Thesis Proposal
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Material-Creswell5Slides-Chapter9QualitativeMethods.pptChapter 9
Qualitative Methods
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Introduction
- Different approach to qualitative inquiry
- Educating readers of the intent
- Tell reader about the design
- Comments on role of researcher
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
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Qualitative Methods
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Qualitative Methods
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Characteristics of Qualitative Research
- Review the needs of potential audiences for the proposal
- May need to discuss characteristics of qualitative research
Natural setting
Researcher as key instrument
Multiple sources of data
Inductive and deductive data analysis
Participants' meanings
Emergent design
Reflexivity
Holistic account
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Qualitative Designs
- Specific approaches in conducting qualitative research
- Include procedures for data collection, analysis, and writing
- Designs include
Narrative
Phenomenology
Ethnography
Case study
Grounded theory
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Researcher’s Role and Reflexivity
- Researcher has sustained intensive experience with participants
- Ethical issues can arise
- Researchers should comment on
Past experiences with participants, setting or research problem
How these experiences shape the interpretations
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
- Memos reflect on developing codes and themes
- Connection between researchers, participants, site that may influence interpretations
- Indicate steps to get IRB permissions
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Researcher’s Role and Reflexivity
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
- Discuss steps to gain entry into the setting
- Gatekeepers – individuals at the site who provide access
- A brief proposal may help
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Researcher’s Role and Reflexivity
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
- Proposals to gatekeepers
Why was the site chosen for study?
What activities will occur at the site?
Will the study be disruptive?
How will the results be reported?
What will the gatekeeper gain from the study?
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
The Researcher’s Role and Reflexivity
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Collection Procedures
- Purposefully select individuals and sites to best understand the problem
- Discuss strategies to recruit
- Comment on the number of sites and participants
- Saturation – fresh data no longer sparks new insights or reveals new properties
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Collection Procedures
- Types of qualitative data collection
Qualitative observations
Qualitative interviews
Qualitative documents
Qualitative audio-visual materials
(see Table 9.2)
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Collection Procedures
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Collection Procedures
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Collection Procedures
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Collection Procedures
*
Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Collection Procedures
- Be specific about types
- Include data collection types beyond typical observations and interviews
- These unusual forms create reader interest and can capture useful information .
(see Table 9.3)
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Collection Procedures
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Recording Procedures
- Observational protocol – record information while observing
Record descriptive notes
Reflexive notes
Demographic information
Setting
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Recording Procedures
- Interview protocol for asking questions and recording answers
Information about interview, introduction, questions and probes, closing instructions
Perhaps 5 to 10 questions
Prepare in advance
Memorize questions
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Analysis Procedures
- Segment and take apart the data and put back together
- Data analysis will proceed hand-in-hand with data collection and the write-up of findings
- Winnowing the data because it is dense
- Aggregate into five to seven themes
- Use a computer software program
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Analysis Procedures
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Analysis Procedures
Step 1 – Organize and prepare the data for analysis
- e.g., Transcribing interviews
Step 2 – Read or look at all the data
- Gain a general sense of the data
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Analysis Procedures
Step 3 – Start coding all of the data
- Coding – organize data by bracketing chunks
- Labeling with a term (code), often based on language of participants
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Analysis Procedures
Step 4 – Generate a description and themes
Step 5 – Represent the description and themes
- Narrative discussion, figures, tables, quotes
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Analysis Procedures
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Analysis Procedures
- Categories of codes
Expected codes
Surprising codes
Codes of unusual or conceptual interest
Predetermined codes
- Visual images may be coded
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Data Analysis Procedures
- Further data analysis by approach
More general procedures
Analysis embedded within specific qualitative designs
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Interpretation
- Interpretation in qualitative research
Summarize overall findings, compare to literature
Use a theoretical lens
Convey personal, research-based, and action meanings
Suggest limitations and future research
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Validity and Reliability
- Qualitative validity
Determine whether findings are accurate from standpoint of researcher, participant, or readers
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Validity and Reliability
- Use multiple validity procedures
Triangulate
Member checking
Rich, thick description
Clarify bias
Negative information
External auditor
Peer debriefing
Prolonged time in the field
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Validity and Reliability
- Qualitative reliability
Researcher uses an approach that is consistent across different analysts and projects
Check transcripts for mistakes
Ensure no drift in definition of codes
Communication among coders
Cross-check codes by different researchers
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Validity and Reliability
- Qualitative generalization
Used in limited way in qualitative research
Focus on the particularity, not generalizability
Case study results may generalize to broader theory
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Writing the Qualitative Report
- Plan for the narrative
Developing description and themes
Considering how sections will be presented
- Convey the following:
Use quotes
Dialogue that reflects culture
Varied narrative form
Use the first person
Use metaphors and analogies
Narrative reflects strategies
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Summary
- Components of writing a qualitative methods section
Characteristics of qualitative research
Data collection
Data analysis
Expected outcomes
Strategies to validate
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Creswell, Research Design 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018
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