The Concept of morality in pre-modern Europe

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, ··MATTHEW MATTHEW L1-1..22Ll-1..22

1lAn An account account ,of of the the genealogya genealogy' of of Jesus Jesusthe the ,Messiah/ .Messiah," the· the' son son of of David, David, the the son son of of Abraham Abraham ...... .. :. :."," ' !( I" ' I',, I, I'

2 2 Abraham Abraham was was :the .the father: father: of of Isaac, Isaac, and and Isaac Isaac the the father father of of Jacob;.andJacob Jacob; .and Jacob the thefa-fa- ther ther of of Judah Judah and and his his brothers, brothers, 3 3and and Judah Judah the the father, father.ofof Perez Perez and and Zerah Zerah by by Tamar, Tamar, and and Perez Perez the the father father of of Hezron, Hezron, and and Hezron Hezron the the father;of father-of Aram, Aram, 4and 4and Aram Aram the the filther father of of Aminadab; Aminadab, and and Aminadab Aminadab the the father father ofof Nahshon; Nahshon, arid arid Nahshon Nahshon the:father the-father of of Sal-Sal- mon, mon, .sand 5and Salmon Salmon the the father father of of Boaz, Boaz- by by Rahab, Rahab, and and Boaz Boaz the the father father of of Obed Obed by by Ruth, Ruth; and and Obed Obed the the father father of of Jesse, Jesse, 6.and 6and Jesse Jesse the the-fatherfather of of King King David. David.

And And David David was was the the father father of of Solomon Solomon ~y by the the wife wife of of.Uriah,Uriah,. 7 7and and Solomon Solomon the the father father ofRehoboam, ofRehoboam, and and Rehoboam Rehoboam the'father the 'father of of Abijah, Abijah, arid arid Abijah Abijah the the father father of of Asaph,C Asaph," Sand 8andAsaph.Asaphc c the_ the, father-of fatherrof Tehoshaphat,Jehoshaphat, and andjehoshaphatJehoshaphat the the father father of of Joram, Joram, and and Joram joram-rhe:-/thei father father of of.Uzziah,Uziiah, 9and9 and Uzziah Uzziah the the father father of~Jotham, Of~Jotham, and and Jotham Jotham the the father father of of Ahaz~iand Ahaztand Ahaz Ahaz the the father.of father-of Hezekiah, Hezekiah, 10and 10andHezekiahHezekiah the the father father .of .of Manasseh, Manasseh, arid arid Manasseh Manasseh the the father father of of Amos/ Amos," and and Am~sd, Am~sd, the-the' father father of of Josiah, Josiah, l1and 1land Josiah Josiah the the father father of of Jechoniah jechoniah and and his his brothers, brothers, at at the the time,of time-of the the deportation deportation to to Babylon Babylon. .. , ,

12 12 And And rafterafter the the deportation deportation to to Babe Babe ylon:Jechoniah ylon: Jechoniah was was the the fatherfather of of Salathiel, -Salathiel, and and , -SalathielSalathiel: . the the father father of of Zerubbabel, Zerubbabel, Band Band Zertibbabel Zerubbabel thdather the-father of of Abiud, Abiud, and and Abiud Abiud the the father father of of Eliakim, Eliakim, and and Eliakim Eliakim the the father father of of Azor, Azor, 14 14and and Azor Azor the the father father of of

Zadok,' Zadok, 'andand ZadokZadok thethe fatherfather ofof Achim,Achim, and and Achim Achim thethe fatherfather ofof Eliud,Eliud, 15 15andand EliudEliud the the father father ofofEleazar, Eleazar, andand EleazarEleazar thethe fatherfather of of Matthau, Matthan, andand MatthanMatthau thethe fatherfather ofof Ja-Ja- cob, cob, 16and 16and JacobJacob thethe fatherfather ofof JosephJoseph thethe husband husband ofof Mary,Mary, ofof whomwhomJesus Jesus waswas born,born, who who 1s-called is-called thethe-Messiah.' Messiah.' "'- · -1 'f ·;J -;17-'7, So So all.the.generationsall the.generations fromfrom AbrahamAbraham

to to · ,Davidaie:JourteenDavid are;Jourteen generations;generations; andand from from David David.to.to thethe deportationdeportation toto Babylon,Babylon, fourteen fourteen generations;generations; andand fromfrom thethe depor-depor- tation tation to to BabylonBabylon toto thethe Messiah:Messiah,' -four--four- teen teen generations. generations.

18 18 ,Now: .Now thethe birthbirth ofof JesusJesus thethe Messiah"Messiahb took took place place inin thisthis way.way. WhenWhen hishis mothermother Mary Mary had had beenbeen engagedengaged toto Joseph,Joseph, butbut be-be- fore fore, . they they livedlived together,together, she, she, waswas foundfound toto be be with with childchild fromfrom thethe HolyHoly Spirit. Spirit. 19Her 19Her husband husband Joseph,Joseph, beingbeing aa righteousrighteous manman andand unwilling unwilling toto exposeexpose herher toto public.disgrace,public disgrace, planned planned to,to. dismissdismiss herher quietly.20Butquietly. 20But justjust when when he he hadhad resolvedresolved toto dodo this,this, anan angelangel ofof the the Lord Lord appearedappeared toto himhim inin aa dreamdream andand said, said, "Joseph; "Joseph, son son of.David,of.David, dodo notnot bebe afraid afraid, to to take:take , MaryMary as,as. youryour_ wife,wife, for,for thethe child child conceived conceived inin herher isis fromfrom thethe HolyHoly Spirit. Spirit. 21 21SheShe willwill bear;bear; aa son,:and son.tand youyou areare toto name name him him Jesus,Jesus, forfor hehe will.savewill.save hishis peoplepeople from from theiri their isins.".sins.''.-:22AlLthis·took 22All, this' took placeplace toto

a a Or Or birth birth bb OrOr JesusJesus Christ:·: Christ;': cc OtherOther anci~ntanci~nt authorities authorities read read AsaAsa d'd- Other';ricientOther-;ricient authoritiesauthorities read read Amon:Amon : e e OrOr thethe ·christ 'Christ

1.1-17:Jesus' 1.1-17:jesus' place place in in Isi'ael;s Israel's family family tree tree (Lk (Lk 3.23-38). 3.23-38). 1: 1: Son Son ofofDavid, David, sonson ofof Abraham,Abraham, Messiah,Messiah, titles titles and and heroe~ heroes that that place place J~~us jesus and and the the Gospel Gospel within within Israel's Israel's history. history. Messiah,Messiah, HebHeb termterm for,for. "anointed,:: "anointed':' Gk Gk "Christo~.'; "Christo~.'; 3-6: 3-6: Jesus' Jesus' genealogy.is genealogyis largely largely patriarchal,-patriarchal,. but but includesincludes fourfour womenwomen 'from'from thethe HebrewHebrew Bible: Bible: Tamar Tamar (Gen (Gen 38), 38), Rahab Rahab (Josh (Josh 2), 2), Ruth, Ruth, and and Bathsheba, Bathsheba, the the wifewife ofof Uriah Uriah (2(2 Sam Sam 11-12; 11-12; 1 1 KingsKings 1 1),), breaking breaking with with the the tradition tradition ofreciiing of-reciting only only the the rriale male forebears. forebears. EachEach actedacted independently,independently, inin somesome ·cases 'cases scandalously,-at scandalously.vat critical critical juncturesjunctures in in Israel's Israel's history history to to ensure.the ensure. the continuationcontinuation ofof thethe DavidicDavidic line.line. 11: 11: Depor_tation; Deportation; the the exile exile (2 (2 Kings Kings 24.8-16). 24.8-16). ,17: ,17: Fourteen, Fourteen, the. the, numerical numerical valuevalue ofof "David" "David" inin Hebrew;Hebrew; somesome names names have.been have ,been omitted omitted (Ahaziah,Joash, (Ahaziah,Joash, and and Amaziah, Amaziah, v. v. 8; 8; see see 1 1 Chr.Chr,3.11_;_12) 3.11':"12) to.formto.form thethe pattern,pattern, which which is is presumably presumably created created as asa.mernorya.memory aid.-aid, !,.Ii ' -: :.'

, ,1.18-:25:1.18-:25: Jesus' Jesus'conceptionconception and and birth birth (Lk (Lk 1.26-2:40), 1.26-2:40); 18:iMary 18:1Mary isa.virgin,is.a.virgin, thoughthough pregnantpregnant (Lk1.34).(Lkl.34). 19:Joseph,.onlyin 19: Joseph,.onlyin Matthew's Matthew's Gospel Gospel.isis the'character the-character and.the.role and.therole ofofJesus',father Jesus', father developed;developed, DismissDismiss herher quietly, quietly, divorce divorce her her discreetly. discreetly. 20: 20: Angels Angels and and dreams dreams frequently frequently communicatecommunicate God'sGod's planplan inin Matthew.Matthew. 21: 21: The The first first mention mention of of the the name name Jesus, Jesus, the the Gk Gk form form of of the the Heb Heb Joshua,Joshua, "The "The LORDLORD saves/helps:",saves/helps/'_ ThisThis highlights highlights the the mission mission and and purpose, purpose, of of the the child. child. 22-23:. 22-23:.IsaIsa 7 7.14;:the.first'.14;: the, first" ofof Matthew'sMatthew's fulfillmentfulfillment citations, citations, which which help help explain explain that that. what what is is occurring occurring is is God's God's plan. plan. ' ,

:( 9 .NEW .TESTAMENT,];

' "

:I9 .NEW TESTAMENT,];

MATTHEW MATTHEW 1.23-2.17 1.23-2.17 fulfill fulfill what what had had been been spoken spoken by by the' theLordLord through through the the prophet: prophet:" . . . 23 2~ "Look, "Look, the the virgin virgin shall shall conceive conceive and and

bear bear a a son, son, and and they they shall shall name name him him : ;

Emmanuel," Emmanuel," · , · < which which means, means, "God "God ·is 'is with with us." us." 24When 24Whtm Joseph Joseph awoke awoke from from sleep;he sleep;hediddid as as the the an-an- gel gel of of the the Lord Lord commanded commanded him; him; he he took took her her as as his his wife, wife, 25but 25but had:no had.nomaritalmarital rela-rela- tions tions with with her her until until she she had• had; borne borne a a son;• SOnja and and he he named named himJesus. him} esus. , "..• '..· ,:.~: ,:,~;

2 In In the the time time of of King King Herod, Herod, after after Jesus Jesuswas was born born in in Bethlehem Bethlehem of of Judea, Judea, wise wise menb men' 2

from from the the East East came came to to Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 2 2asking, asking, "Where "Where is is the the child child who who has has beenbeen born born king king of ofthethe Jews? Jews? For For we we observed observed his his star star at at its its rising,' rising,' and and have have come· come' to to pay pay him him homage." homage." 3 3WhenWhen King King Herod Herod heard heard this, this, he he was was frightened, frightened, and and all all Jerusalem Jerusalem with with him; him; 4 4and and calling calling together together all all the the chief chief priests priests and and scribes scribes of of the the people, people, he he in-in- quired quired of of them them where where the the Messiahd Messiah-waswas to to be be born.·5They bornv-'They told told him, him, "In "In Bethlehem Bethlehem of of Judea; Judea; for for so so it it has has been been written written by by the the prophet:prophet:· . : :.6,.6 .. 'And 'And you, you, Bethlehem, Bethlehem, in in the the land. land "

of of Judah, judah,":.; ; i:,, .. .. •are careby by no no means means least least among among the the

rulers rulers of of Judah; Judah; for for from from you you shall shall come come a a ruler ruler

who who is is to to shepherd' shepherd' my my people people Israel.'Israel.' " "

7 7 Then Then Herod Herod secretly secretly called called for for the the wise wise menb men' and and learned learned from from them them the the ex-ex- act act time time when when the the.star.,star. had had appeared. appeared. 8 8Then Then he he sent sent them them to· to' Bethlehem, Bethlehem, saying; saying; "Go "Go and and search search • •diligently diligently for for the the' , child; child; and and

when when you you have have found found him, him, bring bring me me word word so so that that I I 'may 'may also also go go and and paypay him him hom-hom- age." age." 9When 9When they they had had heard heard the the king, king, they they set set out; out; and and there, there, ahead ahead of of them, them, went went the the star star that that .they .they .had .had seen seen at at its its rising,' rising,' until until it it stopped stopped over over the the placeplace where where the the child child was. was.1010When When they they saw saw that that the the star star had had stopped, stopped, r. f they they · -were were overwhelmed overwhelmed with with joy.joy. 11 11 On On entering entering the the house, house, they they saw saw the the child child with with Mary Mary his his mother; mother; and and they they knelt knelt down down and and paidpaid him him homage. homage. Then, Then, opening opening their their treasure treasure chests, chests, they they offered offered him him gifts gifts of of gold, gold, frankincense, frankincense, and and myrrh. myrrh. 12 12And And having having been been warned warned in in a a dream dream not not to· to' re-re- turn turn to to Herod, Herod, they they left left for for their their own own coun-coun- try try by by another another road. road.

i3 13 NowNow after after they they had had left~ Ieft.ranan angel angel of of the the Lord Lord appeared appeared to to Joseph. Joseph, in in a a dream dream and and said, said, ·"Get "Cet up, up, take take the the child child and and his his mother, mother, and and flee fleeto to Egypt, Egypt, and and remain remain there there until until I I tell tell. you; you; for for Herod Herod is is about about to to search search for for the the child, child, to to destroy destroy him.'\ him." 14Then 14Then Jojo-0 sephseph-8 got got up, up, took took the the child child and and his his moth-moth- er er by by night, night, and and went went to to Egypt, Egypt,.15.15 and and re-re- mained mained there there until until the the death death of of Herod. Herod. This This was was to to fulfill fulfill what what had had been been spoken spoken by by the the Lord Lord through through the the prophet,prophet, ''.Out "Out of of Egypt Egypt I I have have called called my, my,son." son."

16 16 When When Herod Herod saw saw that that he' he' had had been been tricked tricked by by the the wise.men/ wise.men," he he was was infuriat-infuriat- ed, ed, and and he he sent sent and and killed killed all.the all.the children children in in and and around around Bethlehem Bethlehem who who were were two two years years old old or or under, under, according according to to the the time time that that he he had had learned learned from from the the wise wise men; men;b b 17Then 17Then

a a Other Other ancient ancient authorities authorities read read her her firstbornfirstborn sonson b b Or Or astrologers; astrologers; Gk Gk magi magi c c Or Or in in the the EastEast · ' d d Or Or the the Christ Christ e e Or Or rule rule ff Gk Gk sawsaw the the starstar g.Gkhe'g.Gkhe .

2.1-12: 2.1-12: The The birth birth of of Jesus Jesus and and Herod Herod the the Great. Great. 1: 1: The The time time of,King of.King HerodHerod places places the the birth birth of of Jesus Jesus within within a a fixed fixed time time period period and and set set of of politicalrealities. political realities. Herod, Herod, the.client the, client king king of of Judea, Judea, ruled ruled 37-4 37-4 BCE; BeE; Augustus, Augustus.rhethe first first Roman Romanemperonwasemperor,'was his his patron. patron. Wise Wise men men (Gk·"magoi"),'literate, (Gk·"magoi"),'literate, political political officials officials in in the thecourtsofcourts·of Parthia, Parthia, Armenia, Armenia, or or regions regions east east of of Judea. Judea. Foreign Foreign regimes regimes often often sent sent emissaries emissaries to to greet greet and and give give gifts gifts to to new new kings kings or or rulers. rulers. The The visit visit highlights highlights the the conflict conflict betweenbetween the the king king of of Israel Israel chosen chosen by by God, God, Jesus, Jesus, and and the the king king of of Israel Israelchosen.by·chosen:by the the Romans,, Romans; Herod/A Herod. A similar similar account account of of '.'Magi" '.'Magi" is is in in the the Roman Roman writers writers Dio Dio 63:7 63:7 and and Suetonius, Suetonius, LifeLife of of NeroNero 13. 13.2: 2:Star,'NumStar,'Num 24.17. 24.17. 5-6: 5-6: Mic5.2o'11: MicS.2.'ll: Gold, Gold, frankincense,frankincense, and and myrrh, myrrh, Isa Isa 60.6. 60.6. Precious Precious metals metals and and costly, costly, fragran(spices fragrantspices and and resins resins are are appropriate appropriate gifts gifts for for a a king. king. ! "

2.13-23: 2.13-23: The The flight flight to to Egypt Egypt and and return., return.' 15: 15: Outof Outo] Egypt.Egypt.· '.... , , quoting quoting Hos Hos 11.1, 11.1, Matthew Matthew explicitly explicitly compares compares Jesus Jesus to to Moses. Moses. 16: 16: Herod's Herod's action action recalls recalls the the command command of Of the the king king of of Egypt Egypt in in Ex Ex 1.16. 1.16. 18: 18:

['10 NEW TESTAMENT] ['10 NEW TESTAMENT]

[ 11 NEW TESTAMENT ]

waswas fulfilled fulfilled whatwhat hadhad beenbeen spokenspoken throughthrough thethe prophetprophet Jeremiah:Jeremiah: 18 18 "A "A voicevoice waswas heardheard inin Ramah,Ramah,

wailingwailing andand loudloud lamentation,lamentation, RachelRachel weepingweeping forfor herher children;children; sheshe refusedrefused toto bebe consoled,consoled, becausebecause

theythey areare nono more."more." 19 19 WhenWhen HerodHerod died,died, anan angelangel ofof thethe

Lord Lord suddenly suddenly appeared appeared in in a a dream dream toto Jo-Jo- seph seph in in EgyptEgypt and and said, said, 2020 "Get "Get up,up, taketake thethe child child and and hishis mother,mother, and and gogo toto· thethe landland ofof Israel,Israel, for for thosethose whowho werewere seeking seeking thethe child'schild's lifelife areare dead."dead." 2121 ThenThen JosephaJosepha gotgot up,up, tooktook thethe childchild andand hishis mother,mother, andand wentwent toto thethe land'land· ofof Israel.Israel. 2222 ButBut whenwhen hehe heardheard thatthat ArchelausArchelaus was'was· rulingruling overover JudeaJudea inin placeplace ofof hishis fatherfather Herod,Herod, hehe waswas afraidafraid toto gogo there.there. AndAnd afterafter beingbeing warnedwarned inin aa dream,dream, hehe wentwent awayaway toto thethe districtdistrict ofof Gali-Gali- lee.lee. 2323 ThereThere hehe mademade hishis homehome inin aa towntown called called Nazareth,Nazareth, so so thatthat whatwhat hadhad beenbeen spoken spoken throughthrough thethe prophetsprophets mightmight bebe ful-ful- filled, filled, "He "He willwill bebe called called a a Nazorean."Nazorean."

2 3 2 3 InIn thosethose daysdays JohnJohn thethe BaptistBaptist appearedappeared inin thethe wildernesswilderness ofof Judea,Judea, proclaiming,proclaiming, "Repent, "Repent, forfor thethe· kingdomkingdom ofof heavenheaven hashas comecome nean""near."h 3This3This isis thethe oneone ofof whomwhom thethe prophetprophet IsaiahIsaiah spokespoke whenwhen hehe said,said,

"The"The voicevoice ofof oneone cryingcrying outout inin thethe wilderness:wilderness:

'Prepare 'Prepare thethe wayway ofof thethe Lord,Lord, makemake hishis pathspaths straight.'straight.' " "

44 NowNow JohnJohn worewore clothingclothing ofof camel'scamel's hairhair withwith aa leatherleather beltbelt aroundaround hishis waist,waist, andand hishis foodfood waswas locustslocusts andand wildwild honey.honey. 5Then5Then thethe peoplepeople ofof JerusalemJerusalem andand allall JudeaJudea werewere goinggoing outout toto him,him, andand allall thethe regionregion alongalong thethe Jordan,Jordan, Gand6and theythey werewere baptizedbaptized byby himhim in in thethe riverriver Jordan, Jordan, confessing confessing theirtheir sins. sins.

7 7 ButBut whenwhen hehe saw saw manymany PhariseesPharisees and and Sadducees Sadducees comingcoming for for baptism,baptism, hehe said said toto them,them, "You "You broodbrood ofof vipers!vipers! WhoWho warnedwarned youyou toto fleeflee fromfrom thethe wrathwrath toto come?come? 8Bear 8Bear fruitfruit worthyworthy ofof repentance.repentance. 99 DoDo notnot pre-pre- sumesume toto saysay toto yourselves,yourselves, 'We'We havehave Abra-Abra- hamham asas ourour ancestor';ancestor'; forfor II telltell you,you, GodGod isis ableable fromfrom thesethese stonesstones toto raiseraise upup childrenchildren toto Abraham.Abraham. 10Even 10Evennownow thethe axax isis lyinglying atat thethe rootroot of of thethe trees;trees; everyevery treetree thereforetherefore thatthat does does notnot bearbear good good fruit fruit is is cut cut down down and and thrownthrown into into thethe fire. fire.

11 11 "I "I baptizebaptize youyou with'withe waterwater for for re-re~ pentance,pentance, butbut oneone whowho isis moremore powerfulpowerful thanthan II isis comingcoming afterafter me;me; II amam notnot worthyworthy toto carrycarry hishis sandals.sandals. HeHe willwill baptizebaptize youyou with'withe thethe HolyHoly Spirit Spirit andand fire.fire. 12 12HisHis win-win- nowingnowing forkfork isis inin hishis hand,hand, andand hehe willwill clearclear

MATTHEWMATTHEW 2.18-3.12 2.18-3.12

aa GkGk hehe :·: bb OrOr isis atat handhand cc OrOr inin

JerJer 31.15. 31.15. Rachel,Rachel, wifewife of of Jacob,Jacob, isis buriedburied nearnear BethlehemBethlehem (Gen (Gen 35.16-20); 35.16-20); in in thethe quotation quotation she she stands stands forfor allall IsraeliteIsraelite mothers.mothers. 19: 19: HerodHerod dieddied inin 44 BCE.BCE. 20:20: Cf.Cf. ExEx 4.19.22:4.19. 22: UponUpon Herod'sHerod's deathdeath hishis kingdomkingdom waswas divideddivided intointo fourfour parts.parts. Archelaus,Archelaus, oneone ofof hishis sonssons whowho waswas almostalmost asas brutalbrutal asas hishis father,father, ruledruled overover thethe areaarea ofof JudeaJudea inin thethe southsouth fromfrom 44 BCEBCE toto 66 CEoCE. Galilee Galilee toto thethe northnorth waswas underunder thethe rulerule ofof HerodHerod Antipas.Antipas. 23:23: ThisThis citationcitation hashas nono knownknown source.source. 3.1-12:3.1-12: PreparingPreparing thethe wayway (Mk(Mk 1.2-8; 1.2-8; LkLk 3.1-18;3.1-18; JnJn 1.19-28). 1.19-28). John'sJohn's rolerole asas precursorprecursor toto JesusJesus isis

emphasized,emphasized, andand hishis messagemessage isis describeddescribed asas oneone ofof repentancerepentance andand preparation.preparation. JosephusJosephus providesprovides aa fullerfuller descriptiondescription ofof JohnJohn inin Ant.Ant. 18.116. 18.116.2:2: TheThe kingdomkingdom ofof heaven,heaven, Matthew'sMatthew's usualusual circumlocutioncircumlocution forfor "the"the kingdomkingdom ofof God",God''.; suchsuch phrasingphrasing allowedallowed speakersspeakers andand writerswriters toto avoidavoid thethe wordword "God.""God." 3:3: IsaIsa 40.3.40.3. 4:4: Camel'sCamel's hairhair ... ... honey,honey, John'sJohn's asceticascetic stylestyle isis inin keepingkeeping withwith thatthat ofof traditionaltraditional prophetsprophets (2(2 KingsKings 1.8; 1.8; ZechZech 13.4 13.4).). LocustsLocusts werewere allowable allowable as as food food (Lev (Lev 11.20-23 11.20-23). ). 7-12: 7-12: PhariseesPharisees and and Sadducees,Sadducees, twotwo of of thethe majormajor groupsgroups inin JudaismJudaism of of thethe time;time; theythey differed differed about about interpretationinterpretation of of thethe Torah.Torah. TheThe Sadducees Sadducees heldheld toto aa strict strict viewview ofof thethe primacyprimacy ofof thethe Torah,Torah, thethe first first fivefive booksbooks ofof thethe HebrewHebrew Bible;Bible; theythey thereforetherefore diddid notnot acceptaccept teachings,teachings, includingincluding resurrection,resurrection, basedbased uponupon thethe "oral "oral law"law" oror traditiontradition thatthat thethe PhariseesPharisees diddid accept.accept. John'sJohn's demeanordemeanor towardtoward themthem evokesevokes thatthat ofof thethe Essenes,Essenes, thethe thirdthird groupgroup (Josephus,(Josephus, War War 2.119-66).2.119-66).The The callcall toto repentancerepentance maymay reflectreflect beliefbelief inin anan imminentimminent judgmentjudgment andand culminationculmination ofof history.history. 8:8: BearBear fruit,fruit, oneone ofof thethe goalsgoals ofof lifelife accordingaccording toto JesusJesus (7.16-20;(7.16-20; 13.23,30). 13.23,30). 11: 11: BaptizeBaptize ...... repentance,repentance, inin MarkMark baptismbaptism includesincludes forgivenessforgiveness (Mk(Mk 1.4). 1.4). AccordingAccording toto Josephus,Josephus, JohnJohn baptizedbaptized thosethose whowho hadhad purifiedpurified theirtheir soulssouls (Ant.(Ant. 18.17). 18.17). Fire,Fire, anan agentagent ofof purification,purification, notnot destruction.destruction. 12:12: AA winnowingwinnowing forkfork waswas

[ 11 NEW TESTAMENT 1

MATTHEW 3.13-4;15 his his threshing threshing floor floor and and will will gather gather his his wheat wheat into into the the granary; granary; but but the the chaff chaff he he will will burn burn with with unquenchable unquenchable.fire,"fire."

13 13 Then Then Jesus Jesus came came .from from Galilee Galilee to to John John at at the the Jordan, Jordan, to to be be baptized baptized by by him. him. 14 14JohnJohn would would have have prevented. prevented. him, him, saying; saying; "I "I need need to to be be baptized baptized by by you, you, and and do do you you come come to to me?''. me?" 15But ISBut Jesus Jesus answered answered him, him, "Let "Let it it be be so so now; now; for for it it is is proper proper for for us us in in this this way way to to fulfill fulfill all all righteousness." righteousness." Then Then he he consented. consented. 16And 16And when'}esus when 'Jesus had had been been baptized, baptized, justjust as as he he came came up up from from the the wa-wa- ter, ter, suddenly suddenly the the heavens heavens were were opened opened to to him him and and he he saw saw the the Spirit Spirit of of God God descend-descend- ing ing like like a a dove dove and and alighting alighting on on him. him. 17 17And And a a voice voice from from heaven heaven said, said, "This "This is is my my Son, Son, the the Beloved,• Beloved, a with. with. whom whom I I am am well well pleased."pleased."

4 4Then Then Jesus Jesus was was led led up up by by the the Spirit Spirit into intothe the ·wilderness 'wilderness to to be be tempted tempted by by the the devil. devil. 2He2He fasted fasted forty, forty, days days and and forty forty nights, nights, and and afterwards afterwards -he .he was was famished. famished. 3 3The The tempter tempter came came and and said said to to him, him, "If "If you you are are the.Son the.Son of of God, God, command command these these stones stones to to become become loaves loaves of· of -bread."bread." 4 4But But he he an-an- swered, swered, "It "It is is written, written,

.. ..'One 'One does does not not live live by by bread bread alone, alone, , , · -butbut by by every every word word that that comes comes from from

the the mouth mouth of of God.' God.' " " 5 5 Then Then the the devil devil took took him him to to the the holy holy

city city and and placed placed him him on on the the pinnacle pinnacle of of the the temple, temple, 6saying 6saying to to him, him, "If "If you you are are the the Son Son

of of God, God, throw throw yourself yourself down; down; for for it it is is writ-writ- ten, ten, s .

'He 'He will will command command his his angels angels · . .. . ,·. " -concerning ·concerning you;' you;'

and and 'Ori 'on: their their hands hands they they will will bear bear you you up, up,

so so that that you you will will not nor:dash dash your your foot foot . . . .against against a a stone.' stone.' " "

?Jesus 7Jesus said said to to hini,/'Again hini,i~'Again it it is.written, is.written, 'Do 'Do not not put.the put the Lord Lord your your God God to to the the test.' test.' " "

8 8 Again; Again; the the devil devil took took hini hini to to a a very very high high mountain mountain and and showed showed him him all all the the kingdoms kingdoms of:the of:the world world and and their their splendor; splendor; 9and 9and he he said said to,him, to.him, ')All "All these·! these-I will will give give you, you.If,if you you will will fall fall down down and and worship worship me." me." lOJesus 10Jesus said said to to him, him, "Away "Away with with you, you, Sa-Sa- tan! tan! for for it it is is written, written,

~Worship ~Worship the the Lord Lord your your God, God, , __. ;and ~andserve serve only only him.' him.':':'

11 11Then Then the the devil devil left left him, him; and and suddenly suddenly an-an- gels gels came came and and waited waited on on him. him.

12 12 NowNow when when )esusb )esusb heard heard that that John John had had been been arrested, arrested, he he withdrew withdrew to to Galilee. Galilee. 13 13He He left left NazarethNazareth and and made made his his home home in in Capernaum Capernaum -by -by the the sea, sea, in in the the territory territory of of Zebulun Zebulun and and Naphtali,Naphtali, .14so14so that that what what had had been been spoken spoken through through, · the the prophet prophet Isaiah Isaiah might might be be fulfilled:· fulfilled:· 15 15 "Land "Land of of z;ebulun, Zebulun, land land of of Naphtali,Naphtali,

a a Or Or my my beloved beloved Son Son b b Gk Gk he he

used used to to toss toss grain grain in in the the air air to to separate separate the the chaff chaff or or husks husks from from the the seed. seed. 'Fire, 'Fire, here here destruction-(of destruction. (of the the wicked, wicked, 1 1 Enoch·48.9). Enoch'48.9).

3.13-17: 3.13-17: Jesus' Jesus' baptism baptism (Mk (Mk 1.9-11; 1.9-11; Lk Lk 3.21-22; 3.21-22;JnJn 1.31-34). 1.31-34). 13-14:The 13-14: The assertion assertion of of Jesus' jesus' superi-superi- ority ority may may reflect reflect an an early early dispute dispute between between followers followers of of the the Baptist Baptist -and -and Jesus Jesus (see (see 11.2.:...11; 11.2':"'11; cf.-d.- Acts Acts 19.1-5). 19.1-5). The The JordanJordan River River is is east east and and south south of of Nazareth.Nazareth. 15: 15: RighteousnessRighteousness or or "justice," "justice," a a crucial crucial notion notion for for Matthew, Matthew, is is something something both both Jesus Jesus and and his his followers followers must must exhibit exhibit (5.20). (5.20). 16: 16: Dove,Dove, symbol symbol of.the ofthe new new creation creation after after the the flood flood (Gen (Gen 8.8-12; 8.8-12; for for the the flood flood as as the the end end of of the the age, age, Mt Mt 24.38; 24.38; 1,Pet IvPet 3.20...:21). 3.20"':21).17:17: A A combination combination of of Ps Ps 2.7 2.7 and and Isa Isa 42.1; 42.1; see see also also Gen Gen 22.2. 22.2. The The voice voice makes makes a a public public declaration; declaration; cf. d. Mk Mk 1.11. 1.11.

4.1-11: 4.1-11: Jesus Jesus and and the the devil..1: devil.T; To To be be tempted, tempted, God God tests tests the the faith faith of of the the righteous righteous (Gen (Gen 22.1; 22.1; Deut Deut 13.3; 13.3; Ps Ps 81.7). 81.7). 2: 2: Forty,Forty, a a conventional conventional number number for for a a lengthy lengthy period period as as well well as as Israel's Israel's sojourn sojourn in in the the wilderness wilderness (Ex (Ex 34.28; 34.28; cf. d. Ex Ex 24.18; 24.18; 1 1 Kings Kings 19.8). 19.8). 3: 3: This This is is the the first first time time Jesus Jesus is is referred referred to to as as Son Son of of God, God, a a title title by by which which the the emperor emperor Augustus Augustus was was known known (cf. (d. the the challenge challenge put put to to Jesus Jesus on on the the cross, cross,MtMt 27.40-43); 27.40-43); 4: 4: Deut Deut 8.3. 8.3. 5: 5: HolyHoly city, city; Jerusalem. Jerusalem. 6: 6: Ps Ps 91.11-12. 91.11-12. 7: 7: Deut Deut 6.16. 6.16. 10: 10: Deut Deut 6;13, 6~13; , ,

4.12-25: 4.12-25: The The beginning beginning of of Jesus' Jesus' ministry. ministry. 12-17: 12-17: Mk Mk 1.14-15; 1.14-15; Lk Lk 4,14::-J.$;·12:'John's 4;14:-:1.$;·12:'john's arrest arrest serves serves as as the the stimulus stimulus for for the the beginning·ofJesus' beginningof jesus' public public ministry. ministry. 13: 13: Only Only Matthew Matthew has has Jesus Jesus and and his his disciples disciples living living in in Capernaum, Capernaum, on on the the northwest northwest coast coast of of the the seasea of of Galilee. Galilee. 15-16: 15-16: Isa Is'a,9.1-2.,9.l-2. Galilee Galilee of of the the Gentiles, Gentiles, in in both both Isa Isa 9 9 and and 1 1 Mace Macc 5.15, 5.15, Galilee Galilee is is referred referred to to as, as, under. under the the controlof controlof none none Israelites. Israelites.

[ 12 NEW TESTAMENT ]

MATTHEW 3.13-4~15

[ 12 NEW TESTAMENT I

· .on on the the road road by by the the sea, sea, across across the the Jordan, Jordan, Galilee Galilee of of the the Gentiles-Gentiles- · .

16 16 the the people people who who sat sat in in darkness darkness · .have have seen seen a a great great light, light, ,, r:·

and and for for those those who who sat sat in in the the region region and and shadow shadow of of death death

light light has has dawned." dawned." . . 17from 17From that that time time Jesus Jesus began began to to proclaim, proclaim, "Repent, "Repent, for for the the kingdom kingdom of of heaven heaven has has come come near. near,"""a

18 18 As As he he walked walked by by the the Sea Sea of of Galilee, Galilee, he he saw saw two two brothers, brothers, Simon, Simon, who who is is called called Peter, Peter, and and Andrew Andrew his his brother, brother, casting casting ·a 'a net net into into the the sea-for sea-for they they were were fishermen. fishermen. 19 19And And he he said said to to them, them, "Follow "Follow me, me, and and I I will will make make you you fish fish for for people."people." 20Jmniedi-20lmniedi- ately ately they they left left their their nets nets and and followed followed him. him. 21 21As As he he went went from from there, there, he. he.saw saw two two other other brothers, brothers, James James son son of of Zebedee Zebedee and and his his brother brother John, John, in in the the boat.with boat.with their their father father Zebedee, Zebedee, mending mending their their nets, nets, and and he he called called them. them. 22 22Immediately Immediately they they left left the the boat boat and and their their father, father, and and followed followed him. him.

23 23 Jesusb. jesus" went went throughout throughout Galilee, Galilee, teaching teaching in in their their synagogues synagogues and and proclaim-proclaim- ing ing the the good good newsc news" of of the the kingdom kingdom and and curing curing every every disease disease and and every every.. sickness sickness among among the the people. people. 24 24So So his his farne fame spread spread throughout throughout all all Syria, Syria, and and they they brought brought to to him him all all the the sick, sick, those those who who were were afflicted afflicted with with various various diseases diseases and and pains, pains, .demoni-.demoni- acs, acs, epileptics, epileptics, and and paralytics, paralytics, and and he he cured cured them. them. 25 25Arid Arid great great crowds crowds followed followed him him

MATTHEW 4.16-5.13 from from Galilee, Galilee, the the Decapolis, Decapolis, Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Ju-Ju- dea, dea, and and from from beyond beyond the the Jordan. Jordan.

5 5When When Jesusd jesus" saw saw the the crowds, crowds, he he went wentup up the the mountain; mountain; and and after after he he sat sat down, down, his his disciples disciples came caine to to him.-2Then him.,2Then he he began began to to speak, speak, and and taught taught them, them, saying: saying: . .

3 3 "Blessed "Blessed are are the the poor·· poor .'in in spirit, spirit, for for theirs theirs is is the the kingdom kingdom of of heaven. heaven.

4 4 "Blessed "Blessed are are those those who who mourn, mourn, for for they they will will be be comforted. comforted.

5 5 ''Blessed "Blessed are are the, the, meek, meek, for for they they will will inherit inherit the the earth. earth.

6 6 "Blessed "Blessed are are those those who who hunger hunger and and thirst thirst for for righteousness, righteousness, for for:: they they will will be be filled. filled.

7 7 "Blessed "Blessed are are the the merciful, merciful, for for they they will will receive receive mercy., mercy" · .

8 8 "Blessed "Blessed are are the the pure pure in in heart, heart, for for they they will will see see God. God. ' : 9 9 "Blessed "Blessed are are the the peacemakers, peacemakers, for for they they

will will be be called called children children of of God. God..· 10 10 "Bless·ed "Blessed are are those those who who are are persecut-persecut-

ed ed .for for righteousness' righteousness' sake, sake, for for theirs theirs is is the the kingdom kingdom of of heaven. heaven.

11 11 "Blessed "Blessed are are .you .you when when people people revile revile you you and and persecute persecute you you and and utter utter all all kinds kinds of of evil evil against against you you falsely' falsely" on on my my account. account. 12 12Rejoice Rejoice and and be be glad, glad, for for your your reward reward is is great great in in heaven; heaven; for for in. in, the the same same way way they they persecuted persecuted the the prophets prophets who who were were before before you. you.

13 13 "You "You are are the the salt salt of of the the earth; earth; but but if if

a a Oris Or is at at hand hand · 'bGkHeb Gk He c /; Gkgospel Gkgospel d·Gkhe d'Gkhe' · e e Other Other ·ancient 'ancient authorities authorities lack lack falselyfalsely

' , . '." .

Matthew Matthew is is concerned concerned with with a a geographtc~l geographical designation, designation, not not its its ethnic ethnic makeup. makeup. 17: 17: See See 3.2. 3.2.Jesus' Jesus' preach preach-a ing ing and and John's John's are are identical. identical. 18-22: 18-22: Mk Mk 1.16-20; 1.16-20; Lk Lk 5.1-11. 5.1-11. 23: 23: The The synagogues synagogues or or public public gathering gathering places places tended tended to to be be simple simple buildings buildings where where the the town's town's business, business, politics, politics, and and religious religious discourse discourse took took place. place. 24-25: 24-25: Syria, Syria, province province northwest· northwest- of of Galilee. Galilee. The The DecapolisDecapolis was was the the federation federation of of ten ten Hellenistic Hellenistic cities cities (see (see Map Map on on p. p. 68 68 NT). NT). They They were were easf east of of the the Jordan, Jordan, except except for for Scythopolis Scythopolis (Beth-shan), (Beth-shan), justjust south south of of Galilee. Galilee. The The mention mention of of the the Decapolis Decapolis shows shows that that Jesus Jesus is is becoming.known becoming. known among among the the Gentiles. Gentiles.

5.1-7.27: 5.1-7.27: The The Sermon Sermon on on the the Mount. Mount. The The first first of of the the five five discourses discourses (chs (chs 5-7,10,13,18,23-25). 5-7,10,13,18,23-25). A A much much shorter shorter version version is is in in Lk Lk 6.17-38. 6.17-38. 5.1 5.1:...12: :"'12:The The Beatitudes. Beatitudes. 1-2: 1-2: Jesus, Jesus, like like Moses Moses (Ex (Ex 19 19.3),.3 ), ascends ascends a a mountain mountain to to begin begin his his teaching. teaching. 3-11: 3-11: BlessedBlessed means means happy happy or or satisfied satisfied (Ps (Ps 1. 1.1);1); In In these these nine nine beati-beati- tudes tudes Jesus Jesus describes describes the the ideal ideal characteristics characteristics of of the the members members of of the the Matthean Matthean community. community. They They prom-prom- ise ise God's God's comfort comfort in in the the coming coming age age (Isa (Isa 61.2). 61.2). 5: 5: Ps Ps 37.11. 37.11. Meek,Meek, not not "submissive" "submissive" or or '~inconsequential" "inconsequential" but but aware aware cif of one's one's proper proper position position in in the the kingdom; kingdom; not not overweening. overweening. 6, 6, 10: 10:Justice; Justice; fairness, fairness, or or righteous-righteous- ness ness are are vital vital for for disciples disciples of of Jesus Jesus {Ps IPS 72:2; 72:2; 1 1 Enoch Enoch 96.5). 96.5). 8: 8: PurePure in in heart, heart, sincere, sincere, free free from from mixed mixed mo-mo- tives; tives; Ps Ps 24.4; 24.4; 51:10. 51:10. 11: 11: A A saying saying that that perhapsperhaps reflects reflects the the difficult difficult context context in in which which the the later later Matthean Matthean community community found found itself itself (10.18,39; (10.18,39;16.25).12: 16.25).12: PersecutedPersecuted the the prophets,prophets, see see 1 1 Kings Kings 19.10; 19.10;Neh Neh 9.26. 9.26.

.

[ 13 NEW TESTAMENT ]

MATTHEW4.16-5.13

[13NEW TESTAMENT]

MATTHEW 5.14-5.33 salt salt has has lost lost its its taste, taste, how how can can its its saltiness saltiness bebe restored? restored? It It is is no no longer' longer' good good for for any-any- thing, thing, butbut is is thrown thrown out out and and trampled trampled un-un- der der foot. foot.

14 14 "You "You are are the the light light of of the the world. world. A A city city builtbuilt on on a a hill hill cannot cannot bebe hid. hid. 15No 15No one one after after lighting lighting a a lamp lamp putsputs it it underunder the the bush-bush- el elbasket,basket, butbut on on the the lampstand, lampstand, and and it it gives gives light light to to all all in in the the house. house. 16In 161nthe the saine saine way, way, let let your your light light shine shine beforebefore ·others, 'others, so so that that they they may may see see your your good good works works and and give give glory glory to to your your Father Father in in heaven. heaven.

· .17 17 "Do "Do not not think think that that I 1 have have come come to to abolish abolish the the law law or or the the prophets;prophets; I 1 have have come come not not to to abolish abolish butbut to to fulfill. fulfill. 18 18For For truly truly I 1tell tell you, you, untiluntil heaven heaven and and earth earth passpass away, away, not not one one letter," letter: not not one one stroke stroke of of a a letter, letter, will will passpass from from the the law law untiluntil all all is is accomplished. accomplished. 19Therefore, 19Therefore, · ' whoever whoever breaks"breaksh one one of of the the least least of of these these command-command- ments, ments, and and teaches teaches others others to to do do 'the 'the same, same, will will bebe called called least least in in the the kingdom kingdom of of heav-heav- en; en; butbut whoever whoever does does them them and and teaches teaches them them will will bebe called called great great in in the the kingdom kingdom of of heaven. heaven. 20For 20For I 1 tell tell you, you, unless unless your your righ-righ- teousness teousness exceeds exceeds that that of of the the scribes scribes and and Pharisees, Pharisees, you you will will never never enter enter the the kingdom kingdom of of heaven.heaven.

21 21 "You "You havehave heardheard that that it it was was said said to to those those of of ancient ancient times, times, 'You 'You shall shall not not mur-mur- der'; der'; and and 'whoever 'whoever murders murders shall shall bebe liable liable to to judgment.'judgment.' 22But 22But I 1say say to to you you that that if if you you are are angry angry with with a a brother brother or or sister: sister," you you will will bebe liable liable to to judgment;judgment; and and if if you you in-in- sule sulr' a a brotherbrother or or sister,' sister,' you you will will bebe lia-lia- bleble to to the the council; council; and and if if you you say, say, 'You 'You fool,' fool,' you you will will bebe liable liable to to the the hellf hell/ of of fire. fire. 23 23So So when when you you are are offering offering your your gift gift at at the the

altar, altar, if if you you remember remember that that your your brotherbrother or or sisterg sister- has has something something against against you, you, 24 24leaveleave your your gift gift there there beforebefore the the altar altar and and go; go; first first bebe reconciled reconciled to to your your brotherbrother or or sister, sister, gg and and then then come come and and offer offer your your gift. gift. 25 25Come Come to to terms terms quickly quickly with with your your accuser accuser while while you you are are on on the the way way to to courth court" with with him, him, or or your your accuser accuser may may hand hand you you over over to to the the judge,judge, and and the the judgejudge to to the the guard, guard, and and you you will will bebe thrown thrown into into prison.prison. 26Truly 26Truly I 1 tell tell you, you, you you will will never never get get out out until until you you have have paidpaid the the last last penny.penny.

27 27 "You "You have have heard heard that that it it was was said, said, 'You 'You shall shall not not commit commit adultery.' adultery.' 28But 28But I I say say to to you you that that everyone everyone who who looks looks at at a a woman woman with with lust lust has has already already committed committed adultery adultery with with her her in in his his heart. heart. 291£ 291£your your right right eye eye causes causes you you to to sin, sin, tear tear it it out out and and throw throw it it away; away; it it is is betterbetter for for you you tb to lose lose one one of of your your members members than than for for your your whole whole bodybody to to bebe thrown thrown into into hell/ hell.' 30 30And And if if your your right right hand hand causes causes you you to to sin, sin, cut cut it it off off and and throw throw it it away; away; it it is is betterbetter for for you you to to lose lose one one of of your your members members than than for for your your whole whole bodybody to to go go into into hell. hell. r f

31 31 "It "It was was also also said, said, 'Whoever 'Whoever divorces divorces his his wife, wife, let let him him give give her her a a certificate certificate of of divorce.' divorce.' 32 32But But I 1 say say to to you you that that anyone anyone who who divorces divorces his his wife, wife, except except on on the the ground ground of of unchastity, unchastity, causes causes her her to to commit commit adultery; adultery; andiwhoever and-whoever marries marries a a divorced divorced woman woman commits commits adultery. adultery.

33 33 "Again, "Again, you you have have heard heard that that it it was was

a a Gk Gk one one iota iota b b Or Or annuls annuls c c Gk Gk a a brother; brother; other other ancient ancient authorities authorities add add without without cause cause d d Gk Gk saysay RacaRaca to to (an (an obscure obscure term term of of abuse) abuse) e e Gk Gk a a brother brother f f Gk Gk Gef:enna Gehenna gg Gk Gk youryour brother brother h h Gk Gk lacks lacks to to court court .

5.13-16: 5.13-16: The The disciple disciple in in the the world. world. 13: 13: Salt, Salt, a a preservativepreservative as as well well as as a a flavoring flavoring agent. agent. 15: 15: Lamp,Lamp, a a term term in in the the Hebrew Hebrew Bible Bible for for David David and and his his descendants descendants (1 (1 Kings Kings 11.36; 11.36; Ps Ps 132.17). 132.17). The The members members of of the the community community will will fulfill fulfill God's God's planplan for for Israel Israel (Isa (Isa 42.6; 42.6; 49.6). 49.6).

5.17-48: 5.17-48: Jesus Jesus and and the the law. law. This This section section discusses discusses the the community's community's understanding understanding of of the the Torah, Torah, or or law. law. 17-19: 17-19: Jesus Jesus and and his his followers followers in in Matthew Matthew fulfill fulfill the the law law through through Jesus' Jesus' teaching, teaching, though though they they were were accused accused of of neglecting neglecting the the law law (12.2). (12.2). Prophets,Prophets, the the second second division division of of the the Hebrew Hebrew Bible, Bible, including including Joshua, Joshua, Judges, Judges, Samuel, Samuel, and and Kings, Kings, as as well well as as the the propheticprophetic books. books. 20: 20: Scribes, Scribes, authoritative authoritative interpreters interpreters of of the the law. law. 21-48: 21-48: Jesus Jesus engages engages the the ten ten commandments commandments and and other other aspects aspects of of Mosaic Mosaic law. law. His His teaching teaching reveals reveals God's God's purposepurpose in in giving giving the the law law (19.3-9). (19.3-9). 21: 21: Ex Ex 20.13; 20.13; Deur Deut 5.17 5.17.. .judgment, Judgment, byby a a local local court. court. 22: 22: Council, Council, the the Sanhedrin. Sanhedrin. 27: 27: Ex Ex 20.14; 20.14; Deur Deut 5.18. 5.18.30:30: 18.8-'-9; 18.8"'-9; Mk Mk 9.43-48. 9.43-48.31:31: Deut Deut 24.1-4. 24.1-4.32:32: ExceptExcept ... ... unchastity, unchastity, absent absent from from the the parallelsparallels in in Mk Mk 10.11-12 10.11-12 and and Lk Lk 16.18, 16.18, butbut see see 19.9n. 19.9n. 33-37: 33-37: Lev Lev 19.12; 19.12; NumNum 30.2; 30.2; Deut Deut 23.21. 23.21. 35: 35: Isa Isa 66.1; 66.1; Ps Ps 48.2. 48.2. 38-42: 38-42: These These verses verses form form the the core core of of the the nonviolence nonviolence

[ 14 NEW TESTAMENT ]

MATTHEW 5.14-5.33

[ 14 NEW TESTAMENT]

said said to to those those of of ancient ancient times, times, 'You 'You shall shall not not swear swear falsely, falsely, but but carry carry out out the the vows vows you you have have made made to to the the Lord.' Lord.' 34 34But But I I say say to to you, you, Do Do not not swear swear at at all, all, either either by by heaven, heaven, for for it it is is the. the. throne throne of of God, God, 35 35or or by by thethe earth, earth, for for it it is is his his footstool, footstool, or or by by Jerusa-Jerusa- lem, lem, for for it it is is the the city city of of the the great great King. King. 36 36And And do do not not swear swear by by your your head, head, for for you you cannot cannot make make one one hair hair white white or or black. black. 37Let 37Let your your word word be be 'Yes, 'Yes, Yes' Yes'oror 'No, 'No, No';No'; any-any- thing thing more more than than this this comes comes from from the the evil evil one: one:

38 38 "You "You have have heard heard that that it it was was said, said, 'An 'An eye eye for for an an eye eye and and a a tooth tooth for for a a tooth.' tooth.' 39But 39ButI I say say to to you, you, Do Do not not resist resist an an evildo-evildo- er. er. But But if if anyone anyone strikes strikes you you on on the the right right cheek, cheek, turn turn the the other other also; also; 40and 40and if if anyone anyone wants wants to to sue sue you you and and take take your your coat, coat, give give your your cloak cloak as as well; well; 41and 41and if if anyone anyone forces forces you you to to go go one one mile, mile, go go also also the the second second mile. mile. 42Give 42Give to to everyone everyone who who begs begs from from you, you, and and do do not not refuse refuse anyone anyone who who wants wants to to borrow borrow from from you. you.

43 43 "You "You have have heard heard that that it it was was said, said, 'You 'You shall shall love love your your neighbor neighbor and and hate hate your your enemy.' enemy.' 4444 But But I I say say to to you, you, Love Love your your enemies enemies and and pray pray for for those those who who persecute persecute you, you, 45 45so so that that you you may may be be children children of of your your Father Father in in heaven; heaven; for for he he makes makes his his sun sun rise rise on on the the evil evil and and on on the the good, good, and and sends sends rain rain on on the the righteous righteous and and on on the the unrighteous. unrighteous. 446For6For if if you you love love those those who who love love you, you, what what reward reward do do you you have? have? Do Do not not even even the the tax tax collectors collectors do do the the same? same? 47 47And And if if you you greet greet only only your your brothers brothers and and sisters, sisters, b b what what more more are are you you doing doing than than others? others? Do Do not not even even the the

MATTHEW 5 .34-6.9 Gentiles Gentiles do do the the same? same? 48Be 48Be perfect, perfect, there-there- fore, fore,

6 as as your your heavenly heavenly Father Father is is perfect. perfect.

6 "Beware "Beware of of practicing practicing your your piety piety before beforeothers others in in order order to to be be seen seen by by them; them; for for then then you you have have no no reward reward from from your your Father Father in in heaven. heaven.

2 2 "So "So whenever whenever you you give give alms, alms, do do not not sound sound a a trumpet trumpet before before you, you, as as the the hypo-hypo- crites crites do do in in the the synagogues synagogues and and in in the the streets, streets, so so that that they they may may be be praised praised by by oth-oth- ers. ers. Truly Truly I I tell tell you, you, they they have have received received their their reward. reward. 3 3But But when when you you give give alms, alms, do do not not let let your. your .left left hand hand know know what what your your right right hand hand is is doing, doing, 4so 4S0 that that your your alms alms may maybebe done done in in secret; secret; and and your your Father Father who who sees sees in in secret secret will will reward reward you.' you.' · .

5 5 "And "And whenever whenever you you pray, pray, do do not not be be like like the the hypocrites; hypocrites; for for they they love love to to stand stand and and pray pray in in the the synagogues synagogues and and at at the the street street corners, corners, so so that that they they may may be be seen seen by by others. others. Truly Truly I I tell tell you, you, they they have have received received their their reward. reward. 6But 6But whenever whenever you you pray, pray, go go into into your your room room and and shut shut the the door door and and pray pray to to your your Father Father who who is is in in secret; secret; and and your your Fa-Fa- ther ther who who sees sees in in secret secret will will reward reward you.' you.'

7 7 "When "When you you are are praying, praying, do do not not heap heap up up empty empty phrases phrases as as the the Gentiles Gentiles do; do; for for they they think think that that they they will will be be heard heard because because of of their their many many words. words. 8 8Do Do not not be be like like them, them, for for your your Father Father knows knows what what you you need need be-be- fore fore you you ask ask him. him.

9 9 "Pray "Pray then then in in this this way: way: Our Our Father Father in in heaven, heaven,

a aOrOr evil evil b b Gk Gk youryour brothers brothers c c Other Other ancient ancient authorities authorities add add openly openly

associated associated with with Jesus' Jesus' teaching. teaching. 38: 38: Ex Ex 21.23-24; 21.23-24; Lev Lev 24.19-20; 24.19-20; Deut Deut 19.21. 19.21. 40: 40: To To give give the the cloak, cloak, or or outer outer garment, garment, would would leave leave a a person person naked. naked. The The law law forbade forbade keeping keeping a a poor poor person's person's cloak cloak overnight overnight (Ex (Ex 22.26-27; 22.26-27; Deut Deut 24.12-13). 24.12-13).41:41: Soldiers Soldiers could could compel compel civilians civilians to to carry carry their their baggage baggage (27.32); (27.32); going going the the second second mile mile would would perhaps perhaps spare spare another another from from such such compulsion. compulsion.

5.43-48: 5.43-48: Love Love and and wholeness. wholeness. 43: 43: LoveLove youryour neighbor neighbor quotes quotes Lev Lev 19.18 19.18 (see (see Ex23.4-5), Ex23.4-5), but but hate hate youryour enemy enemy is is not not commanded commanded there. there. 48: 48: PerfectPerfect (see (see 19.21), 19.21), or or "merciful" "merciful" (Lk (Lk 6.36), 6.36), reflects reflects the the command command to to complete complete obedience obedience (Deut (Deut 18.13) 18.13) and and holiness holiness (Lev (Lev 19.2). 19.2).

6.1-8: 6.1-8: On On justicejustice and and prayer. prayer. 1: 1: PietyPiety is is the the term term elsewhere elsewhere translated translated "justice" "justice" or or "righteousness." "righteousness." 2: 2: Alms,Alms, charitable charitable gifts, gifts, were were a a prime prime religious religious obligation obligation for for Jews Jews (Toh (Tob 4. 4.7).7). Hypocrites,Hypocrites, originally originally referred referred to to actors actors (Aristotle, (Aristotle, PoeticsPoetics 1456a). 1456a). It It was was used used by by moralists moralists for for those those whose whose deeds deeds did did not not match match their their words words (Sir (Sir 1.29). 1.29). 3-4: 3-4: Acts Acts of of justice,justice, like like prayer prayer (vv. (vv. 5-6), 5-6), are are between between the the doer doer and and God, God, not not for for public public approval, approval, in in contrast contrast to to Roman Roman philanthropy, philanthropy, which which included included the the public public display display of of good good works. works.

6.9-15: 6.9-15: The The Lord's Lord's Prayer. Prayer. Cf. Cf. Lk Lk 11.2-4. 11.2-4. Matthew's Matthew's version version is is the the better better known. known. 9: 9: Father,Father, Isa Isa 63.16; 63.16; 64.8. 64.8. 10: 10: The The prayer prayer for for the the coming coming of of God's God's kingdom kingdom is is for for God's God's rule, rule, not not that that of of foreign foreign or or false false

[ 15 NEW TESTAMENT]

MATTHEW 5.34-6.9

[ 15 NEW TESTAMENT]

MATTHEW 6.10-6.32 hallowed hallowed be be your your name. name.

10 10 Your Your kingdom kingdom come. come. Your Your will will be be done, done,

on on earth earth as as it it is is in in heaven. heaven. 11 11 Give Give us us this this day day our our daily daily bread: bread: 12 12 And And forgive forgive us us our our debts, debts,

as as we we also also have have forgiven forgiven c v . ;: , our our debtors. debtors.

· ,1313 , ,AndAnd do do not not bring bring us us to to the the time time of of trial/ trial,"

but but rescue rescue us us from from the the evil evil one. one.c C '. ~, ..' 14 14For For if if you you forgive forgive others others their their trespasses, trespasses, your your heavenly heavenly Father Father will will also also forgive forgive you; you; 15 15but but if if you you do do not not forgive forgive others, others, neither neither will will your'Father your'Father forgive forgive your your trespasses. trespasses.

16 16 "And "And whenever whenever you you fast, fast, do do not not look look dismal, dismal, like like the the hypocrites, hypocrites, for for they they disfig-disfig- ure ure their their faces faces so so as as to to show show others others that that they they are are fasting. fasting. Truly Truly I I tell tell you, you, they they have have received received their their reward. reward. 17But 17Butwhen when you you fast, fast, put put oil oil on. on, your your head head and and wash wash your your face, face, 18so 18S0that that your your fasting fasting may may be be seen seen not not by by others others but but by by your your Father Father who who is is in in secret; secret; and and your your Father Father who who sees sees in in secret secret will will re-re- ward ward you.you.a d '," ;·

19 19 .''Do "Do not not store store up up for for yourselves yourselves trea-trea- sures sures on on earth, earth, where where moth moth and and rust' rust" cone cone sume sume and and where where thieves thieves break break in in and,steal; and.steal; 20but 20but store store up up for for yourselves yourselves treasures treasures in in heaven, heaven, where. where, neither neither moth moth nor nor rust~ rust' con-con- sumes sumes and and where where thieves thieves do do not not break break in in and and steal. steal. 21For 21For where where your your treasure, treasure, is, is, there there your your heart heart will will be be also. also.

22 22 "The "The eye eye is is the the lamp lamp of of the the body. body. So, So, if if your your eye eye is is healthy, healthy, your your whole whole body body will will be be full full of of light; light; 23 23but but if if your your eye eye is is un-un- healthy, healthy, your your whole whole body body will will be be full full of of

darkness. darkness. IfIf thenthen thethe lightlight inin youyou isis dark-dark- ness, ness, how how greatgreat isis thethe darkness!darkness!

. ,2424 "No "No oneone cancan serve serve twotwo masters;masters; forfor aa slave slave will will eithereither hatehate the.onethe.one andand lovelove thethe other, other, or or bebe devoteddevoted toto thethe cinecine andand despisedespise the. the, other. other. YouYou cannotcannot serve serve GodGod andand wealth.f wealth.'

25 25 "Therefore "Therefore II telltell you,you, dodo notnot worryworry about about your your life,life, whatwhat youyou willwill eateat oror whatwhat you you will will drink,drink, gg oror aboutabout youryour body,body, whatwhat you you will will wear.wear. IsIs notnot.· "lifelife moremore thanthan food,food, and and the the bodybody moremore thanthan clothing?clothing? 26Look26Look at at the the birds birds ofof thethe air;air; theythey neitherneither sow sow nornor reap reap nor nor gathergather intointo barns,barns, andand yetyet youryour heavenly heavenly FatherFather feedsfeeds them.them. AreAre youyou notnot ofof more more value value :than :than they?they? 2727 AndAnd cancan anyany ofof you you by by worrying worrying addadd aa singlesingle hourhour toto youryour span span of of life?hlife?h 2828 AndAnd whywhy dodo youyou worryworry about about clothing? clothing? Consider.Consider. thethe lilieslilies ofof thethe field, field, how how theythey grow;grow; theythey.neither .neither toiltoil nornor spin, spin, 29yet 29yet II telltell you;you; eveneven Solomon Solomon inin allall his his glory glory waswas notnot clothedclothed likelike oneone ofof these.these. 30 30But But if if GodGod so so clothesclothes thethe grassgrass ofof thethe field, field, which which isis alivealive todaytoday andand tomorrowtomorrow isis thrown thrown into:into : thethe oven,oven, willwill hehe notnot muchmuch more more clothe, clothe, you-youyou-you ofof littlelittle faith?faith? 31 31Therefore Therefore dodo notnot worry,worry, saying,saying, 'What'What will will we we eat?'eat?' oror 'What'What willwill wewe drink?'drink?' oror 'What 'What will will wewe wear?'wear?' 32For32For itit isis thethe Gen-Gen- tiles tiles who. who, strivestrive forfor allall thesethese things;things; andand in-in- a a Or Or our our bread bread forfor tomorrowtomorrow bb OrOr usus intointo temptation temptation cc OrOr fromfrom evil.evil. OtherOther ancientancient authoritiesauthorities add, add, in in some some form,form, ForFor thethe kingdomkingdom andand thethe powerpower and and the the glory glory areare yoursyours forever.forever. Amen.Amen. dd OtherOther ancient ancient authorities authorities addadd openlyopenly ee GkGk eatingeating ff Gk Gk mammon mammon gg OtherOther ancientancient authoritiesauthorities lacklack oror what what youyou'will 'will drinkdrink hh OrOr addadd oneone cubitcubit toto youryour height height

leaders. leaders. On On earth earth as as it it is is in in heaven heaven applies applies to to the the first first three three petitions; petitions; itit expressesexpresses thethe community'scommunity's desiredesire to to reflect reflect God's God's priorities priorities in in its its actions actions and.relations. and relations. 11: 11: Daily Daily bread, bread, basicbasic needs;needs; if if thethe.meaning .meaning isis breadbread forfor tomorrow tomorrow (see (see note note a), a), it it may may refer refer to to the the eschatological eschatological banquet. banquet. 12: 12: Debts,Debts, aa metaphormetaphor for'for· "sins" "sins" (see (see 18.23-35}: 18.23-3S}: 13: 13: The The community community is is in in a a tim.e time of of trial trial and and opposition. opposition. 14-15: 14-15: ReciprocityReciprocity isis vitalvital inin thethe economy economy of of God's God's kingdom. kingdom.

6.16-18: 6.16-18: Fasting. Fasting. Jesus Jesus returns returns to to the the third third example example of of pious pious deeds.deeds. Fasting,Fasting, oftenoften associatedassociated withwith festivals festivals and and holy holy days days of of the the Second Second Temple' Temple' period, period, was was adopted adopted 'as'.as· aa markmark ofof individualindividual pietypiety (Mk(Mk 2.18-20; 2.18-20; Lk Lk 18.12). 18.12).

6.19-34: 6.19-34: Religion Religion and and possessions possessions(bk(bk 12.33-34; 12.33-34; 11.34-36; 11.34-36; 16.13; 16.13; 12.22-31): 12.22-31): TheseThese versesverses formform aa unity unity devoted devoted to to the the subject subject of of possessions possessions. . . ,'21:·21: Heart, Heart, the the center, center, ofof will.will. 22.,.24:22-,-24: UndueUndue focusfocus onon possessions possessions can can distort distort judgment.judgment. 25-32: 25-32: A A warning warning against against allowing allowing concernconcern forfor basicbasic needsneeds toto supersedesupersede God's God's rule. rule. 29: 29: Solomon, Solomon, see see 1 1 Kings Kings 10. 10.33:-34:33:-34: The The Matthean Matthean summary summary ofof howhow toto balancebalance humanhuman needsneeds and and priorities priorities with with service service to to God God illustrates. illustrates. the the disciple's disciple's trust trust in in GodGod (6.11).( 6.11 ).

[ 16 NEW TESTAMENT ]

MATTHEW 6.10-6.32

[ 16 NEW TESTAMENT]

deed deed your your heavenly heavenly Father Father knows knows that that you you need need all all these these things;. things.: 33 33 But But strive strive first first for for the the kingdom kingdom of of Goda Gada and and hisb his" righteous-righteous- ness, ness, and and all all these these things things will will bebe given given to to you you as as well. well.

34 34 "So "Sodado not not worry worry about about tomorrow, tomorrow, for for tomorrow tomorrow will will bringbring worries worries of of its its own. own. Today's Today's

7 trouble trouble is is enough enough for for today. today.

7 "Do "Do not not judge,judge, so so that that you you may may not not bebe judged.judged. 2 2For For with with the the judgmentjudgment you you make make you you will will bebe judged,judged, and and the the measure measure youyou give givewillwill bebe the the measure measure you you get. get. 3 3Why Why do do you you see see the the speck speck in in your your neighbor'sc neighbor's' eye, eye, butbut do do not not notice notice the the log log in in your your own own eye? eye? 440Or r how how can can you you say say to to your your neigh-neigh- bor,bor, d d 'Let 'Let me me take take the the speck speck out out of of your your eye,' eye,' while while the the log log is is in in your your own own eye? eye? 5You sYou hypocrite, hypocrite, first first take take the the log log out out of of your your own own eye, eye,and and then then you you will will see see clearly clearly to to take take the the speck speck out out of of your your neighbor'sc neighbor's' eye. eye.

6 6 "Do "Do not not give give what what is is holy holy to to dogs; dogs; and and do do not not throw throw your your pearlspearls beforebefore swine, swine, or or they they will will trample trample them them under under foot foot and and turn turn and and maul maul you. you.

7 7 "Ask, "Ask, and and it it willwill bebe given given you;you; search, search, and and youyou willwill find; find; knock, knock, and and thethe door door will will bebe opened opened for for you. you. 8 8 For For everyone everyone who who asks asks receives, receives, and and everyone everyone who who searches searches finds, finds, and and for for everyone everyone who who knocks, knocks, the the door door will will bebe opened. opened. 9 9Is Is there there anyone anyone among among you you who, who, if if your your child child asks asks for for bread,bread, willwill give give a a stone? stone? lDOr IOOr if if thethe child child asks asks for for a a fish, fish,

MATTHEW 6.33-7.21 will will give give a a snake? snake? 11If 111£ you you then, then, who who are are evil, evil, know know how how to to give give good good gifts gifts to to your your children, children, how how much much more more will will your your Father Father in in heaven heaven give give good good things things to to those those who who ask ask him! him!

· .·12 '12 "In "In everything everything do do to to o.thers, others, as as you you would would have have them them do do to to you; you; for.this for.thisisis the the law law and and the the prophets.prophets. · ' , ,1313 "Enter "Enter through through the the narrow narrow gate; gate; for for

the the gate gate is is wide wide and and the the road road is is easy' easy' that that leads leads to to destruction, destruction, and and there there are are .many .many who who take take it. it. 14 14For For the the gate· gateisis narrow narrow and and the the road road is is hard hard that that leads leads to to life, life, and and there there are are few few who who find find it. it.

15 15 "Beware "Beware of of false false prophets,prophets, who who come come to to you you in in sheep's sheep's clothing clothing butbut inwardly inwardly are are ravenous ravenous wolves. wolves. 16You 16You will will know know them them byby their their fruits. fruits. Are Are grapes grapes gathered gathered from from thorns, thorns, or or figs figs from from thistles?: thistles?: l l?In?In the the same same way, way, every every good good tree tree bearsbears good good fruit, fruit,butbut the the badbad tree tree bears bears badbad fruit. fruit. 18 18A A good good tree tree cannot cannot bearbear badbad fruit, fruit, nor nor can can a a badbad free tree bearbear good good fruit. fruit. 19Every·tree 19Every'tree that that does does not not bearbear good good fruit fruit is is cut cut down down and and thrown thrown into into the the fire. fire. 20Thus 20Thus you you will will know know them them byby their their fruits. fruits.

21 21 "Not "Not everyone everyone who who says says to· to' me, me, 'Lord, 'Lord, Lord,' Lord,' will will enter enter the the kingdom kingdom of of

a a Other Other ancient ancient authorities authorities lack lack of of God God' · b b Or Or its its c c Gk Gk brother's brother's d d Gk Gk brother brother · ' e e Other Other ancient ancient authorities authorities read read forfor the the road road is is wide wide and and easy easy · ,

7.1-6: 7.1-6: Making Making judgmentsjudgments within within the the community community (Lk (Lk 6.37-42). 6.37-42). 1-2: 1-2: Avoiding Avoiding judgmentjudgment among among the the members members of of the the community community is is also also stressed stressed in in ch ch 18. 18. 6: 6: What What is is holy, holy, meat meat from from sacrifices. sacrifices. Such Such meat meat waswas to to bebe consumed consumed byby the the priestpriest or or the the worshiper; worshiper; giving giving it it to to dogs dogs would would bebe satrilege.•Both sacrilege-Both dogs dogs (because (because of of their their shameless shameless behavior)behavior) and and swineswine (because (because the the law law forbade forbade eating eating their their meat) meat) werewere deeply deeply offensive offensive images images of of unworthyunworthy or or hostile hostile outsiders, outsiders. The The verse verse is is used used later later in in the the DidacheDidache 9.4, 9.4, an an early early Jewish Jewish Christian Christian work. work, indebted indebted to to Matthew, Matthew, as as a a rationale rationale for for keeping keeping nonbelievers nonbelievers from from partakingpartaking in in the the Eucharist. Eucharist.

7.7-29: 7.7-29: Concluding Concluding the the Sermon Sermon on on the the Mount. Mount. This This final final section section contains contains practicalpractical advice advice for for the the community community both both now now and and in in the the future; future;d.cf. Lk Lk 6.31,43-49; 6.31,43-49; 11.9-13; 11.9-13; 13.23-27. 13.23-27. 7-11: 7-11: The The community community should should not not bebe overly overly concerned concerned about about material material needs, needs, butbut can can ask ask to to obtain obtain them.' them.' 9-10: 9-10: The The usual usual round round loaf loaf resembled resembled a a stone,stone, and and a a dried dried fishfish might might look look like like snakeskin. snakeskin. 12: 12: This This "Golden "Golden Rule" Rule" calls calls for for activity activity on on behalfbehalf of of others. others. AA variation variation is is attributed attributed to to Rabbi Rabbi Hillel Hillel (first (first century century BCE): BeE): "What "What is is hateful hateful to to you you do do not not do do to to your your neighbor; neighbor; that that is is the the whole whole Torah Torah ... ... go go and and learn learn it" it" (b. (b.Shabb.Shabb. 31a); 31a); cf. d. Tob Tab 4.15; 4.15; DidacheDidache LL 1.LProphets,Prophets, see see 5.17-19n.13-23: 5.17-19n.13-23: Disciples Disciples should should not not bebe nai:ve, naive, butbut wise, wise, shrewd, shrewd, and and gentle gentle (Mt (Mt 10.16). 10.16). 13-14: 13-14: For For the the frequent frequent metaphor metaphor of of the the two two roads, roads, see, see, e.g., e.g., Prov Prov 7.27; 7.27; 15.24;.Jer 15.24;.}er 21.8. 21.8. 15: 15: FalseFalse prophets,prophets, teachers teachers of of false false doctrine; doctrine; ravenous ravenous wolves, wolves, cf. d. Ezek Ezek 22.27; 22.27; Zeph Zeph 3.3. 3.3. The The remark remark reflects reflects the the early early church's church's situation. situation. 17-20: 17-20: Cf. Cf. 3.8-10. 3.8-10. 22: 22: ProphesyProphesy in in youryour name, name, cf. d. Jer jer 14.14; 14.14;

[ 17 NEW TESTAMENT ]

MATTHEW 6.33-7.21

[ 17 NEW TESTAMENT]

MATTHEW 7.22-8.17

·

[ 18 NEW TESTAMENT]

MATTHEW7.22-8.17 heaven,heaven, butbut onlyonly thethe oneone whowho doesdoes thethe willwill ofof mymy FatherFather inin heaven.heaven. 2222 OnOn thatthat dayday manymany willwill saysay toto me,me, 'Lord,'Lord, Lord,Lord, diddid wewe notnot prophesyprophesy inin youryour name,name, andand castcast outout demonsdemons inin youryour name,name, andand dodo manymany deedsdeeds ofof powerpower inin youryour name?'name?' 23Then23Then II willwill de-de- clareclare toto them,them, 'I'I nevernever knewknew you;you; gogo awayaway fromfrom me,me, youyou evildoers.'evildoers.'

,24 ,24 "Everyone "Everyone thenthen whowho hearshears thesethese wordswords ofof minemine and and actsacts onon themthem willwill bebe likelike aa wisewise manman whowho builtbuilt hishis househouse onon rock.rock. 25The25The rainrain fell,fell, thethe floodsfloods came,came, andand thethe windswinds blewblew andand beatbeat onon thatthat house,house, butbut itit diddid notnot fall,fall, becausebecause itit hadhad beenbeen foundedfounded onon rock.rock. 2626 AndAnd everyoneeveryone whowho hearshears thesethese wordswords ofof minemine andand doesdoes notnot actact onon themthem willwill bebe likelike aa foolishfoolish manman whowho builtbuilt hishis househouse onon sand.sand. 27The27The rainrain fell,fell, andand thethe floodsfloods came,came, andand thethe windswinds blewblew andand beatbeat against against thatthat house,house, and and itit fell-and fell-and great great waswas itsits fall!" fall!" · , 2828 NowNow whenwhen JesusJesus hadhad finishedfinished saying saying

thesethese things;things; thethe crowdscrowds werewere astoundedastounded atat hishis teaching,teaching, 2929 forfor hehe taughttaught themthem asas oneone havinghaving authority,authority, andand notnot asas theirtheir scribes;scribes:

8 8WhenWhen jesus"Jesus• hadhad comecome downdown fromfrom thethe mountain,mountain, greatgreat crowdscrowds followedfollowed him;him; 22 andand therethere waswas aa leper"leperb whowho camecame toto himhim andand kneltknelt beforebefore him,him, saying,saying, "Lord,"Lord, ifif youyou choose, choose, youyou can can makemake meme clean." clean." 3 3HeHe stretched stretched out out hishis handhand and and touchedtouched him,him, saying, saying, "I "I dodo choose.choose. BeBe mademade clean!"clean!" ImmediatelyImmediately hishis leprosy"leprosl waswas cleansed.cleansed. 4Then4Then JesusJesus saidsaid toto him,him, "See "See thatthat youyou saysay nothingnothing toto anyone;anyone; butbut go,go, showshow yourselfyourself toto thethe priest,priest, andand offeroffer thethe giftgift thatthat MosesMoses commanded,commanded, asas aa testimonytestimony toto them."them."

55 WhenWhen hehe enteredentered Capernaum,Capernaum, aa centu-centu- rionrion camecame toto him,him, appealingappealing toto himhim 66 andand saying,saying, "Lord,"Lord, mymy servantservant isis lyinglying atat homehome paralyzed,paralyzed, inin terribleterrible distress."distress." .7.7 AndAnd hehe saidsaid toto him,him, "I"I willwill comecome andand curecure him."him." 8TheSThe centurioncenturion answered,answered, "Lord,"Lord, II amam notnot worthyworthy toto havehave youyou comecome underunder mymy roof;roof; butbut onlyonly speakspeak thethe word,'word, · andand mymy servantservant willwill bebe healed.healed. 9for 9For II also also am am a a manman underunder authority,authority, withwith soldiers soldiers underunder me;me; andand II say say to.to. one,one, 'Go,''Go,' andand hehe goes,goes, andand toto another,another, 'Come,''Come,' andand hehe comes,comes, andand toto mymy slave,slave, 'Do'Do this,'this,' andand thethe slaveslave doesdoes it."it." 10When loWhen JesusJesus heardheard him,him, hehe waswas amazedamazed andand saidsaid toto thosethose whowho followedfollowed him,him, "Truly"Truly II telltell you,you, inin nono one'one' inin IsraelIsrael havehave II foundfound suchsuch faith.faith. 1111 II telltell you,you, manymany willwill comecome fromfrom easteast andand westwest andand willwill eateat withwith AbrahamAbraham andand IsaacIsaac andand JacobJacob inin thethe kingdomkingdom ofof heaven,heaven, 12while 12while thethe heirsheirs of of thethe kingdomkingdom willwill bebe thrownthrown intointo thethe outerouter darkness,darkness, wherewhere therethere willwill bebe weepingweeping andand gnashinggnashing ofof teeth."teeth." 13 13AndAnd toto thethe centurioncenturion JesusJesus said,said, "Go; "Go; letlet itit bebe donedone forfor youyou accordingaccording toto youryour faith."faith." AndAnd thethe servantservant waswas healedhealed inin thatthat hour.hour.

14 14 WhenWhen JesusJesus enteredentered Peter'sPeter's house,house, hehe sawsaw hishis mother-in-lawmother-in-law lyinglying inin bedbed withwith aa fever;fever; 15he 15he touchedtouched herher hand,hand, andand thethe feverfever leftleft her,her, andand she-gotshe.got upup andand beganbegan toto serveserve him.him. 16That 16That evening evening theythey broughtbrought toto himhim manymany whowho werewere possessedpossessed withwith demons; demons; andand hehe castcast outout thethe spirits spirits withwith aa word,word, andand curedcured allall whowho werewere sick. sick. 17This 17This waswas toto

aa GkGk hehe bb TheThe termsterms leperleper andand leprosyleprosy cancan referrefer toto severalseveral diseases'diseases· cc OtherOther ancientancient authoritiesauthorities readread TrulyTruly II telltell you,you, notnot eveneven .

27.15.27.15. 23:23: GoGo awayaway ... ... youyou evildoers,evildoers, quotingquoting PsPs 6.8.6.8. 24-28:24-28: Founded,Founded, thethe SermonSermon onon thethe MountMount hashas beenbeen describeddescribed asas aa "constitution""constitution" forfor Matthew'sMatthew's church.church. TheThe conclusion,conclusion, When When JesusJesus hadhad finishedfinished .... .. , , marksmarks thethe endend ofof thethe otherother discoursesdiscourses asas wellwell (11.1;(11.1; 13.53;13.53; 19.1;19.1; 26.1).26.1). 8.1-34:8.1-34: DeedsDeeds ofof powerpower andand discipleship.discipleship. FollowingFollowing hishis teaching,teaching, JesusJesus turnsturns toto healing.healing. 1-4: 1-4: MkMk

1.40-45; 1.40-45; LkLk 5.12-16.5.12-16.Leper, Leper, oneone sufferingsuffering fromfrom aa skinskin.disease disease (see(see notenote b)b) thatthat mademade himhim uncleanunclean (Lev(Lev 13.1-59; 13.1-59; NumNum 5.1-4).5.1-4). Clean, Clean, ableable toto rejoinrejoin thethe community.community. ShowShow ..•..• thethe priest,priest, LevLev 14.2-32. 14.2-32. The The gift,gift, LevLev 14.10. 14.10. 5-13:5-13: LkLk 7.1-10;7.1-10; 13.28-30. 13.28-30. AA centurioncenturion isis inin chargecharge ofof aa companycompany ofof upup toto oneone hundredhundred menmen inin aa RomanRoman legion.legion. 6:6: Servant,Servant, oror "child""child" (Gk(Gk "pais");"pais"); thethe usualusual termterm forfor servant,servant, "doulos,""doulos," isis usedused inin v,v. 9.9. 8-10:8-10: TheThe centurioncenturion believesbelieves that,that, asas hehe cancan commandcommand servantsservants andand soldiers,soldiers, JesusJesus cancan commandcommand oror controlcontrol disease.disease. 11-12:11-12: EastEast andand west,west, thosethose outsideoutside thethe landland ofof Israel,Israel, non-Jews;non-Jews; d.cf. IsaIsa 59.19;59.19; MalMal 1.11. 1.11. EatEat ...... inin thethe kingdom,kingdom, thethe messianicmessianic banquet;banquet; d.cf. 22.1-10.14-17:22.1-10. 14-17: MkMk 1.29-34; 1.29-34; LkLk 4.38-41.4.38-41. TheThe circlecircle ofof thosethose beingbeing healedhealed broadensbroadens asas thethe dayday progresses.progresses. 17:17: IsaIsa 53.4;53.4; anotheranother fulfillmentfulfillment citation.citation.

[ 18 NEW TESTAMENT]