This is a 5-6 pages eassy about management called Interview Experience and Synthesis Paper.

The History of Management

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LEARNING OUTCOMES

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1 Explain the origins of management

2 Explain the history of scientific management

3 Discuss the history of bureaucratic and administrative management

4 Explain the history of human relations management

5 Discuss the history of operations, information, systems, and contingency management

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Exhibit 2.1 Management Ideas and Practices throughout History

Source: C. S. George, Jr., The History of Management Thought (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1972).

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Exhibit 2.1 Management Ideas and Practices throughout History

Source: C. S. George, Jr., The History of Management Thought (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1972).

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Scientific Management

• Thoroughly studying and testing different work methods • Identifies the best, most efficient way to

complete a job • Frederick W. Taylor - Father of scientific

management • Developed four principles of scientific

management • Introduced the time study

• Time study: Time taken by good workers to complete each part of their jobs

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Exhibit 2.2 Taylor’s Four Principles of Scientific Management

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Scientific Management

• Frank and Lillian Gilbreth • Employed motion study to simplify work and

improve productivity • Motion study: Breaking each task or job into

its separate motions and then eliminating those that are unnecessary or repetitive

• Henry Gantt - Developed Gantt chart • Gantt chart: Indicates what tasks must be

completed at which times in order to complete a project

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Bureaucratic Management

• Max Weber - Proposed the idea of bureaucracy • Bureaucracy: Exercise of control on the basis of

knowledge, expertise, or experience • Characterized elements of bureaucracies

• Qualification based hiring and merit-based promotion

• Chain of command and division of labor • Impartial application of rules and procedures • Records in writing • Managers separate from owners

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Principles of Management by Henry Fayol

• Division of work • Authority and

responsibility • Discipline • Unity of command • Unity of direction • Subordination of

individual interests to the general interests

• Remuneration

• Subordination of individual interests to the general interests

• Centralization, scalar chain

• Order, equity • Stability of tenure of

personnel • Initiative • Esprit de corps

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Human Relations Management

• Mary Parker Follett • Developed the approach of integrative conflict

resolution • Integrative conflict resolution: Approach to

deal with conflict in which both parties indicate their preferences • Find an alternative that meets the needs of both

parties

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Human Relations Management

• Elton Mayo • Played a significant role in Hawthorne Studies

• Chester Barnard • Proposed a comprehensive theory of

cooperation in formal organizations • Organization: System of consciously

coordinated activities or forces created by two or more people

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Operations Management

• Eli Whitney - Private gun contractor • Introduced the concept of manufacturing using

standardized, interchangeable parts • Gaspard Monge

• Explained techniques for drawing three- dimensional objects on paper

• Oldsmobile Motor Work • Invented just-in-time inventory systems

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Information Management

• Paper and printing press revolutionized the business use of information

• Typewriters and personal computers enabled easier and faster production of business correspondence

• Telegraph, telephone, and the Internet increased access to timely information

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Systems Management

• System: Set of interrelated elements or parts that function as a whole • Subsystems: Smaller systems that operate

within the context of a larger system • Synergy: Occurs when subsystems can

produce more than they can working apart • Types of systems

• Closed systems: Sustain themselves without interacting with their environments

• Open systems: Sustain themselves only by interacting with their environments

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Contingency Management

• Contingency approach • Holds that there are no universal management

theories • Effective management theory depends on the

kinds of problems that managers are facing at a particular time and place

SUMMARY

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• Scientific management • Frederick W. Taylor - Time study • Frank and Lillian Gilbreth - Motion study • Henry Gantt - Gantt chart

• Bureaucratic management • Max Weber - Proposed the idea of bureaucracy

• Human relations management • Mary Parker Follett - Integrative conflict

resolution • Elton Mayo - Hawthorne Studies

SUMMARY

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• Chester Barnard - Comprehensive theory of cooperation

• Operations management • Eli Whitney - Manufacturing using standardized,

interchangeable parts • Gaspard Monge - Techniques for drawing three-

dimensional objects on paper • Oldsmobile Motor Work - Invented just-in-time

inventory systems

SUMMARY

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• Information management • Paper and printing press revolutionized the

business use of information • Systems management

• System is a set of interrelated elements or parts that function as a whole

• Synergy occurs when subsystems produce more than they can working apart

• Contingency management • Holds that there are no universal management

theories

KEY TERMS

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• Scientific management

• Soldiering • Rate buster • Motion study • Time study • Gantt chart • Bureaucracy • Integrative conflict

resolution • Organization

• System • Subsystems • Synergy • Closed systems • Open systems • Contingency approach

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