The impact of education on income（use spss do some data analysis）
Ivan.YY
Method.pptxMethod
Sections
The Method section has three main subsections
Participants
Materials
Procedure
Each subsection can have its own heading
Participants
How many?
How were they selected (e.g. from Academic Writing and Reading Class).
Essential demographics information: percentage female (or male), age range and average age, and the percentage of participants belonging to various ethnic groups if any. Include what is relevant only.
Discuss rules used to include other participants if any. However, it is not necessary to include if no data were excluded.
Did the participates receive any form of incentive
State your sampling procedure, (Random, convinience e.t.c.), for example “We randomly selected 100 children from high schools near UCASS main campus."
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Materials
In this section, you should provide a description of any equipment or physical settings that were important aspects of your study.
Example:
Measuring participant's response speed to a stimulus on a computer screen.
You have to describe: software you are using, important characteristics of the monitor (size, refresh rate, contrast, etc. but not always necessary), and distance of participants from the monitor.
Discuss variables, control variables, and any extraneous variables that might influence your results.
Explain whether your experiment uses a within-groups or between-groups design.
Example: The experiment used a 3x2 between-subjects design. The independent variables were age and understanding of second-order beliefs.
Questionnaire
The source of the questionnaire. Cite. Include the tool full name followed by abbreviation and citation of original author Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI; Cooper, 1997), after that, you can call it the OSI.
What is the questionnaire measuring? Note: questionnaire is an instrument to measure variables not to test hypothesis.
For example, your questionnaire cannot directly measure “whether Chinese boys have different attitudes toward basketball.” Your questionnaire can only measure attitudes.
The number of items in your questionnaire
If you are creating a new questionnaire, place the full set of items in an Appendix and refer the reader to the Appendix:
Any reliability estimates (e.g., Cronbach’s alpha, test-retest reliability) that might be available from previous research.
Example 1
Example 2
Procedure
The researcher provides a step-by-step description of the participants’
experience.
Don't Describe:
Any data analysis
Actions taken by the researcher that do not directly involve the participants.
Procedure
Step-by-step of how you collected the data
Were surveys filled out in a classroom? The mall? Was the researcher present?
Procedure
Write in order which events occurred
usually starts with informed consent procedure
Discuss experimental design
Describe each condition, how students were assigned to each condition (randomly assigned), counterbalancing, etc.
When? (during regular class time?)
Instructions to participants
Where? (each person in own room or group format?)
How? (paper and pencil? Internet? All in one packet? Order of measures?)
Debriefing
Things to include
Instructions to participants. What were they told the study was about? “Participants were briefed that the study was designed to decribe male behaviour toward speeding”.
Informed consent. Did the researcher administer informed consent?
Assignment to conditions. How was this done? Were participants randomly assigned?
Experimental manipulations. How were participants treated across conditions?
Duration. How long did the procedure take? “Participants generally completed the questionnaire within 10 minutes.”
Debriefing. Were participants debriefed? Were they given a written debriefing or did the researcher conduct an oral debriefing?
Dismissal. This is a concise way to conclude the Procedure section, e.g., “Participants were given a written debriefing, thanked for their participation, and were dismissed.”
Homework
Write the method section:
Collect your data
Perform reliability and validity tests on your samples and instruments used(If self designed).
Write your Method exactly as discussed in class.
Submit Next Week.
