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microbiology_course_Material_UnownLabReport2.pdf
Unknown Lab Report Jiayi Luo 05/06/2022
Test Reagents Positive Result Negative Result
Unknown Gram + Result Gram + Result Photo
Unknown Gram - Result Gram - Result Photo
Gram Stain Crystal violet Iodine Alcohol Safranin
Blue/ Purple color
Pink/ Red color
Positive Negative
MSA MSA Agar Yellow halo around the bacterial colony
No growth Positive N/A No growth
PEA PEA Agar Growth No growth Positive N/A No growth
TSA TSA Agar Growth Growth Positive Negative
Test Reagents Positive Result Negative Result
Unknown Gram + Result Gram + Result Photo
Unknown Gram - Result Gram - Result Photo
MacConkey MacConkey Agar
No growth Lactose fermenters turn red or pink
N/A No growth Negative
Oxidase Tetra-methyl- p-phenylenedia mine Reagent
Blue color in 20 seconds or less
Blue color after 20 seconds
Negative Positive
Catalase Hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)
Bubble No Bubble Positive Positive
Glucose Fermenter
Phenol Red Yellow Red Positive Positive
Test Reagents Positive Result Negative Result
Unknown Gram + Result Gram + Result Photo
Unknown Gram - Result Gram - Result Photo
Motility (SIM) SIM Broth Bacteria grow away from stab
Bacteria not grow away from stab
N/A Not Done Negative
Indole (SIM) Kovsc’s Reagent
Red/ Pink Color
Not Red/ Pink Color
N/A Not Done Negative
Methyl Red (MR) MR/ VP Broth
Methyl Red
Red Color Yellow Color Negative Negative
Test Reagents Positive Result Negative Result
Unknown Gram + Result Gram + Result Photo
Unknown Gram - Result Gram - Result Photo
Vogues Proskauer (VP)
- MR/ VP Broth;
- Barrit’s Reagent A; Barrit’s Reagent B
Red Color Not Red Color
Positive Positive
Citrate Citrate Agar Blue Color Green Color Negative Positive
Hydrogen Sulfide (Sulfur)
Sulfur Agar Blcak color Not black color
N/A Not done Negative
Test Reagents Positive Result Negative Result
Unknown Gram + Result Gram + Result Photo
Unknown Gram - Result Gram - Result Photo
Nitrate to Nitrite (Nitrate reduction)
1. Nitrate broth.
2. If there are no bubbles in the tube, add the addition of nitrate reagent A and B.
3. Add sprinkle of Einc powder if not turn red in the step 2
- Air bubble in tube
- Red color after add 8 drops reagent A and B
-clear after add sprinkle of Einc powder
- Red color after add sprinkle of Einc powder
Positive (turn red after added 8 drops of nitrate reagent A and B)
Positive (turn red after added 8 drops of nitrate reagent A and B)
Gelatin Hydrolysis Gelatin Hydrolysis Broth
Runny Solid Positive Negative
Starch Hydrolysis Iodine light brown color around growth
Agar is completely black color
Negative Negative
Test Reagents Positive Result Negative Result
Unknown Gram + Result Gram + Result Photo
Unknown Gram - Result Gram - Result Photo
Urea Hydrolysis Urease Broth Pink color Not Pink color
Positive Negative
Lysine Decarboxylase
Lysine Decarboxylase Broth
Purple color Brown/ Yellow color
N/A Not done Positive
Ornithine Decarboxylase
Ornithine Decarboxylase Broth
Purple color Brown/ Yellow color
N/A Not done Positive
Test Reagents Positive Result Negative Result
Unknown Gram + Result Gram + Result Photo
Unknown Gram - Result Gram - Result Photo
Phenylalanine Deaminase
Ferric Chloride Reagent
Green color Yellow color N/A Not done Negative
Lactose Phenol Red Yellow Color Red/ Orange color
Positive Positive
Mannitol Phenol red Yellow Color
Red/ Orange Color
Negative Positive
Test Reagents Positive Result Negative Result
Unknown Gram + Result Gram + Result Photo
Unknown Gram - Result Gram - Result Photo
Sucrose Phenol Red Yellow Color
Red/ Orange Color
Positive Positive
Gram Positive Bacteria Gram Stain Shape Arrange Spores Gas Needs Oxidase Catalase Glucose Hemolysis Motility Indole MR VP Citrate H2S Nitrate Gelatin Starch Urea Pigment Lysine Ornithene Phenylala Gas Glu Lactose Mannitol Sucrose
Bacillus cereus Positive Rod Bacillus/
Cocobacillus Positive Facultative V Positive Positive Positive Positive Negative V V Negative Negative V Positive V V Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative V
Bacillus Subtilis Positive Rod Bacillus/
Cocobacillus Positive Aerobe V Positive Positive V V Negative V V Postive Negative V Positive V Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative V Positive Postive
Corynebacterium xerosis Positive Rod Bacillus/
Cocobacillus Negative Facultative Negative Positive Positive Negative Negative Negative V Negative Negative V Negative Negative V Negative Negative Negative Positive
Enterococcus faecalis Positive Cocci Coccus - pairs or chains predominate Negative Facultative Negative Negative Positive Negative Negative V Negative Positive Negative Negative Negative Positive Positive Positive
Micrococcus luteus Positive Cocci
Coccus - clusters or groups predominat Negative Aerobe Positive Positive Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Positive Negative V Positive Negative Negative
Staph aureus Positive Cocci
Coccus - clusters or groups predominat Negative Facultative Negative Positive Positive Positive Negative Positive Positive V V Positive Negative V Positive Positive
Staph epidermidis Positive Cocci
Coccus - clusters or groups predominat Negative Facultative Negative Positive Positive V Negative Positive Positive Positive Negative V Positive Negative Positive
Gram Negative Bacteria Gram Stain Shape Arrange Spores Gas Needs Oxidase Catalase Glucose Hemolysis Motility Indole MR VP Citrate H2S Nitrate Gelatin Starch Urea Pigment Lysine Ornithene Phenylala Gas Glu Lactose Mannitol Sucrose
Alcaligenes faecalis Negative Rod Bacillus/
coccobacillus Negative Aerobe Positive Positive Negative Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative V V Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative
Citrobacter freundii Negative Rod Bacillus/
coccobacillus Negative Facultative Negative Positive Positive V V Positive Negative V V Positive Negative Negative V Negative Negative Negative Negative V V Positive Positive
E. coli Negative Rod Bacillus/
coccobacillus Negative Facultative Negative Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative Negative Positive Negative V Negative Negative Positive V Negative Positive Positive Positive V
Enterobacter aerogenes Negative Rod Bacillus/
coccobacillus Negative Facultative Negative Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative Positive Positive Negative Positive Negative V Negative Negative Positive Positive Negative Positive Positive Positive Positive
Klebsiella pneumoniae Negative Rod Bacillus/
coccobacillus Negative Facultative Negative Positive Positive Negative Negative Negative Positive Positive Negative Positive Negative V Positive Negative Positive Negative Negative Positive Positive Positive Positive
Morganella morganii Negative Rod Bacillus/
coccobacillus Negative Facultative Negative Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative Negative Positive Negative Negative Positive Negative Negative Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative Negative
Proteus mirabilis Negative Rod Bacillus/
coccobacillus Negative Facultative Negative Positive Positive Positive Negative Positive V V Positive Positive Positive Postive Negative Negative Negative Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative V
Proteus vulgaris Negative Rod Bacillus/
coccobacillus Negative Facultative Negative Positive Positive V Positive V Negative V V V V Negative V Negative Negative Negative Positive V Negative Negative Positive
Providencia stuartii Negative Rod Bacillus/
coccobacillus Negative Facultative Negative Positive Positive V Positive Positive Positive Positive Negative Positive Negative Negative V Negative Negative Negative positive Negative Negative Negative V
Salmonella enterica Negative Rod Bacillus/
coccobacillus Negative Facultative Negative Positive Positive Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Positive Positive Negative Negative Negative positive positive Negative positive Negative positive Negative
Shigella sonnei Negative Rod Bacillus/
coccobacillus Negative Facultative Negative Positive Positive Negative Negative Positive Negative Negative Negative Positive Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Positive Negative Negative Negative Positive Negative
Gram Positive Bacillus cereus; Bacillus Subtilis; Corynebacterium xerosis; Enterococcus faecalis; Micrococcus luteus; Staph aureus; Staph epidermidis
Catalase
Negative: Enterococcus faecalis
Positive: Bacillus cereus; Bacillus Subtilis; Corynebacterium xerosis; Micrococcus luteus; Staph aureus; Staph epidermidis
Glucose
Negative: Micrococcus luteus
Positive: Bacillus cereus; Bacillus Subtilis; Corynebacterium xerosis;Staph aureus; Staph epidermidis
Mannitol
Positive: Bacillus Subtilis; Staph aureus
Negative: Bacillus cereus; Corynebacterium xerosis; Staph epidermidis
Lactose
Positive: Bacillus cereus
Negative: Bacillus cereus; Corynebacterium xerosis;
Gelatin
Negative: Corynebacterium xerosis
Positive: Staph epidermidis
Pigment
Negative: Bacillus Subtilis
Positive: Staph aureus
Gram Negative Alcaligenes faecalis; Citrobacter freundii; E. coli; Enterobacter aerogenes; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Morganella morganii;
Proteus mirabilis; Proteus vulgaris; Providencia stuartii; Salmonella enterica; Shigella sonnei
Oxidase
Positive: Alcaligenes faecalis
Negative: Citrobacter freundii; E. coli; Enterobacter aerogenes; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Morganella morganii; Proteus mirabilis; Proteus vulgaris; Providencia stuartii; Salmonella enterica; Shigella sonnei
Lysine
Negative: Citrobacter freundii; Morganella morganii; Proteus mirabilis; Proteus vulgaris; Providencia stuartii; Shigella sonnei
Positive: E. coli; Enterobacter aerogenes; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Salmonella enterica
Urea Hydrolysis
Positive: Klebsiella pneumoniae
Negative: E. coli; Enterobacter aerogenes; Salmonella enterica
Citrate
Negative: E. coli
Positive: Enterobacter aerogenes; Salmonella enterica
Methyl Red
Positive: Salmonella enterica
Negative: Enterobacter aerogenes;
Phenylala
Negative: Citrobacter freundii; Shigella sonnei
Positive: Morganella morganii; Proteus mirabilis; Proteus vulgaris; Providencia stuartii;
Sucrose
Positive: Citrobacter freundii
Negative: Shigella sonnei
Ornithine Decarboxylase
Positive: Morganella morganii; Proteus mirabilis
Negative: Proteus vulgaris; Providencia stuartii
Indole
Positive: Morganella morganii;
Negative: Proteus mirabilis
Voges Proskauer
Negative: Proteus vulgaris
Positive: Providenci a stuartii
Dichotomous Key - Unknown Bacteria Project
Gram Positive Bacillus cereus; Bacillus Subtilis; Corynebacterium xerosis; Enterococcus faecalis; Micrococcus luteus; Staph aureus; Staph epidermidis
1. Catalase
a. If bacteria is a catalase negative………………..Enterococcus faecalis
b. If bacteria is a catalase positive…………………..go to 2
2. Glucose
a. If bacteria is a glucose negative……………………...Micrococcus luteus b. If bacteria is glucose positive………………………go to 3
3. Mannitol
a. If bacteria is mannitol positive…………………..go to 4
b. If bacteria is mannitol negative……………………go to 5
4. Pigment
a. If the bacteria is pigment positive……………………Staph aureus
b. If the bacteria is pigment negative………………….Bacillus Subtilis
5. Lactose
a. If the bacteria is lactose positive……………………Staph epidermidis
b. If the bacteria is lactose negative…………………..go to 6
6. Gelatin
a. If the bacteria is gelatin positive……………………Bacillus cereus
b. If the bacteria is gelatin negative………………….Corynebacterium xerosis
Gram Negative Alcaligenes faecalis; Citrobacter freundii; E. coli; Enterobacter aerogenes; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Morganella morganii; Proteus mirabilis; Proteus vulgaris; Providencia stuartii; Salmonella enterica; Shigella sonnei
1. Oxidase
a. If the bacteria is oxidase positive…………………………Alcaligenes faecalis
b. If the bacteria is oxidase negative………………………. go to 2
2. Lysine Decarboxylase
a. If the bacteria is lysine decarboxylase positive…………go to 3
b. If the bacteria is lysine decarboxylase negative…………go to 6
3. Urea Hydrolysis
a. If the bacteria is urea hydrolysis positive………….Klebsiella pneumoniae
b. If the bacteria is urea hydrolysis negative…………..go to 4
4. Citrate
a. If the bacteria is citrate positive…………………………go to 5
b. If the bacteria is citrate negative………………………..E. coli
5. Methyl Red
a. If the bacteria methyl red is positive………………Salmonella enterica
b. If the bacteria methyl red is negative………………Enterobacter aerogenes
6. Phenylalanine Deaminase
a. If the bacteria phenylalanine deaminase is negative……..go to 7
b. If the bacteria phenylalanine deaminase is positive………go to 8
7. Sucrose
a. If the bacteria is sucrose positive……………………Citrobacter freundii
b. If the bacteria is sucrose negative…………………...Shigella sonnei
8. Ornithine Decarboxylase
a. If the bacteria ornithine decarboxylase is positive ……………go to 9
b. If the bacteria ornithine decarboxylase is negative……………go to 10
9. Indole
a. If the bacteria indole test is positive………..………...Morganella morganii
b. If the bacteria indole test is negative…………….……Proteus mirabilis
10. Voges Proskauer
a. If the bacteria voges proskauer is positive……………..Providencia stuartii
b. If the bacteria voges proskauer is negative…………….Proteus vulgaris
Identification page:
Gram-positive bacteria: Staph epidermidis
Gram-negative bacteria: Enterobacter aerogenes
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Introduction Enterobacter aerogenes is a pathogenic bacterium that may be acquired in a hospital setting and
induce illnesses ( Ramirez, & Giron, 2021 ). The bacterium is gram-negative and rod-shaped in morphology that is becoming more resilient to drugs. E. aerogenes is a bacterium that is often present in the mammalian digestive system and does not normally cause illness in otherwise healthy people. It has been discovered to exist in a variety of waste products, hygiene chemicals, and dirt. It is possible to get adult meningitis, urinary tract infections (UTIs), gastrointestinal infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and lung infections when infected with Enterobacter aerogenes ( Ghazvini, & Farsiani, 2020 ). Clinical presentation
My fiction patient presents with urinary tract symptoms. they include; increased urge to urinate as well as increased frequency of micturition. therefore, patients will tend to use the bathroom more frequently than before, and they will not be able to hold urine for long following the urge to micturate. Additionally, the patient may also resent with pain and discomfort during urination, described as burning sensation during micturition ( Ramirez, & Giron, 2021 ). Determination of the causative organism s important in ensuring adequate treatment of patients, prevent resistance to medication and ensure complete recovery. To identify the organism, the doctor can order for urine culture ( Adhikari, et al.,2021 ). In this test, the present bacteria are given time to grow and multiply, then the microbiologist can use the microscope to view the present organism. Treatment
Enterobacter aerogenes s resistant to many antibiotics. Therefore, improper treatment may lead poor recovery. To ensure that the right medication is prescribed, the urine culture described above is subjected to various antibiotics to determine the one that works best. There are few antibiotic options for the treatment of Enterobacter aerogenes. When it comes to treating Enterobacter aerogenes, antibiotic resistance is becoming more of an issue. Fluoroquinolones beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, beta-lactamase inhibitors, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and Carbapenems are all possible therapies ( Ramirez, & Giron, 2021 ). Cephalosporins of the first and second generations are typically ineffective towards Enterobacter aerogenes. Even though third-generation cephalosporins could be beneficial against certain forms of Enterobacter, they may also lead to multidrug resistant illness. Third-generation cephalosporins are expected to generate or choose derepressed AmpC beta-lactamase genetic variations in Enterobacter, resulting in excessive production of the enzyme and resilience development ( Davin-Regli, et al.,2015 ). Because of the greater potential of resistance, third-generation cephalosporins are not advised in serious Enterobacter aerogenes illnesses, especially Enterobacter aerogenes, one of the most medically significant Enterobacter species. Other resistance strategies involve the use of plasmid-transferable AmpC genes and a variation in the AmpR repressor. Patient outcomes
After culture and sensitivity was conducted, the patient was prescribed imipenem. Following treatment, the patient recovered and was discharge. With proper medical management, patients are likely to recover fully, while improper management could lead to drug resistance, and eventually sepsis. Localized infection can spread to the entire body, affecting the meninges, to cause meningitis, which is very fatal it is important that such severe infections be treated aggressively, to foster patient recovery, ad well as preventing complications. In some patents, it may require more than on antibiotic treatment, especially those whose immunity is suppressed ( Wesevich, et al.,2020 ). Patient outcomes are enhanced when patents take all medications s prescribed. According to Wesevich, et al.,(2020 ). It was discovered that individuals with K. aerogenes BSI had a considerably worse treatment outcomes than individuals with Ecc BSI. Poor therapeutic outcomes is a compressed factor that is described as being existent when the individual either dies before being discharged from the facility, has reoccurring illness, or develops a morbidity as a result of the bloodstream infection. A surprising 70% of individuals with K. aerogenes bloodstream infection (BSI) had a bad clinical prognosis (( Wesevich, et al.,2020 ).). Many of the distinct elements that compose this parameter were quantitatively greater in individuals with K. aerogenes BSI than in the general population.
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Nevertheless, only the rate of AKI was significant statistically between the 2 categories, out of all of the distinct elements examined. Individuals with K. aerogenes BSI had a higher risk of AKI, which makes it more difficult to figure out why. Sepsis-induced AKI may arise via a variety of routes.
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References Adhikari, S., Sapkota, S., Poudel, P., Regmi, R. S., Kafle, S., Baral, S., ... & Rijal, K. R. (2021). Comparison of Urine Dipstick Nitrite Test with Urine Culture in the Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection. Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal , 17 (4), 331-340.
Davin-Regli, A., & Pagès, J. M. (2015). Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae; versatile bacterial pathogens confronting antibiotic treatment. Frontiers in microbiology , 6 , 392. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00392
Ghazvini, K., & Farsiani, H. (2020). Clinical and pathogenesis overview of Enterobacter infections. Reviews in Clinical Medicine , 6 (4), 146-154.
Ramirez, D., & Giron, M. (2021). Enterobacter infections. In StatPearls [Internet] . StatPearls Publishing.
Wesevich, A., Sutton, G., Ruffin, F., Park, L. P., Fouts, D. E., Fowler, V. G., Jr, & Thaden, J. T. (2020). Newly Named Klebsiella aerogenes (formerly Enterobacter aerogenes) Is Associated with Poor Clinical Outcomes Relative to Other Enterobacter Species in Patients with Bloodstream Infection. Journal of clinical microbiology , 58 (9), e00582-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00582-20
