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M A K K A H C P I P R O F I L E 2016

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CONTENTS 0 2

LIST OF TABLES 0 3

LIST OF FIGURES 0 3

ABBREVIATIONS 0 3

INTRODUCTION 0 4

OVERVIEW OF THE CITY 0 5

Historical Background of the Holy City of Makkah 0 5

Geography and Location 0 5

Demographic Background 0 5

Socio-Economic Background 0 6

Trend on Urban Growth and Existing Spatial Plans 0 6

Overall City Prosperity Index for the Holy City of Makkah 0 8

THE CITY PROSPERITY INDEX (CPI) - ASSESSMENT 0 8

Analysis of the Productivity Dimension 0 9

Analysis of the Infrastructure Dimension 1 0

Analysis of Quality of Life Dimension 1 1

Analysis of Equity and Social Inclusion Dimension 1 3

Analysis of Environmental Sustainability Dimension 1 4

Analysis of Governance and Legislation Dimension 1 5

SWOT Analysis based on City Prosperity Index Assessment 1 6

LOCAL URBAN OBSERVATORIES 1 7

About Urban Observatories 1 7

HOLY CITY OF MAKKAH – Local Urban Observatory. 1 7

Performance of the Local Urban Observatories 1 7

REFERENCES 1 8

M A K K A H C P I P R O F I L E 2016

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LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

KSA Kingdom of Saudi Arabia CPI City Prosperity Index LUO Local Urban Observatories SWOT Analysis Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats Analysis UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme MOMRA Ministry of Municipality and Rural Affairs FSCP Future Saudi Cities Programme GIS Geographic Information System GUO Global Urban Observatory NUO National Urban Observatory MDGs Millennium Development Goals PI Productivity Index IDI Infrastructure Development Index QoLI Quality of Life Index ESII Equity and Social Inclusion Index ESI Environmental Sustainability Index GLI Governance and Legislation Index

Table 1: Productivity Index (54.2%) 09 Table 2: Infrastructure Development Index (54.4%) 10 Table 3: Quality of Life Index (52.9%) 12 Table 4: Equity and Social Inclusion Index (63.6%) 13 Table 5: Environmental Sustainability Index (33.3%) 14 Table 6: Governance and Legislation Index (60.4%) 15 Table 7: CPI Based SWOT Analysis 16

Figure 1: Trend of Population and Household Units 05 Figure 2: Land use and Urban Growth Limit 07 Figure 3: Scale of Urban Prosperity 08 Figure 4: City Prosperity Index Dimensions 09 Figure 5: Productivity Indicators 09 Figure 6: The Infrastructure Development Indicators 11 Figure 7: The Quality of Life Indicators 12 Figure 8: Equity and Social Inclusion Indicators 13 Figure 9: Environmental Sustainability Indicators 14 Figure 10: Governance and Legislation Indicators 15

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INTRODUCTION

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Source: Mekkah Local Urban Observatory

The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-

HABITAT) and Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs in the

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (MOMRA) jointly launched UN-

HABITAT Saudi Arabia Programme titled “ Future Saudi

Cities Programme (FSCP)”. The UN-HABITAT Office provides

technical support to the MOMRA and targets 17 key cities

in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The cities include Riyadh,

Makkah, Jeddah, Taif, Medina, Tabouk, Dammam, Qatif, Ihsa,

Abha, Najran, Jazan, Hail, Araar, AlBaha, Buraydah, and Sakaka,

to respond to national and local urban challenges.

UN- Habitat provides a new approach for measuring urban

prosperity: which is holistic, integrated and essential for the

promotion and monitoring of socio-economic development,

inclusion and progressive realization of the urban-related

human rights for all. This new approach redirects cities to

function towards a path of an urban future that is economically,

politically, socially and environmentally prosperous. The new

approach or monitoring framework, The Cities Prosperity

Index (CPI), is a multidimensional framework that integrates

six carefully selected dimensions and several indicators

that relate to factors and conditions necessary for a city to

thrive and prosper. The six dimensions include productivity,

infrastructure development, equity and social inclusion,

environmental sustainability, and urban governance. The

CPI uses the concept of The Wheel of Urban Prosperity and

the Scale of Urban Prosperity to enable stakeholders to assess

achievements in cities. The City Prosperity Index (CPI) not only

provide indices and measurements relevant to cities, but it is

also an assessment tool that enables city authorities as well

as local and national stakeholders, to identify opportunities

and potential areas of intervention for their cities to become

more prosperous.

Under the umbrella of FSCP, The UN-HABITAT and MOMRA

in cooperation with the city administration and the Local

Urban Observatory, have been working on developing urban

statistics and spatial information (Geographic Information

System) to provide relevant urban information that strongly

support decision-making process on urban development and

urban planning in the city.

This CPI Profile Report applies the CPI framework and provide

a summary of the basic information and urban statistics about

the City and gives an overview of the city’s achievements,

opportunities and potential areas that contribute to

its prosperity in areas such productivity, infrastructure

development, equity and social inclusion, environmental

sustainability and urban governance and legislation.

Source: Mekkah Local Urban Observatory

M A K K A H C P I P R O F I L E 2016

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H I S T O R I C A L B A C K G R O U N D O F T H E H O LY C I T Y O F M A K K A H

Makkah is the holiest city in the Islamic world. It was in this

city that Prophet Muhammad –the Messenger of God, peace

be upon him, was born in the year 570 CE. Prophet Mohamed

(peace be upon him) received the revelation of God’s message

in the year 610 CE, and it’s from the Holy City of Makkah that

he started to preach/spread the message. The Grand Holy

Mosque is in the city. All Muslims are expected to undertake a

pilgrimage (hajj), to Makkah at least once in their lifetime during

the Muslim month of Dhu-al-Hijah (the twelfth lunar month).

G E O G R A P H Y A N D L O C AT I O N

The Holy City of Makkah is the capital city of the Makkah

Region. The city is located about 73 km east of Jeddah and

sits at a height of 909 feet above sea level. The located of the

city is in a valley region within a mountainous corridor often

termed as the “Hollow of Makkah.”. The Holy City of Makkah

exhibits a typical hot and dry, desert climate. In the summer

the temperatures can go as high as beyond 400C. Makkah

area has very low rainfall scattered between the months of

November and January. The city has a geographical area of

about 1,349Km2.

D E M O G R A P H I C B A C K G R O U N D

The permanent population of City was about 1.5 million in

1429H (2010)1 , today it stands at about 1.97 million. The city

population is about 22.2% of the regional population, and it

is expected to reach 3.8 million by 1462H (2040). The annual

growth rate of the permanent population is about 3.3%. Also,

the city receives about 5million pilgrims each year during

Hajj; it is expected to witness a sharp growth in the number

of pilgrims in the next 30 years. The average household size in

the city is 5.1 persons per household. The city of Makkah has

a young population, 44% of the city’s population comprises of

people below the age of 24 years, and 52% of the population

is below 30 years, and only about than 3% of the population

is above 65 years.

1 National report KSA (2015), Third United Nation Conference on Housing and

Sustainable Urban Development (HABITAT III)

ା Figure 1: Trend of Population and Household Units

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Tha annual religious service of the pilgrimage is the backbone

of the city’s economy, most economic activities and the main

sources of income for the largest number of Makkah residents

revolve around goods and services offered to the pilgrims

(about 5million p.a). The unemployment rate in the city is 4.7%,

and about 17% are the informal type of employment. The

annual average household income is USD (PPP) 32387, about

SAR 121,451. There are many and various types of industrial

products in the Makkah region. In terms of investments, oil

refinery products is ranking first with 33.2%, followed by the

food and beverage with 15.5%, building materials and glass

wear with 11%, rubber, plastics and plastic products with

8.5%, basic metal industries with 5.4% and lastly the chemical

substances and products by 2.6%.

T R E N D O N U R B A N G R O W T H A N D E X I S T I N G S PAT I A L P L A N S

The Holy City of Makkah annually accommodates more than

4 million pilgrims coming from all over the world and also

from the different regions within Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

As a result, it disrupts the urban system and affects the urban

dynamics of the city. Apart from the rapid growth of the

permanent population of the city, the Hajj has had a significant

impact on the urban growth and development of the City as

well. Although the surrounding mountain ranges constrain

the urban extent of Makkah, the land use mix of the city has

drastically changed over the last decade to cope with the

increasing services required for the ever increasing number

of pilgrims and permanent inhabitants. Before 1955 the city

growth was characterized by the confined distribution around

The Holy Mosque, limiting the city area to about 700 hectares.

During this time developments were mostly unplanned and

spontaneous. The topographic barriers such as mountains

were the main limiting factor for the city lateral spreading.

Since 1955 there have been two distinct phases of the spatial

evolution and development of the City. The first phase (from

1955 to 1986) witnessed a rapid growth; tunnels were

constructed in Makkah to connect the new neighborhoods

with the old city. During this phase, the Holy Mosque witnessed

the first extension and modernization, at the expense of the

surrounding areas. The second phase started from 1986 to the

present and is characterized by the extensive modernization

of old urban areas, the consumption of space parcels, and

for the first time the development of urban areas on rock-cut

parcels at the foot-slopes of surrounding mountains. The new

plans for housing are now stretching on alluvial soil outside

the old city core and being connected by modern transport

networks and tunnels.

Source: Mekkah Local Urban Observatory

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Prosperity is about successfully meeting today’s needs without compromising tomorrow and working together for a smart competitive economy, in a socially inclusive society and a healthy, vibrant environment for individuals, families, and communities. In order to measure the current and future progress of cities on the road to prosperity, UN-Habitat introduced a monitoring framework: The Cities Prosperity Index. This index, along with a conceptual matrix, The Wheel of Urban Prosperity, are intended to help decision-makers and partners to use existing evidence and formulate clear policy interventions for their cities. The UN-Habitat’s Cities Prosperity Index (CPI) allows authorities and local groups to identify opportunities and potential areas for action or adjustments in order to make their cities more prosperous.

The City Prosperity Index (CPI) is a multidimensional measurement framework that integrates several dimensions and indicators that are not only related but have a direct and indirect influence on each other on the path to prosperity. These components are embodied in the following six dimensions: Productivity, Infrastructure Development, Quality of life, Equity and social inclusion, Environmental sustainability, and Governance and legislation. Since the indicators of prosperity are measured in different units, the CPI computation starts with the standardization/normalization of the indicators into values ranging between 0 and 11 , the standardized values

1 Can also be expressed in percentages so that values range between 0% and 100%,

as used in this report.

are aggregated stepwise to create the single value called the City Prosperity Index. The chart shows the six-point scale of urban prosperity. This section applies the CPI framework, the concept of the Wheel of Urban Prosperity and the Scale of Urban Prosperity to conduct an assessment of the level of prosperity in the city.

The assessment provides an indication of the strengths or weaknesses in the factors of prosperity (using the scale of urban prosperity); it also provides an indication of the level of achievement towards the set prosperity goals called benchmarks (through the CPI scores); and highlights whether there are disparities between and within the six dimensions of prosperity (Wheel of Urban Prosperity-stressing balance). An in-depth analysis of the findings will help to identify which particular indicators and sub-dimensions contribute to high or low values in each of the dimensions and the CPI scores.

O V E R A L L C I T Y P R O S P E R I T Y I N D E X F O R T H E H O LY C I T Y O F M A K K A H

The city of Makkah has an overall city prosperity index score of 54.2%; the city has a moderately weak rating according to the global scale of urban prosperity. The prosperity of cities requires a good balance of strong indicators of prosperity. A combination where some indicators are too low while others are very high is undesirable 2. This weak rating suggests that most of the city’s prosperity dimensions are weak and may also lack balance. The dimensions of prosperity in which the city performs dismally include infrastructure dimension (54.4%), quality of life dimension (52.9%), environmental sustainability (33.3%), and productivity (54.2%). The only dimensions rated as strong are the equity and social inclusion (63.6%) and urban governance and legislation (60.4%). The mixture of low and high values is observable in the shape of the radar chart below which instead of taking the shape of a round wheel it takes the shape of a flat tire.

The analysis in the following sections will dissect all the dimension of prosperity, identify areas of strength and weaknesses, and suggest areas which need urgent interventions to improve the overall prosperity level in the city.

2 It’s based on the concept of a round wheel, the urban wheel of prosperity, capable

of driving a city to prosperity.

T H E C I T Y P R O S P E R I T Y I N D E X ( C P I ) - A S S E S S M E N T

ା Figure 3: Scale of Urban Prosperity

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Sub-Dimension Indicator Actual Units Standardized Comments

Economic Growth (71.5%)

City Product per Capita 19,552.00 USD (PPP)/Inhab 65.8% M Strong

Mean Household Income 32,387.20 USD(PPP) 67.8% M. Strong

Old Age Dependency Ratio 4.83 % 80.8% V. Strong

Employment (69.9%)

Employment to Population Ratio 55.28 % 55.7% M. Weak

Informal Employment 17.00 % 90.6% V. Strong

Unemployment Rate 4.74 % 63.4% M. Strong

Economic Agglomeration (21.3%)

Economic Density 182,361,374 USD (PPP)/km2 21.3% V. Weak

ା Table 1: Productivity Index (54.2%)

ା Figure 5: Productivity Indicators

ା Figure 4: City Prosperity Index Dimensions A N A LY S I S O F T H E P R O D U C T I V I T Y D I M E N S I O N

The productivity dimension measures how a city contributes to economic growth and development, how it generates income, employment and provide equal opportunities to its inhabitants. The findings show that the productivity dimension for the Holy City of Makkah is 54.2% which is moderately weak according to the global scale of prosperity. The weak rating implies that the city’s productivity dimension may include indicators that are very weak. According to the findings in the table below, economic growth (72%) and employment (70%) sub- dimensions are strong whereas the economic agglomeration which measures the spatial distribution of the outcomes of productivity is very weak. It is, therefore, clear that the productivity of the city is strong, but it is watered down by the extremely weak economic density (21.3%).

The overall score for the productivity dimension is weak

mainly because of two indicators namely economic density

and employment to population ration. By tackling these two

indicators, the productivity of the city will move from weak

to strong.

M A K K A H C P I P R O F I L E 2016

A N A LY S I S O F T H E I N F R A S T R U C T U R E D I M E N S I O N

Well functioning basic urban infrastructure is a fundamental

element of the community. Infrastructure ensures public

health and safety, supports local economic development

and contributes toward the delivery of public services to

the community. The benefits of a functional basic urban

infrastructure, therefore, are overwhelmingly community

wide. The infrastructure dimension measures how a city

uses its resources to provide a functional and efficient

basic infrastructure, physical assets and amenities. Basic

services such piped water, sanitation, power supply, road

network, information and communications technology are

required to sustain the population, economic development,

and a better quality of life. The statistics in the table below

indicates that the Holy City of Makkah has a moderately weak

infrastructure development index with 54.4%. The weakness

in the infrastructural development is associated with the

poor social infrastructure with 25.2% and urban mobility

with 25%. Nevertheless, the city enjoys a strong housing

infrastructure with 73.2%, ICT infrastructure with 71.1%

and street connectivity with 77.3%.

Sub-Dimension Indicator Actual Units Standardized Comments

Housing Infrastructure (73.2%)

Access to Electricity 97.50 % 97.3% V. Strong

Access to Improved Sanitation 68.50 % 62.9% M. Strong

Access to Improved Water 71.90 % 43.8% Weak

Access to Improved Shelter - % - -

Population Density 9,326.99 Inhab/Km2 62.2% V. Weak

Sufficient Living Area 99.70 % 100.0% V. Strong

Social Infrastructure (25.2%)

Number of Public Libraries 0.21 #/100,000

inhab. 0.0% V. Weak

Physician Density 2.10 #/1,000 inhab. 50.4% M. Weak

ICT (71.1%)

Average Broadband Speed - Mbps - -

Home Computer Access 55.50 % 55.5% Strong

Internet Access 86.60 % 86.6% V. Strong

Urban Mobility (25.0%)

Average Daily Travel Time 27.00 minutes 100.0% V. Strong

Affordability of Transport - % - -

Length of Mass Transport Network 0.00 Km/1M Inhab. 0.0% V. Weak

Road Safety (traffic fatalities) 41.12 #/100,000

inhab. 0.0% V. Strong

Use of Public Transport 5.37 % 0.0% V. Weak

Street Connectivity (77.3%)

Intersection Density 111.10 #/km2 100.0% V. Strong

Land Allocated to Streets 23.12 % 57.1% Strong

Street Density 14.98 Km/KM2 74.9% Strong

ା Table 2: Infrastructure Development Index (54.4%)

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ା Figure 6: The Infrastructure Development Indicators

The poor score observed in the urban mobility infrastructure

dimension is due to the very low usage of public transport,

high rate of fatal traffic accidents and lack of mass public

transport system. Similarly the social infrastructure also has

very weak rating mainly because only one of its indicators is

strong, the rest are weak, for example, the city has a negligible

number of public libraries and inadequate medical personnel

compared to it’s large and rapidly growing population. The ICT

infrastructure is strong mainly because of the high internet

access (86.6%); however, it is hampered by the low access to

home computers with 55.5%. The housing infrastructure is

strong mainly because only one out of the five indicators is

weak. Similarly, the street connectivity is also strong but has

one weak indicator.

A N A LY S I S O F Q U A L I T Y O F L I F E D I M E N S I O N

The quality of life is about happiness, wellbeing and a sense

of security in the society, the quality of life index is a measure

of the level of achievement a city has made in the provision of

important services and facilities that directly affect the well-

being of individuals and the society at large. Such services

and facilities may include social services, education, health,

recreation, safety, and security, etc. Although the quality of

life index for the Holy City of Makkah is only 52.9% which is

moderately low, it has some strong sub-dimensions to build on

to achieve a high quality of life. The main sources of strength

in the quality of life are the health provision with 60.5% and

the safety and security of 91.5%. The other two dimension are

the weak especially availability of public spaces for recreation

is too low.

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Source: Mekkah Local Urban Observatory

M A K K A H C P I P R O F I L E 2016

To improve the quality of life, the focus should be directed

to extremely weak indicators such as uplifting the situation

in early childhood education programmes and provision of

more public spaces especially the green area per capita. Net

enrolment rate in higher education is also low.

Sub-Dimension Indicator Actual Units Standardized Comments

Health (60.5%)

Life Expectancy at Birth 73.80 years 71.9% M. Strong

Eradicate Maternal Mortality 38.70 #/100,000 live births

47.8% Weak

Eradicate Under-5 Mortality 11.80 #/1000 live

births 61.9% M. Weak

Vaccination Coverage - % - -

Education (53.0%)

Early Childhood Education 4.63 % 4.6% V. Weak

Net Enrolment in Higher Education

49.95 % 50.0% Weak

Literacy Rate 94.00 % 93.1% V. Strong

Mean Years of Schooling 9.00 % 64.3% M. Weak

Safety and Security (91.5%)

Homicide Rate 2.94 #/100,000

inhab. 85.4% V. Strong

Theft Rate 32.90 #/100,000

inhab. 97.7% V. Strong

Public Space (6.7%)

Green Area per Capita 1.00 m2 /

inhabitant 6.7% V. Strong

Accessibility to Open Public Space

- % - -

ା Table 3: Quality of Life Index (52.9%)

ା Figure 7: The Quality of Life Indicators

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A N A LY S I S O F E Q U I T Y A N D S O C I A L I N C L U S I O N D I M E N S I O N

Every municipality is unique, so there are many critical paths

to advance equity and inclusion. When a municipality works

for those who are most at risk of exclusion, including the youth,

children, and women from a diversity of backgrounds, they

work for everyone. In the 21 century and beyond cities should

be inclusive and resources distributed equitably among all

citizens. No matter how rich a city is with high average income

or good infrastructure - no city can claim to be prosperous

when large segments of its population live in deprivation. In

this respect, the Holy City of Makkah can be said to be doing

fairly well. The ESII for the city is moderately strong (63.6%).

The good performance can be associated with the high scores

in social inclusion with 67.5% and gender inclusion with 66.5%.

Nonetheless, economic inclusion is not good but is only 2.5%

away from a strong rating.

Sub-Dimension Indicator Actual Units Standardized Comments

Economic Inclusion (56.8%)

Poverty Rate 5.23 % 56.8% M. Weak

Social Inclusion (67.5%)

Slum Households 26.00 % 67.5% M. Strong

Youth Unemployment - % - -

Gender Inclusion (66.5%)

Equitable Secondary School Enrollment

0.96 0 - ∞ 95.8% V. Strong

Women in local government 39.57 % 79.1% Strong

Women in the workforce 12.30 % 24.6% V. Weak

ା Table 4: Equity and Social Inclusion Index (63.6%)

ା Figure 8: Equity and Social Inclusion Indicators

The high scores in equity and social inclusion is a real testimony

of a city for all people from all walks of life. It, therefore, follows

that the city should improve the economic integration aspect to

put the city on its path to prosperity will all its people on board.

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A N A LY S I S O F E N V I R O N M E N TA L S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y D I M E N S I O N

Massive growth is threatening the sustainability of cities

and the quality of city life. Mass urbanization can lead to

social instability, undermining the capacity of cities to be

environmentally sustainable and economically successful. Cities

should ensure that as they grow and develop economically, the

city environment is not destroyed or degraded but remains

healthy and loveable; the city’s natural assets and resources

are preserved for the sake of the future generations. The

ESI measures how cities’ progress towards a sustainable city

environment. The findings in the table below show that the

Holy City of Makkah has a poor sustainability score (33.3%).

The city’s main weakness is a lack of renewable energy and

lack of solid waste recycling both with 0%.

Although the management of waste collection is very good,

there is no waste recycling programme at all; this will lead

to huge landfills which are a big threat to the environment.

Overdependence on fossil fuel as the only source of energy is

also a source of air pollution.

Sub-

Dimension Indicator Actual Units Standardized Comments

Energy (0%) Share of renewable

energy consumption 0.00 ug/m3 0.0% V. Weak

Waste Management

(66.7%

Solid Waste Collection 100.00 % 100.0% V. Strong

Solid waste recycling share 0.00 % 0.0% V. Weak

Waste water treatment 100.00 % 100.0% M. Strong

ା Table 5: Environmental Sustainability Index (33.3%)

ା Figure 9: Environmental Sustainability Indicators

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A N A LY S I S O F G O V E R N A N C E A N D L E G I S L AT I O N D I M E N S I O N

Good governance and applicable legislation are prerequisites

for sustainability and growth; it’s only through good urban

governance and accountable leadership that a city can be

able to deploy appropriate and effective policies, laws and

regulations, and create adequate institutional frameworks

required for growth and prosperity. With an index of 60.4%,

the Holy City of Makkah can be said to have a fairly good

governance and legislation system. The city’s strongest pillar

of good governance and legislation is in the management of

municipal finances. However, the city is lacking in participation

and accountability aspects. To forge ahead in the prosperity

path, the city needs to improve by opening more space for

public participation and leadership accountability.

Sub-Dimension Indicator Actual Units Standardized Comments

Participation & Accountability

(20.8%) Voter turnout 20.80 % 20.8% V. Weak

Municipal Finance (100.0%)

Own revenue collection 100.00 % 100.0% V. Strong

Days to start business 2.00 Days 99.9% V. Strong

Local expenditure efficiency - % - -

ା Table 6: Governance and Legislation Index (60.4%)

ା Figure 10: Governance and Legislation Indicators

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STRENGTH WEAKNESSES

1. Good economic growth fundamentals such as moderately, low old age dependency ratio and good employment factors are good for the city economic stability.

2. High literacy rate: the youth and women have untapped potential to contribute allot to economic growth. There is allot of unutilised skilled manpower (human capital), especially among women.

3. Good safety and security, as well as political stability, provide a conducive environment for growth and development.

4. There is good healthcare provision in the city: a healthy population is productive, happy and peaceful.

5. Equitable secondary school enrolment is a very strong point towards achieving gender balance and inclusion.

1. Provision of education especially early childhood and enrolment in higher education are too low.

2. Low access to clean water – access to improved water is basic.

3. Few public libraries – libraries promote learning and access to information and provide empowering knowledge.

4. Low physician density and high maternal mortality – compromises the quality of healthcare.

5. Access to home computers – home computers and internet access improve access to information.

6. Use of public transport is very low and there is over- dependence on private cars for transport even for short distances, not good for the environment and lack of physical activity is not good for health.

7. Few women in the workforce – literacy and education level among Saudi women is considerably high; this is a critical economic resource in terms of manpower.

8. Poor availability of public spaces in the city – limiting recreation and better quality of life.

9. Relatively high poverty rate – increased number of people with deprivations.

OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

1. Good and Stable economic fundamentals create a good environment for growth and development in many areas of the economy. Eradication of the informal employment is a big advantage.

2. High internet access present good opportunity to encourage higher speeds and promote innovation in the ICT sector especially among the youth with young creative minds.

3. High street intersection density and street density which should encourage alternative means of transport such as walking and cycling especially early morning and evening.

4. High productivity, good economic fundamentals, good safety & security and political stability in the city provide a conducive environment for attracting foreign investments.

5. Literacy and education level among Saudi women is considerably growing due to equitable access to education; this is a critical economic resource in terms of manpower that can be used to fill the gaps of skilled manpower that the economy needs.

6. For the environment – the high of solid waste collection is a good starting point for recycling and ensuring a clean environment.

1. Low employment to population ratio is not good in a country with generally young population; bulging youth population mean high labour force in near future. Demographic phenomenon.

2. High investment is required to meet the needs of the rapidly growing population.

3. There are other factors affecting the already low usage of public transport such as cultural and extreme temperature unless they are appropriately addressed they may affect the usage of the Metro Train system as a public transport system when it is completed.

4. No renewable energy – complete dependence on fossil fuel which is not renewable source may not be the best for the city. Investment in other renewable energy sources such as the solar and the wind is advisable.

5. The poverty level is relatively higher in the city compared to other cities.

ା Table 7: CPI Based SWOT Analysis

S W O T A N A LY S I S B A S E D O N C I T Y P R O S P E R I T Y I N D E X A S S E S S M E N T

This section attempts to analyze the findings of the CPI and use it to identify areas of Strength, Weaknesses or Challenges,

Opportunities for growth and possible Threats that the city may have so that appropriate recommendations and actions can

be designed.

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L O C A L U R B A N O B S E R VAT O R I E S

A B O U T U R B A N O B S E R VAT O R I E S

Urban Observatories is a global network with the following

tiers: Global Urban Observatory (GUO) –Regional Urban

Observatories (RUO) National Urban Observatories (NUO)

Local Urban Observatories (LUO) (city level). NUOs are national

platforms for policy information the country level, coordinated

by GUO. LUOs are local platforms for policy information at

the city level, coordinated by National Urban Observatories.

The following are the main roles of Local Urban Observatories:

Develop tools, collect and analyze urban indicators to monitor

a range of local priority issues – e.g. social development,

economic performance, service delivery; Establish permanent

mechanisms for monitoring MDGs and Urban Development

Indicators; Promote the use of urban data in planning and

policy- making at local and national level and participate in

addressing urban challenges resulting from urban development

and population growth.

The are also required to disseminate information to strengthen

transparency; Create a network of data management and

flow from the sources and to the consumers; Help create or

catalyse new partnerships between (National Statistical Office

and local authority, Different municipal departments, Citizens

and local authority); and to Establish strong links with local

policy making processes.

According to a rapid survey conducted by UN-Habitat-KSA

in June 2015 targeting 17 LUO/cities, it was found that only

15 LUOs exist. The findings showed that 88% of Local Urban

Observatories are under Municipal Departments while 12%

are under Authority Development. It also revealed that 71%

of the Local Urban Observatories are Active while 23% have

suspended operations due to staff/contractual arrangements.

In terms of connections with the GIS departments, 59% of the

LUOs have connections with the GIS department while 18%

do not. The findings showed that 71% of the LUOs have GIS

data while 6% do not have.

H O LY C I T Y O F M A K K A H – L O C A L U R B A N O B S E R VAT O R Y.

The Local Urban Observatory in the Holy City of Makkah was

established in 2008 (7 years) as an independent unit located

within the municipality to be responsible for developing tools,

collecting and analyzing urban indicators at the city level.

The LUO has a total of 13 employees, of which 7 are consultants

provided by a private consulting firm contracted to do

management of the LUO, three are Saudi consultant, and

the other three are government staff. The contract with the

consulting firm has lasted 24 months now.

P E R F O R M A N C E O F T H E L O C A L U R B A N O B S E R VAT O R I E S

The LUO in Makkah has produced five rounds of urban

indicators and are now working on the sixth round of urban

indicators, so far they have produced a total of over 300 urban

indicators.

And this puts the LUO in Makkah as the best performing LUO

out of all LUOs in 15 cities. In addition to producing urban

indicators, LUOs are required to assist in the collection and

production of CPI indicators. According to a rapid survey

conducted by UN-Habitat-KSA in June 2015, Makkah-LUO had

produced a total of 50 CPI indicators out of 72, by June 2016

the number increased to 56 placing the 3rd best performing

LUO out of the 17 cities.

M A K K A H C P I P R O F I L E 2016

R E

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A L L R I G H T S R E S E R V E D

2016