of Cool. Retrieved from PBS Online http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/fron tline/shows/cool/giants/
“Media Giants.” Frontline: The Merchants of Cool. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/ shows/cool/giants.
Image from a Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles Goya, F. (1800). The family of Charles IV. Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV.
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Website IV. 1800. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid. Museo National del Prado. Web. 22 May 2006.
Museo National del Prado. Retrieved from http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd /goya/hd_goya.htm
Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid, 1800. Painting. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/goy a/hd_goya.htm
Online book Milton, John. Paradise Lost: Book I. Poetryfoundation.org. Poetry Foundation, 2008. Web. 14 Dec. 2008.
Milton, J. (1667). Paradise lost: Book I. Poetry Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.poetryfoundation.org/arc hive/poem.html?id=174002
Milton, John. Paradise Lost. City and Date of Original Publication. http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/ poem.html?id=174002
Portion of an online book
Adams, Henry. “Diplomacy.” The Education of Henry Adams. By Adams. Boston: Houghton, 1918. N. pag. Bartleby.com: Great Books Online. Web. 8 Jan 2007.
Adams, H. (1918). “Diplomacy.” The education of henry adams. Bartleby.com: Great Books Online. Retrieved from http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html
Adams, Henry. “Diplomacy.” The Education of Henry Adams. Reprint of the 1918 edition, Bartleby.com: Great Books Online. http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html
Article in an online journal
Bent, Henry E. "Professionalization of the Ph.D. Degree.” The Journal of Higher Education 30.3 (1959): 140-‐ 145. Web. 5 Dec. 2008.
Bent, H. (1959). Professionalization of the Ph.D. degree. The Journal of Higher Education, 30.3, 140-‐145. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1978286.
Bent, Henry E. "Professionalization of the Ph.D. Degree.” The Journal of Higher Education 30, no. 3 (1959): 140-‐145. Accessed December 5, 2008. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286.
Article in an online magazine/ newspaper
Bernstein, Mark. "10 Tips on Writing the Living Web." A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites. A List Apart Mag., 16 Aug. 2002. Web. 4 May 2009.
Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living web. A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites. Retrieved from http://www.alistapart.com/articles/wr iteliving
Bernstein, M. “10 Tips on Writing the Living Web.” A List Apart Magazine. August 16, 2002. http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliv ing
Entire blog Mayer, Caroline. The Checkout. Washington Post, 10 Jan. 2007. Web. 19 Jan. 2007.
Mayer, C. (2007, January 10). The checkout. [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thec heckout/
Mayer, Caroline. The Checkout (blog). http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thechecko ut/
Response in a blog
Editor, screen name, author, or compiler name (if available). “Posting Title.” Name of Site. Version number (if available). Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher).
Writer’s name. (Date of post). Subject of post. [Web log comment]. Retrieved from: URL or DOI
Blog Name; “Entry Title,” blog entry by Writer’s Name, Date of post.
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Medium of publication. Date of access.
CD-‐ROM “Pimpernel.” The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Boston; Houghton, 2000. CD-‐ ROM.
Pimpernel. (2000). [CD-‐ROM].The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed.
“Pimpernel.” The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Boston; Houghton, 2000. CD-‐ROM.
E-‐mail Kunka, Andrew. "Re: Modernist Literature." Message to the author. 15 Nov. 2000. E-‐mail.
Not included in references. Cited in notes only. 1. Andrew Kunka, e-‐mail message to
author, November 15, 2000. Multimedia Sources MLA format for multimedia sources
requires a medium description at the end of the citation. Film, DVD, radio, Web, a performance, and other descriptions should be used to indicate the type of multimedia that is being referenced.
Electronic sources in APA format may include a digital object identifier (DOI) number. When a DOI is evident, it may be used in place of a URL address. An online source should include either a DOI or a URL.
When citing an internet source in CMS format, include as much information as is available regarding author, site title, site sponsor, and any available URL. An access date is not needed in CMS formatting.
Video or film An Inconvenient Truth. Dir. David Guggenheim. Narr. Al Gore. Paramount, 2006. DVD.
Guggenheim, D. (Director), & Bender, L. (Producer). (2006). An inconvenient truth [DVD]. United States: Paramount Home Entertainment.
An Inconvenient Truth. United States: Paramount Home Education, 2006. DVD, 94 min.
Podcast/ YouTube
Murphy, Beth. “Tips for a Good Profile Piece.” Project: Report. YouTube, 7 Sept. 2008. Web. 19 Sept. 2008.
Murphy, B. (2008, September 19). Tips for a good profile piece.” [YouTube]. Project: Report. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cu A2VcdqB9k/
Murphy, Beth. “Tips for a Good Profile Piece.” Project: Report. YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuA2Vc dqB9k/
Lecture/ Public address
Teplin, Linda A. et. al. “Early Violent Death in Delinquent Youth: A Prospective Longitudinal Study.” Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-‐Law-‐Society. La Jolla, California. March, 2005. Presentation.
Teplin, L. A., McClelland, G. M., Abram, K. M., & Washburn, J. J. (2005). Early violent death in delinquent youth: a prospective longitudinal study. [Presentation]. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-‐Law-‐Society. La Jolla, CA.
Teplin, Linda A., Gary M. McClelland, Karen M. Abram, and Jason J. Washburn. “Early Violent Death in Delinquent Youth: A Prospective Longitudinal Study.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-‐Law-‐Society, La Jolla, CA, March 2005.
Other Sources The Purdue Brizee, Allen, and Elyssa Tardiff. “Four Brizee, A., & Tardiff, E. (2010, April 7). Brizee, Allen, and Elyssa Tardiff. “Four Main
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OWL Main Components for Effective Outlines”. Purdue Online Writing Lab. Purdue University, 7 April, 2010. Web. 20 Dec. 2010.
Four main components for effective outlines. Purdue Online Writing Lab. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/res ource/544/01/
Components for Effective Outlines”. Purdue Online Writing Lab. Purdue University. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resourc e/544/01/
Government publication
Continental Congress. Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-‐1789. Washington DC. 1904-‐1937.
Continental Congress. (1774-‐1789). Journals of the continental congress. Washington, DC. 1904-‐1937.
Continental Congress, Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-‐1789, Edited by Worthington C. Ford et al. 34 vols. Washington, DC, 1904-‐37.
Dissertation Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaries in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” Diss. University of Chicago, 2008. Web. “Contesting Imaginaries in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.”
Choi, M. (2008). Contesting imaginaries in death rituals during the northern song dynasty (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest database. (AAT 3300426).
Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaries in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008. ProQuest (A AT 3300426).
In-‐Text Citations
Citing Books
Like most source documentation systems, MLA uses in-‐text citations to give readers information and directs readers to the more specific Works Cited page should a reader want to pursue a source further. Generally, MLA in-‐text citation requires an author name and a page number where the information being cited can be found. Citations can be formatted in a variety of ways.
APA adds to MLA style by including an author name(s), page number(s), and date. The date is generally provided parenthetically whenever the author’s(s’) name(s) is(are) given while page numbers always appear at the end of the sentence. The date is important in social science because it helps demonstrate the relevance (newness) of the work being cited.
Footnotes or endnotes are used when citing within the text of a CMS formatted document. These notes do not take the place of the final bibliography page; instead, endnotes and footnotes work to strengthen a document’s credibility by providing specific source information at the bottom of the page or in a separate notes section for readers to review. Footnotes in CMS style generally include the author name, the publication title, publication date and publisher information (if being cited for the first time), as well as a page number.
Author named in a signal phrase
Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper refers to this phenomenon as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (49).
Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper (1961) refers to this phenomenon as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (p. 49).
Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper refers to this phenomenon as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence.”12
(Match number (12) to endnote at the bottom of the page)
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12. Stephen C. Pepper, World Hypotheses (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1961), 49.
Author not named in a signal phrase
This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (Pepper 49).
This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (Pepper, 1961, p. 49).
This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence.”12
12. Stephen C. Pepper, World Hypotheses
(Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1961), 49.
Unknown author
This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (World Hypotheses 49).
This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (World Hypotheses, 1961, p. 49).
This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence.”12
12. World Hypotheses, (Los Angeles:
University of California Press, 1961), 49. Unknown page number
This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (Pepper).
This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (Pepper, Evidence and Corroboration section, para. 22).
This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence.”12
12. Stephen C. Pepper, World Hypotheses, (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1961).
More than one work by the same author
Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper refers to this phenomenon as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (World Hypotheses 49), which he hints toward in earlier work as well (“Emergence” 241).
Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper refers to this phenomenon as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (World Hypotheses, 1961, p. 49), which he hints toward in earlier work as well (“Emergence”, 1926, p. 241).
Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper refers to this phenomenon as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence,”12 which he hints toward in earlier work as well.13
12. Stephen C. Pepper, World Hypotheses, (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1961), 49.
13. Stephen C. Pepper, “Emergence,” The Journal of Philosophy 23, no. 9 (1926).
Two or three authors
Shirley K Rose and Irwin Weiser note in Going Public the importance of redefining expectations for faculty work
Rose and Weiser (2010) note the importance of redefining expectations for faculty work (p. 3).
Shirley K Rose and Irwin Weiser note in Going Public the importance of redefining expectations for faculty work.6
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(3). 6. Shirley K Rose and Irwin Weiser, Going Public, (Utah: University Press, 2010).
Four or more authors
Some studies that focus specifically on undergraduate perspectives of academic writing found a variety of approaches (Anderson et al. 11).
In 1990, Anderson, Best, Black, Hurst, Miller, and Miller produced a study that focused specifically on undergraduate perspectives of academic writing, and they found a variety of approaches in place (p. 11).
Some studies that focus specifically on undergraduate perspectives of academic writing found a variety of approaches.2
2. Worth Anderson and Others, “Cross-‐
Curricular Underlife: A Collaborative Report on Ways with Academic Words,” College Composition and Communication 41, no. 1.
Corporate author
The American Psychological Association’s study demonstrated the significant role of prayer as a coping mechanism for health (67).
This study demonstrated the significant role of prayer as a coping mechanism for health (American Psychological Association, 2011, p. 67).
This study demonstrated the significant role of prayer as a coping mechanism for health.9
9. American Psychological Association, “National Trends in Prayer Use as a Coping Mechanism for Health Concerns: Changes from 2002 to 2007,” Psychology of Religion and Spirituality.
Authors with the same last name
Use the first initial to differentiate (A. Smith 19).
Use the first initial to differentiate (A. Smith, 2009, p. 19).
Does not apply because endnotes will differentiate.
Encyclopedia Romance languages have a curious history (“Romance Languages”).
Romance languages have a curious history (Posner, 1987).
Use endnote only, does not appear in bibliography.
1. The Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropedia, 15th ed., s.v. “Romance Languages.”
Multivolume work
Use the volume number followed by the page number in the citation, e.g., (2: 119).
Use the page number and date; indicate the volume in the reference section only.
10. Phillip P. Weiner, Dictionary of the History of Ideas, 6 vols, (Charles Scribner and Sons, 2004).
Two or more works in the same parentheses
Many 19th century American authors noted the importance of religion in conceiving nature (Emerson 1123; Thoreau 1994).
Many 19th century American authors noted the importance of religion in conceiving nature (Emerson 1836; Thoreau, 1862).
Many 19th century American authors noted the importance of religion in conceiving nature.22
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22. Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” 1862; Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Nature,” 1836.
An entire work
Thoreau’s “Walking” demonstrates a fascination with sauntering.
Thoreau’s “Walking” (1862) demonstrates a fascination with sauntering.
Thoreau’s “Walking” demonstrates a fascination with sauntering.22
22. Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” 1862.
Work in an anthology
Use the selection’s name and page number, not the editor. The life of poverty in the south is captured by Hurston’s candid autobiography, “From Dust Tracks on a Road” (336).
Cite the specific work only, not the anthology or its editor. The life of poverty in the south is captured by Hurston’s candid autobiography, “From Dust Tracks on a Road” (1942).
19. Zora Neale Hurston, “From Dust Tracks on a Road,” in The Norton Book of American Autobiography, ed. Jay Parini (New York: Norton, 1999), 336.
Multimedia Sources Video or film Cite as in-‐text document using release
date. The role of Irish folklore is depicted in contemporary films such as John Sayles’s, The Secret of Roan Inish.
Cite as in-‐text document using release date. The role of Irish folklore is depicted in contemporary films such as John Sayles’s, The Secret of Roan Inish (1993).
45. The Secret of Roan Inish, DVD, directed by John Sayles (1993; Culver City, CA: Columbia Tristar Home Video, 2000).
Podcast/ YouTube
Use video author/podcast name and given title. The quirks of spending become obvious when listening to productions such as David Kesetenbaum’s podcast, “A Big Bridge in the Wrong Place,” on Planet Money.
Use video/podcast author name, if known, title, and posting date. The quirks of spending become obvious when listening to productions such as David Kesetenbaum’s podcast, “A Big Bridge in the Wrong Place,” on Planet Money (2011).
Treat as a document from a website.
31. David Kestenbaum, “A Big Bridge in the Wrong Place,” Planet Money Podcast, National Public Radio, http://www.npr.org/blogs/money
Lecture/ Public address
The problem of violent death among delinquent youths was carefully documented by Teplin et al. in an address delivered in 2005 at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-‐
The problem of violent death among delinquent youths was carefully documented by Teplin et al. in an address delivered at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-‐
If using an unpublished lecture or address, cite in writing only. President Obama noted during an address on August 1, 2011 that . . .
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Law-‐Society. Law-‐Society (2005). If using a published lecture or address, follow this example:
41. Linda A. Teplin and Others, “Early Violent Death in Delinquent Youth: A Prospective Longitudinal Study,” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-‐Law-‐Society, La Jolla, CA, March 2005.
Other Sources The Purdue OWL
Karl Stolley and Allen Brizee write in the Online Writing Lab at Purdue University, “Research-‐based writing in American institutions, both educational and corporate, is filled with rules that writers, particularly beginners, aren't aware of or don't know how to follow” (“Avoiding Plagiarism”).
Karl Stolley and Allen Brizee (2011) write in the Online Writing Lab at Purdue University, “Research-‐based writing in American institutions, both educational and corporate, is filled with rules that writers, particularly beginners, aren't aware of or don't know how to follow.”
Karl Stolley and Allen Brizee note, “Research-‐based writing in American institutions, both educational and corporate, is filled with rules that writers, particularly beginners, aren't aware of or don't know how to follow.”23
23. Karl Stolley and Allen Brizee, “Avoiding Plagiarism,” Purdue Online Writing Lab, Purdue University, http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/ 589/01/
Government publication
According to the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, the Emerald Ash Borer invasion in Pennsylvania has led to dozens of county quarantines in recent years.
The Emerald Ash Borer invasion in Pennsylvania has led to dozens of county quarantines in recent years (Pennsylvania DCNR, 2011).
27. Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Forestry Publications: Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, 2011.
