Discussion 8

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Of the People

McGerr, Lewis, Oakes, Cullather, Summers, Townsend, Dunak

Volume II

Since 1865

Chapter 23 The Second World War 1941—1945

Pearl Harbor

Chapter 23 American Portrait: A. Philip Randolph

Founded the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

March on Washington, 1941

Executive Order 8802

Ended discrimination in defense industries

Island in a Totalitarian Sea

Pearl Harbor Japan’s attack on the US Navy’s principal Pacific base at Pearl Harbor brought the United States into World War II. For Japan, it was the opening phase of a campaign to capture European and American colonies in Asia.

A World of Hostile Blocs

Depression led to restrictions on trade

Rise of dictators

Imperial conquest, racial supremacy

Yamato race in Japan

Nuremberg Laws in Germany

Kristallnacht

Tried to solve economic problems through military conquest

The Good Neighbor

FDR pushed trade rather than withdrawal

Cordell Hull, secretary of state

Policy encouraged trade, renounced use of force

Export-Import Bank

No nations had the right to intervene in affairs of another

America First?

Neutrality Acts 1935-37

Spanish Civil War

War in Europe in 1939

America First Committee urged isolationism

Roosevelt’s peacetime draft

Means Short of War

Lend-Lease made the US the “arsenal of democracy”

British Empire was an autarkic bloc

Churchill, Keynes opened doors to American trade

Atlantic Charter

Oil embargo on Japan

Attack on Pearl Harbor, December 1941

Turning the Tide

The 99th Pursuit Squadron, Known as the Black Eagles The Black Eagles trained at the Tuskegee Institute and engaged the Luftwaffe in the skies over North Africa.

Midway and the Coral Sea

US broke Japanese military codes

Battle of Coral Sea fought by airplane

Attack on Midway

American planes destroyed Japanese aircraft carriers

World War II in the Pacific

World War II in the Pacific, 1942–1945 Japan established a barrier of fortified islands across the western Pacific. US forces penetrated it westward from Hawaii and from Australia northward through the Solomon Islands to the Philippines.

America and the World

Carrier

Washington Naval Treaty, 1922

Intended for observation planes

Japanese Combined Fleet was the centerpiece of its navy

Naval battles fought by plane instead of destroyer

Carriers were small cities

Gone with the Draft

US planned a ten million man army

Reliant on the draft

USO provided entertainment

Segregated units

Benjamin O. Davis was the first African American general

African Americans were excluded from combat

Experienced segregation near southern bases

WACs and WAVEs recruited women

The Winning Weapons

US technical edge after 1943

M1 rifle; P-51 Mustang long range fighter plane

Bombers: B-17 Flying Fortress, B-24 Liberator, B-29 Superfortress

Thanks to production capacity Americans had quantity

War Department funded defense laboratories

Manhattan Project

Military Aircraft Produced

Number of Military Aircraft Produced US production of military equipment lagged at first, but once in high gear it dwarfed that of the rest of the world.

Source: I. C. B. Dear, The Oxford Companion to World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 22.

The Second Front

Europe First strategy

Lack of preparation, fears of a repeat of WWI

Invasion of France waited until 1944

Attacked North Africa instead

Erwin Rommel

World War II in Europe

World War II in Europe, 1942–1945 While the Soviets reduced the main German force along the eastern front, the British and American Allies advanced through Italy and France.

Organizing for Production

Makeup of US Labor Force, 1938–1947 Flush riveting of aluminum wing panels required a steady hand. War industries employed thousands of women.

Source: I. C. B. Dear and M. R. D. Foot, eds., Oxford Companion to World War II (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 1182.

A Mixed Economy

War agencies controlled prices, assigned labor

Tax breaks, federal loans and subsidies encouraged businesses to cooperate

New industries in rubber, Lucite

Divided the economy into government and market sectors

Industry Moves South and West

Cheap power from New Deal dam projects

Gov’t encouraged construction away from the coast

Low wage, nonunion workers

Few objected to gov’t intervention in the economy

Office of Price Administration

The Manhattan Project

The Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project created a new kind of collaboration be- tween industry, government, and science. In a pattern of federal spending that would continue after the war, much of the new infrastructure was located in the South and West.

New Jobs in New Places

Wages, employment rose

Growth of organized labor

Gov’t encouraged collaboration between industry, union membership

Migration to jobs

Housing shortages

Racial conflict in cities

Women in Industry

Rosie the Riveter

War shifted working women into new, better-paying jobs

Manufacturing

Did not offer equal pay or childcare

Lanham Act

Women working outside the home was seen as dangerous long term

Between Idealism and Fear

Dorothea Lange Photographs Memorial Day at Manzanar Even after wartime relocation, many of the interned Japanese Americans maintained their American patriotism. In 1942, Boy Scouts, members of the American Legion, and other internees participated in a Memorial Day service at Manzanar.

Japanese Internment

Japanese-Americans were forcibly removed from the Pacific coast

Fears of a Japanese invasion

Fred Korematsu

Upheld by the Supreme Court

No Shelter from the Holocaust

Fear, anti-Semitism led to rejection of Jewish refugees

St Louis

Newspaper stories described deportations, mass slaughter

Military refused to bomb concentration camps, rail lines leading to them

Soldiers who liberated camps brought horror stories back with them

Struggles for Democracy

The Zoot Suit Riots

Pachuco street culture

Broader hostility to Mexican Americans

Defiance of wartime sensibilities

Sleepy Lagoon Murder

Servicemen hunted down pachucos

Zoot Suit Riots American service- men walked the streets of Los Angeles in search of zoot-suited Mexican American pachucos they wished to defrock.

Closing with the Enemy

Invasion of Normandy The failure to seize an intact port nearly foiled the Normandy invasion plans, but low-ranking boat pilots saved the Allies from disaster. They invented the technique of driving large landing ships onto shore at high tide and unloading directly onto the beach. When the tide came in, the now-empty ships would float off and return to England for more cargo.

Taking the War to Europe

Allies attack Italy in 1943

George S. Patton

D-Day, June 6, 1944

Atlantic Wall

Battle of the Bulge

Island Hopping in the Pacific

MacArthur: retake the Philippines

Nimitz: get close enough to attack Japan

Naval attacks on Japanese island bases

Bypassed strongly held islands

City busting

General Curtis LeMay

Building a Better New World

Meetings of Allied leaders to discuss victory

Dumbarton Oaks, 1944

Plans for the United Nations

Bretton Woods Conference

Expand trade, created International Monetary Fund, World Bank

Prosperity would lead to peace

Global system of military bases

The Fruits of Victory

Roosevelt died in April 1945

Harry Truman becomes president

Unconditional surrender of Germany, May 8, 1945

Potsdam Conference

Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima, Nagasaki

Hiroshima

Hiroshima The Museum of Science and Technology following the blast of the nuclear bomb.