MGT515
AKA-Pro
MGT515-10.pptxMGT 515 Sustainability Management
Week 10
Boiler and Turbine
Fuel to Boiler
Additional Components
Use Waste Heat
An Improved Boiler
And Eventually – A Power Plant
Power in the Wind
P = ½ r A V3 , where
P is power
The air density is r
A is the area intercepted by the wind
V is the wind velocity
Why wind speed is so important!
Consider 20 mph vs. 10 mph
P2/P1 = (V2/V1)3
= (20/10)3 = 8 times
Consider 7 mph vs. 6 mph
only a 17% greater wind speed, but
P2/P1 = (7/6)3 = 1.60 or 60% greater
What about density?
Turbine manufacturers assume 1.225 kg/m3 or 0.076 lb./ft3 for air density
Meteorologists like to use power density or P/A = ½ r V3
P/A = 0.6125 V3 watts/m2 where wind speed is in m/s
P/A = 0.05472 V3 watts/m2 where wind speed is in mph
Wind Speed Frequency Distribution
Wind varies with time – use the
Average wind speed?
Average wind power?
Average of the cube is greater than the cube of the average
Wind blows 50% 5 mph and 50% 15 mph
Average speed 10 mph: 103 = 1000
But 53 = 125 and 153 = 3375; average = 1750
Wind Speed and Height
Rate of increase varies with vegetation, terrain and climate
North America uses power law
V/Vo = (H/Ho)a or V = (H/Ho)aVo
where a is 1/7 or 0.14
P = (H/Ho)3a Po
Surface Roughness Exponent, α
| Terrain | Surface Roughness Exponent, a |
| Water or ice | 0.1 |
| Low grass or steppe | 0.14 |
| Rural with obstacles | 0.2 |
| Suburb and woodlands | 0.25 |
Wind Shear Formula
Assume we know that the wind is blowing at 7.7 m/s at 20 m height. We wish to know the wind speed at 60 m height. If the roughness length is 0.1 m, then
v ref = 7.7
z = 60
z 0 = 0.1
z ref = 20 hence,
v = 7.7 ln(60/0.1) / ln(20/0.1) = 9.2966 m/s
Why Turbines Need Towers!
Wind Resource Forecasting
Step 1: Numerical weather prediction (NWP)
Step 2: Historical performance vs. NWP
Mean Absolute Error Forecasting
Probabilistic Forecast Scenario
Wind Class Definitions
| Class | 30 m height | 50 m height | ||
| Wind speed m/s | Wind power W/m 2 | Wind speed m/s | Wind power W/m 2 | |
| 1 | 0-5.1 | 0-160 | 0-5.6 | 0-200 |
| 2 | 5.1-5.9 | 160-240 | 5.6-6.4 | 200-300 |
| 3 | 5.9-6.5 | 240-320 | 6.4-7.0 | 300-400 |
| 4 | 6.5-7.0 | 320-400 | 7.0-7.5 | 400-500 |
| 5 | 7.0-7.4 | 400-480 | 7.5-8.0 | 500-600 |
| 6 | 7.4-8.2 | 480-640 | 8.0-8.8 | 600-800 |
| 7 | 8.2-11.0 | 640-1600 | 8.8-11.9 | 800-2000 |
U. S. Wind Power
Wind Resource Map
Power Via Distributed Generation
Large power plants pollute
Transmission losses from wind farms
Power outages affect commerce and residents
Distributed generation may be the answer
24
A Small Wind Turbine for Distributed Generation
A new technology by TurbodynamX (TBX)
12 KW in power
Quiet
Tubular mast
25
The Project in Motion
Install Prototype Wind Turbine on Northerly Island
Test to validate performance
Install other wind turbine technology
Additional power via solar technologies
Renovate main building to achieve LEED Platinum and use as research center
Produce hydrogen from water and renewable energy
All vehicles powered by hydrogen
Island becomes energy independent and emission free
27
Possible Wind Turbine Research
Power & wind relationships
Screen size & turbine efficiency
Impact of weather or seasons
Turbine impact on wildlife
Noise and lighting impact on wildlife
Assess blade colors on visibility
28
Additional Need to Protect Birds?
Assess need for bird protection
Install screen
29
Primary Objections to Wind Turbines
Noise
Cost Effectiveness
Siting and Power Losses
Bird Mortality
30
Simple Geothermal System
History of Solar Energy
1839 – Alexandre Edmond Becquerel (19 yrs. old)
1883 – Charles Fritts: describes first solar cells
1888 – Edward Weston: first patent for solar cell
1901 – Nikola Tesla: apparatus for radiant energy
1905 – Albert Einstein: photoelectric effect
History of Solar Energy (cont’d)
1922 – Albert Einstein: Nobel Prize for photoelectric effect
1954 – Bell Labs: first silicon PV cell
1955 – Western Electric: licenses silicon PV technology
1958 – PV array powers radios on space satellite
1966 – NASA launches orbiting observatory with 1 kW
History of Solar Energy (cont’d)
1970s – Research drives prices down 80%
1980s – Continued improvements increase efficiency
1990 – Germany launches “100,000 Solar Roofs” program
1994 – Japan begins “70,000 Solar Roofs” PV program
1998 – California initiates “Emerging Renewables Program”
History of Solar Energy (cont’d)
2002 – CA begins “Self Generation Incentive Program”
2004 – Sharp, Kyocera, Shell, BP & RWE SCHOTT
2006 – CA: CSI 10-year $3 billion subsidy program
2007 – CA: CSI program exceeds expectations
2008 – Solar power takes off in CA
History of Solar Energy (cont’d)
Cost of Solar Energy
1956 -- $300 per watt
1975 -- $100 per watt
2018 -- $0.50 per watt
Photovoltaic (PV) Cell
Measure of Watts
Kilowatt – 103 watts
Megawatt – 106 watts
Gigawatt – 109 watts
Terawatt – 1012 watts
Petawatt – 1015 watts
Sun’s Energy Balance – by intensity
Sun’s Energy Balance – by percent
The Makeup of the Sun’s Energy
Aspects of Solar Energy
Air Mass – AM1
Direct and Diffuse Light
Insolation
U.S. Solar Energy Source
World Solar Energy Source
Incident Solar Radiation – Insolation
Illinois Power 101
https ://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VX4-eqSjfSk
https :// www.youtube.com/watch?v=hHDSIdIugR8
https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcccSWrKtJ0
PV Performance
Current-Voltage Measurements
Factors Affecting Conversion Efficiency
Wavelength
Recombination
Natural Resistance
Temperature
Reflection
Electrical Resistance
Solar Thermal Types of Systems
Passive vs. Active
Direct vs. Indirect
Solar Thermal Generation Technologies
Parabolic Trough
Parabolic Trough
Parabolic Trough
Solar Thermal Generation Technologies
Parabolic Trough
Central Receiver (power tower)
Central Receiver (power tower)
Central Receiver Power Tower
Central Receiver Power Tower
World’s Largest Solar Plant – NV
Solar Thermal Generation Technologies
Parabolic Trough
Central Receiver (power tower)
Compact Linear Fresnel Reflector (CLFR)
Fresnel Lens
Compact Linear Fresnel Reflector
Solar Thermal Generation Technologies
Parabolic Trough
Central Receiver (power tower)
Compact Linear Fresnel Reflector (CLFR)
Dish/Engine
Parabolic Dish
Parabolic Dish
Need for Storage
Solar Thermal Storage
Sensible Heat
Latent Heat
Thermochemical
Solar Resource – U.S., Germany, Spain
