Thesis Proposal

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Writing Strategies and Ethical Considerations

Chapter 4

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Introduction

  • Have an idea of the general structure of topics
  • Structure depends on the design
  • Be aware of good writing practices
  • Anticipate ethical issues prior to the study

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

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Writing the Proposal

Arguments presented in a proposal:

  • Consider early on in planning the study

The major points that need to be addressed

How they will convey a cohesive picture of the study

What the core arguments to advance are

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Arguments presented in a proposal:

  • What do readers need to better understand the topic?
  • What do readers need to know about the topic?
  • What do you propose to study?
  • What is the setting, and who are the people you will study?
  • What methods do you plan to use to collect data?

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Writing the Proposal

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Arguments presented in a proposal:

  • How will you analyze the data?
  • How will you validate the findings?
  • What ethical issues will your study present?
  • What do preliminary results show about the practicability and value of the proposed study?

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Writing the Proposal

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Writing the Proposal

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Writing the Proposal

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Format for a quantitative proposal:

  • Follow the format of a journal article

Introduction

A literature review

Methods

Results

Discussion

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Writing the Proposal

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Writing the Proposal

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Format for a mixed methods proposal:

  • Purpose statement/research question for quantitative and qualitative components
  • Include mixed methods

Rationale

Design elements

Visual diagram of procedures

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Writing the Proposal

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Writing the Proposal

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Writing the Proposal

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Designing the sections of a proposal:

  • Specify the sections early in the design of a proposal
  • Examine proposals that other students have authored under your advisor
  • Look for a course on proposal development
  • Review formats with your adviser

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Writing the Proposal

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Writing Ideas

  • Read fiction and nonfiction widely
  • Read good literature
  • Always think about how the ideas writers share in their works might be applied in writing good research

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Writing as thinking:

  • Write ideas down early in the process rather than talking about them
  • Work through several drafts of a proposal rather than trying to polish the first draft
  • Do not edit at the early draft stage

Start with an outline

Write a draft and shift and sort ideas

Finally, edit and polish each sentence

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Writing Ideas

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

The habit of writing:

  • Make writing a daily activity
  • Keep a daily chart of activities if you do not feel you have time to write
  • Write when fresh
  • Avoid binges
  • Write in small, regular amounts

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Writing Ideas

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

The habit of writing:

  • Schedule writing tasks
  • Keep daily charts: time spent, page equivalents, percent complete
  • Plan beyond daily goals
  • Share your writing with supportive, constructive peers before going public
  • Try to work on two or three writing projects concurrently so that you do not become overloaded with any one

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Writing Ideas

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

The habit of writing:

  • Exercises to improve writing

Describe an object by its parts and dimensions

Write a conversation between two people

Write a set of directions for a complicated task

Take a subject and write about it three different ways

Choose a physical location for writing that is not a distraction

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Writing Ideas

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Readability of the manuscript:

  • Use consistent terms throughout the proposal
  • Consider how different type of narrative thought guide the reader:

Umbrella thoughts – general or core ideas

Big thoughts in writing – specific ideas

Little thoughts – reinforcing big thoughts

Attention or interest thoughts – keep the reader on track, organize ideas

  • Coherence in writing – ideas tie and logically flow

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Writing Ideas

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Writing Ideas

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Voice, tense, and “fat”:

  • Eliminate unnecessary words
  • Delete the passive voice
  • Scale down qualifiers, eliminate overused phrases
  • Reduce excessive quotations, italics, and parenthetical comments

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Writing Ideas

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Voice, tense, and “fat”:

  • Use active voice

“If the subject acts, the voice is active. If the subject is acted on, the voice is passive” (Ross-Larson, 1982, p. 29)

  • Use strong active verbs
  • Pay close attention to the tense of your verbs
  • Edit and revise drafts of a manuscript to trim fat
  • Write, review, edit

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Writing Ideas

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Ethical Issues to Anticipate

  • Research involves collecting data from people
  • Researchers need to

Protect research participants

Develop trust with research participants

Promote the integrity of research

Guard against misconduct

Cope with new problems that emerge

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Ethical Issues to Anticipate

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Ethical Issues to Anticipate

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Ethical Issues to Anticipate

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Ethical Issues to Anticipate

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Prior to beginning the study:

  • Consider codes of ethics
  • Apply to the institutional review board
  • Obtain the necessary permissions to gain access to the site and to study participants
  • Select a site without vested interests
  • Negotiate authorship for publication

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Ethical Issues to Anticipate

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Beginning the study:

  • In the research problem:

Identify a problem that will benefit individuals being studied

  • In the purpose and questions:

Convey the purpose and sponsors of the research to participants

  • Do not pressure participants into signing consent forms, obtain informed consent from participants
  • Respect norms and charters of indigenous cultures

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Ethical Issues to Anticipate

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Collecting the data:

  • Respect the site, and disrupt as little as possible
  • Make sure all participants receive the benefits
  • Avoid deceiving participants
  • Respect potential power imbalances, consider reciprocity
  • Avoid exploitation of participants
  • Avoid collecting harmful information

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Ethical Issues to Anticipate

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Analyzing the data:

  • Avoid going native – taking sides or disregarding data
  • Avoid disclosing only positive results – reflect the statistical tests and diversity of perspectives

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Ethical Issues to Anticipate

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Analyzing the data:

  • Respect the privacy of participants:

Protect anonymity of participants

Remove names from responses

Qualitative researchers use aliases and pseudonyms

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Ethical Issues to Anticipate

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Reporting, sharing, and storing data:

  • Do not falsify authorship, evidence, data, findings or conclusions
  • Do not plagiarize
  • Avoid disclosing information that would harm participants
  • Communicate in clear straightforward, appropriate language

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Ethical Issues to Anticipate

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Reporting, sharing, and storing data:

  • Share data with others (e.g. stakeholders, participants)
  • Keep raw data and other materials for a reasonable period of time
  • Do not duplicate or piecemeal publications
  • Complete proof of compliance with ethical issues and lack of conflict of interest
  • Understand who owns the data

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Ethical Issues to Anticipate

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Summary

  • How to write a proposal
  • Use one of the outlines for a qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods proposal
  • Importance of putting words on paper
  • Consider anticipated ethical issues and describe

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Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018