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Term 3, 2020 CVEN3101 ENGINEERING OPERATIONS AND CONTROL

Instructor: Dr X Shen

Date: 28 September 2020

Quality Management

Revanth

Construction Quality

The Quebec Bridge Collapse on August 29, 1907

Iron Ring

(Courtesy: Wiki)

Learning Objectives

• What are the differences between Quality Assurance and Quality Control? • What’s Total Quality Management? • How to implement Quality systems in Construction?

(Courtesy: CPMPro)

Outline

• Definition of Quality Terms • Quality Standards

– International Standards Organization (ISO) – Six Sigma Approach

• Total Quality Management

(Courtesy: NASTOS)

Quality Management

• A major management function within construction companies • Contractor selection: “Price”+ “Quality” • An efficient quality system is needed to stay competitive in the market

“Do it right - the right time”

Quality Management

(Courtesy: viddyadrian)

Quality Assurance

• The standards to which the construction or assembly of a building component has been incorporated into the project design • QA covers all activities from design, development, production, installation, servicing and documentation

Quality Assurance

• Quality assurance emphasises defect prevention • Developing and Implementing quality systems

– Develop quality manuals – Introduce the system – System evaluation

Quality Control

• QC refers to the process that verifies these standards have been met • Most often implemented in manufacturing • Monitoring the quality of finished products through statistical measures and • An overall corporate commitment to producing defect-free products

Quality Control

Major Objectives – Ensure the completed work meets the

specification – Reduce customers’ or clients’ complaints – Increase customers’ or clients’ confidence – Reduce production costs

Quality Control in Construction

• The central feature to all quality control systems is that of inspection • Tow forms of inspection in construction

– Quantitative: e.g. line, level, verticality and dimensions

– Open to inspector’s interpretation: e.g. cleanliness, fit, tolerances and visual checks

QA vs. QC

Quality Assurance Quality Control A systematic set of activities to provide confidence that requirements are established

The process by which quality is compared with applicable standards

An activity that establishes and evaluates the processes

An activity which verifies if the product meets pre- defined standards

Helps establish processes Implements the process (Courtesy: Sid Calayag)

QA vs. QC

Quality Assurance Quality Control Sets up measurements programs to evaluate processes

Verifies if specific attribute(s) are in a specific product or service

Identifies weakness in processes and improve them

Identified defects for the primary purpose of correcting the defects

Prevents the introduction of issues or defects

Detect, reports and corrects defects

(Courtesy: Sid Calayag)

QA vs. QC

Quality Assurance Quality Control Evaluates whether quality control is working for the purpose of determining weakness in the process

Evaluates if the application is working for the purpose of determining defect in the functionalities

Improves the process that is applied to multiple products

Improves the development of a specific product or service

QA personnel should not perform quality control unless doing it to validate quality control is working

QC personnel may perform quality assurance tasks if and when required

(Courtesy: Sid Calayag)

Example

• American Concrete Institute (ACI) Specification 301 for cast-in-place columns • The contractor is directed to install the column plumb to a tolerance of plus or minus 6 mm in any 3 m • The contractor is verifying that this tolerance has been met

The International Standard Organization (ISO)

• The ISO was founded in 1946 to promote voluntary manufacturing and trade communication standards

(Courtesy: ISO & HSG)

ISO in Construction

• ISO Certification for Construction Companies 1980: only two of the largest 100 construction firms in USA were ISO-certified

– 1999: increased to 22 – 2009: more than 20,000 companies worldwide

• ISO involvement in the design and construction industry: Common Computer Language

The International Standard Organization (ISO)

• ISO 9000 and ISO 9001, 2, 3, and 4 related to Construction Management responsibilities

– Quality system principles – Internal audits – Contract review – Design control – Purchasing

The International Standard Organization (ISO)

– Process control – Product identification and traceability – Inspections and testings – Corrective actions – Handling, storage, packaging, and delivery – After-sales servicing – Quality records – Training – Purchaser-supplied products

Six Sigma Approach

• Motorola Corporation was the originator of the Six Sigma approach to quality control • In the 1970s, Motorola sold the TV manufacturing business to a Japanese company in US • 1/20th the number of defects was achieved • Over the next 10 years, Motorola developed the Six Sigma

Six Sigma Approach

• The process cannot produce more than 3.4 defects per million opportunities Six Sigma Training of In-house Leaders

– Green Belts: 5 days of training – Black Belts: 160 hours of classroom training – Master Black Belts: highest level of technical

and organizational proficiency, technical leader

Six Sigma Approach

Process of Improvement: DMAIC – D: Define the goals – M: Measure the existing

systems to establish a metric – A: Analyse the system to

identify ways to eliminate the gap between existing and goal

– I: Improve the system – C: Control the new system

(Courtesy: Lean Six Sigma)

Total Quality Management (TQM)

• Total quality management encompasses elements that form the basis of a companywide focus on quality • Led by senior management • Involves all employees

(Courtesy: Legacy Elec)

Total Quality Management (TQM)

• The pursuit of total quality is seen as a never-ending journey of continuous improvement

• Quality chains – The responsibility of each person to the

people they deal with – Every process is formed by the logical

progression through a number of operations

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Management Principles – Commitment to quality – Top management: initiating TQM – Middle management: understanding and

promoting and managing – All employees: being pride of involvement

Learning Objectives

• What are the differences between Quality Control and Quality Assurance? • What’s Total Quality Management? • How to implement Quality systems in Construction?

(Courtesy: CPMPro)

Quality Terms (ISO 8402:1994) Quality:

– An entity has characteristics. Some of these characteristics are derived from stated or implied needs. The set of these special need-oriented characteristics makes up the quality of an entity.

Quality assurance: – A set of activities whose purpose is demonstrate that

an entity meets all quality requirements. Quality control:

– A set of activities or techniques whose purpose is to ensure that all quality requirements are being met.

Quality Terms (ISO 8402:1994) Quality management:

– All the activities that managers perform in an effort to implement their quality policy, including quality planning, quality control, quality assurance, and quality improvement.

Total quality management: – A management approach that tries to achieve and

sustain long-term organisational success by encouraging employee feedback and participation, satisfying customer needs and expectations, respecting societal values and beliefs, and obeying governmental statutes and regulations.

Questions?