Discussion
Food Chemistry HTM301 – Food Science & Production Version: September 4, 2019
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photos & illustrations from [Myhrvold, N., Young, C., & Bilet, M. (2011). Modernist cuisine: The art and science of cooking. Cooking Lab] unless otherwise cited
What is Stuff?
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1. Matter 2. Elements
• A species of , which have the same chemical characteristics
3. Atoms (unit) • Smallest unit of an . • Sub‐atomic particles: (+), ( ), (‐)
4. Molecule (unit) • Group of ≥ 2 . • Held together by . • Sharing .
• Water • Salt • Baking Soda• H
• O • Na • Cl • C
• H2O • NaCl • NaHCO3
• H: 1P; 1N; 1e • O: 8P; 8N; 8e • Na: 11P; 12N; 11e • Cl: 17P; 18N; 17e • C: 6P; 6N; 6e
Charge & Magnetism
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• Protons ❤ Electrons • Opposite charges attract ; vise‐versa • Electrons are always in motion • Electrons orbit protons at different distances
• Chemical Reactions ‐ encounters btwn atoms and or molecules where: • Electrons are lost/gained/shared. • Some molecules gain/lose electrons more
readily than others. ie. , .
Bonds
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Type of Bond Power Distribution Strength eg Ionic Between atoms ‐ uneven Strong The bond between Sodium and
Cloride in table salt (NaCl) Na+ + Cl‐
Covalent Between atoms ‐ equal Strong The Hydrogen bonds with Oxygen in Water (H2O)
Between Polar Molecules Between entire molecules Weak Molecular cohesion between water molecules
Between Non‐Polar Molecules
Between entire molecules Very Weak
Why molecules of oils move slowly and create viscousness
Types of Bonds
Energy & Bonds
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• Kinetic energy = movement, motion • Bond energy = electromagnetic
Kinetic energy > Bond energy
.
Heat is energy!
Energy & Bonds: Phase Change
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Requires more energy (heat)
melts boils
How much heat is needed depends on the strength of the bonds between atoms/molecules.
• Low kinetic energy • ∴ Electromagnetic
bonds prevail • Can be crystalline • Can be amorphous
• Kinetic energy enough to break a fixed structure
• Electromagnetic forces still influence cohesion
• Kinetic energy enough to break a fixed structure, and electromagnetic forces.
sublimation
Energy & Food
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http://www.seriouseats.com/2010/08/how‐to‐boil‐water‐faster‐simmer‐temperatures.html
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• Proteins Denature • Myosin (~122F) • Collagen (~140F) • Actin (~150F)
• Collagen Hydrolyzes (160F)
• Dehydration
• Pectin & Hemicellulose dissolve • Water Steam or Ice
• Breaks cell walls • Steams 2x (in‐out ; out‐in)
Water is Weird
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High “Latent Heat of Vaporization”
melts boils
• Low kinetic energy • Electromagnetic bonds prevail
• Crystalline • Compared to water: • !Greater volume • !Less dense
• Electromagnetic forces still influence cohesion
• Molecular Cohesion • Surface Tension
• Surprisingly high amount of heat needed given how light water is.
Water is ____________, with relatively strong inter‐molecule _________ bonds.
Water is Weird
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Temps to Remember
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http://www.seriouseats.com/2010/08/how‐to‐boil‐water‐faster‐simmer‐temperatures.html
Temp Process 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 212 215 220 225 230 Fructose Starts to Caramelize 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 Maillard Really gets going 315 320 Glucose/Sucrose Start to Caramelize 325 330 335 340 345 350 355
Ca ra m el iz at io n
Pyrolysis
Pr ot ei ns
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St ea m
Pr es su re
Co ok er
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G el at in iz at io n
St ar ch & C ol la ge n
Medium Steak
Water Boils
The Scientific Method HTM301 – Food Science & Production Version: September 5, 2019
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Wash, Rinse, Repeat.
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1. Observe & Question • What do you see/notice? • Based on observation, what are you curious about?
2. Hypothesize • With background research, create a testable explanation.
3. Design an Experiment • Define independent & dependent variables. • Define the control and experimental conditions.
• Control for all possible influences, leaving just your testable explanation variable.
• Declare a prediction ‐ what results do you expect from your experiment?
4. Run the Experiment • Observe, record, analyze results.
Now you try it!
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1. Observe & Question
2. Hypothesize
3. Design an Experiment
4. Run the Experiment