Question
Molly456
MARXCURRENTMASTERVERSION2.pptxKARL MARX GROUP 1 Sociological Theory Dr G M Okafor Virgil Casayuran Cassandra Carson Lisa Collins
Picture from - http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2026/1792587001_dda1f82d35.jpg
1
INTRODUCTION
Virgil Casayuran
2
Has there ever been a nation that exemplifies the sociology of Karl Marx?
Cuba?
East Germany?
China?
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics?
3
NO!
4
In the past, some people have (wrongly) claimed to have established a Marxist, socialist, or communist society, (like Lenin in the Soviet Union or Mao in China); yet a true Marxist “classless society” has never existed. (Goodwin/Scemecca 2006:86)
Marx in his reaction to developing ‘socialists’ countries is quoted as saying
“I am not a Marxist.”
A true Marxist society is without oppression
5
Biography & Major Influences
Virgil Casayuran
6
Karl Marx’s Childhood
Born May 5, 1818. Trier, Germany (Oldest standing German City, then part of Prussia)
7
Hirschel Marx – Father
Practiced Law, Owned Vineyard, Educated, Middleclass, Born Jewish, Descended from long line of rabbis.
Because of Antiemetic Prussian Laws restricting Jews from Practicing law or holding public office, Hirschel becomes Hienrich (converts to a Lutheran)
Is placed under government surveillance when Hienrich makes remarks publicly that are seen as subversive.
Karl, at 15, sees first hand the oppression of government.
Henriette Marx – Mother
His mother was Dutch and came from a prosperous family
Uneducated, semiliterate, congenital worrier. (Goodwin/Scimecca, 70-71 )
Prussian Military Man
http://www.stoptheaclu.com/archives/2008/02/16/a-few-thoughts-about-germany-yesterday-and-today/
8
Karl Marx
Distant from mother
Rebelled against father and his conservative views.
Educated at home till 13yrs old
Attends Trier Gymnasium until Univeristy
When father dies in 1838 at age 57, Marx doesn’t attend funeral. (Goodwin/Scimecca, 71)
9
Marx registered at the University of Bonn in 1835.
Then transferred to the University of Berlin in1836
Marx, often in debt / rarely goes to classes.
Is introduced to the Ideas of Hegel and to the Young Hegelians who criticize Hegel (and his “absolute Spirit”.)
Completed his Doctorial thesis.
Marx re-submits his thesis to the University of Jena on April 15, 1841.
Where he is awarded his Ph.D just nine days later. (Goodwin/Scimecca, 71)
10
On June 19, 1843 Marx (Jewish), 24, marries his adolescent sweetheart, Jenny von Westphalen, daughter of Prussian feudal family.
…despite differences in background and a life of continual poverty and sickness there was unwavering love and mutual happiness. (Goodwin/Scemecca 2006:86)
11
Karl Marx & Jenny Von Westphalen
Marx and his wife stayed here another 4 months,
At the famous Dr. Faust house, in Bad Kreuznach, Germany. Dr. Sabellicus Faust lived here 1570.
12
Marx had 3 daughters who grew into adulthood. Jenny, Lara, and Eleanor.
Marx, with daughters and Engels (on right)
13
After working for a radical socialist Newspaper in Colonge, first as a writer then as it’s editor, Marx is forced out of Germany
Marx moves to Paris in 1843
It is here where Marx meets and starts his collaborations with Engels & Marx converts to socialism
14
It is around this time between Colonge and Paris (1843-1844) that Marx writes: Contribution to a Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right
This work is the home of one of Marx’s most infamous lines:
“Religion is the opiate of the people”
15
It is in Paris where Marx becomes familiar with the works of: (Goodwin/Scimecca, 74)
Henri de Saint Simon
Adam Smith
David Ricardo
16
After writing The German Ideology, The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts and The Holy Family
The French government kicks Marx out of the country in 1845, for his political views, were he then lands in Brussels. (Goodwin/Scimecca,74 )
Here is were he reworks Engels’ work
which becomes the
Communist Manifesto with it’s most famous line:
17
“The History of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.”
Also from the Communist Manifesto, Engraved on Marx’s grave, The great Rally Cry for all Workers:
“Worker’s of All Lands, Unite!” (Proletarier aller Länder, vereinigt euch!)
18
Marx moves his family to London in 1849
19
Anderson St. London. Marx’ home 1850
Marx writes his most critically acclaimed historical essays:
“The Class Struggles in France” in 1850
“The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte” in 1852 (Goodwin/Scimecca, 74 )
20
1851 - In an attempt to bring money into his household, Marx was appointed European correspondent of the New York Daily Tribune
1851
21
Perhaps Marx’s most significant action occurred in 1852 when he acquired an admission card to the Reading Room in the British Museum (Goodwin/Scimecca, 75)
22
Marx sat from 10:00 A.M. until 7:00P.M. everyday, reading obscure publications… that helped him explain the inequities of the capitalist system, all of which became an integral part of
Das Kapital
The first Volume appeared in 1867
Marx never completed the work
The final volumes were completed by Engels and Karl Kautsky after Marx death
(Goodwin/Scemecca 2006:75)
23
1863 French/English workers form:
The First International
Goal: Replace Capitalism w/ Collective Ownership
Marx became it’s directing spirit
Marx devotes the next 10 years of life to them
He lost control in Europe
Set up in Philadelphia where he had full control
The split cause the demise of the First International here and in Europe in1876 (Goodwin/Scimecca, 75 )
24
Marx’s wife Jenny dies on Dec. 2, 1881.
Marx too ill to attend her funeral.
Daughter Jenny dies on Jan. 11, 1883.
Marx dies at his desk on March 14, 1883.
Daughter Eleanor dies in one-sided suicide pact 1889.
Daughter Laura dies in suiside pact w/ husband in 1911
Lenin is primary speaker at her funeral.
Marx lived most of his life in poverty.
Suffered from chronic skin disease causing boils all over his body, causing constant pain. (Goodwin/Scimecca, 72,73)
WORKERS OF ALL LANDS UNITE
KARL MARX
25
From Marx’s Eulogy by Engels
“On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep – but forever”
(Goodwin/Scemecca 2006:75)
26
Major Themes/Core Ideas in the Work of Karl Marx (Lisa Collins)
27
Hey there… just changed text color to yellow, I saved your original if you don’t like the changes.
Marx’s Life Work - Writings that Stand out:
Contribution to a Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, Introduction (Written and Published in 1843)
On the Jewish Question (Written and Published in 1843)
The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts (Written in 1844, remained unpublished in Marx’s lifetime)
Theses on Feuerbach (Written in 1845, remained unpublished in Marx’s lifetime)
The German Ideology (Co-Written with Engels in 1845- Unpublished)
The Communist Manifesto (Co-Written with Engels and Published in 1848)
Contribution to a Critique of Political Economy (Written 1959)
Capital Volume 1 (Written and Published in 1967)
Critique of the Gotha Programme (Written in 1975)
28
Added the books…we can take’em out if you think they’re too corny…
Marx's contribution to our perception of society has been immense.
Marx spent the early years characterizing his stance in respect to that of Hegel, Feuerbach, and other young Hegelians.
Hegel Feuerbach
29
Marx is best known as a revolutionary communist some have called him the “Father of Communism”
Although Marx was a fairly unfamiliar character in his own lifetime, his thoughts set in motion a major influence shortly after his death.
30
Marxist Concepts
Marx touches on many topics in his writings that range from human potential to communism. The next few slides will go further into detail as to many of the topics Marx discusses in his writings either solely or together with Engels.
31
German Ideology
This piece co-written with Engels was said by Marx and Engels to settle portrayals with previous philosophical thoughts.
In this portion, they review Feuerbach, Max Stirner, the Holy Family, and the Young Hegelians
The emphasis on human beings is present in this writing saying that human beings are essentially productive, in that they must produce their means of subsistence in order to satisfy their material needs
This piece is said to be one of their foremost successes in which they begin to scratch the surface and cut through the metaphysical of the young Hegelians and embark on the Materialistic conception of history
32
Historical Materialism
Marx maintained that economics is the motivating force of history.
What is materialism?
33
Just a little reformatting.
Historical Materialism
The notion of Historical Materialism was recognized in “The German Ideology”
It is based around the thought that types of society rise and fall as they advance and then obstruct the development of human productive power.
Marx sought to resolve materialism and idealism by merging critical and scientific characteristics of materialism with the vigorous and preceding components of idealism
He discarded the beliefs of basic skepticism and Hegel's view of truth recognize a materialist view and intermix in it with Hegel's powerful and dialectical process this is what is referred to as historical materialism
34
Karl Marx says…
“Religion is the opiate of the masses…”
What do you think he meant by this?
35
Religion
Marx perceived religion as an instance of false consciousness. He also considered it was another intangible construction that had become reified in the course of time
Thinking was one of the principal reasons stopping complete human potential
He said that the power leaders encouraged the feeble masses to maintain them in dominance
Marx was critical of religion for a few reasons:
- He believed it was a interruption to keep man from his core
- He deemed that while man was in this interrupted condition, he permitted himself to be oppressed and restricted
36
Class Theory
A foundation of Marx thinking is the concept of the class struggle
The significant matter in an industrial society is production and the allocation of land. Those who dominate the land will manage the means of production
Classes were created to rule the resources of property ownership. This in turn causes class quarrels
Marx recognized that the existence of classes was bound up with particular modes of production or economic structure
The proletariat, the new working class that Capitalism had created
The capitalist economy, characterized by a small group of property owners who owned the means of production i.e. the factories, the mines and the mills and all the machinery within them. This group was referred to as the bourgeoisie or capitalist class.
37
Alienation
Alienation, according to Marx, is a circumstance in which individuals become controlled by the power of their own formation
The initial phase of alienation is alienation from the product that the workers produce.
Second, workers are alienated from the process of production.
Last, the worker becomes alienated from his fellow workers
The laborer becomes separated from the production process, the worker is there for also separated from his or her own humanity
The laborer is removed of the fulfillment that comes with along with owning the product of one’s labor
38
Capital
Produces items that gratify human needs and desires
These items are the primary pieces of capitalism, a type of economy built on the extreme growth of such substance
Capital comprises the social association amid buyers and sellers
Marx deemed that because the workers labor gave the merchandise worth they also had the power to transform the system
Marx in addition supposed that a superstructure existed collected of raw materials, labor, technology and those who control the means of production
39
Private Property
Private property is defined as the private ownership of the means of production
Private property is crafted from the labor of the workforce and controlled by capitalism
Marx believed that if human potential was to be apprehended than the concept of private property must be restrained
He also felt that the wealth of production should be shared equally through public ownership
The suppression of private property is consequently the complete liberation of all human senses and elements
40
Division of labor
According to Marx, the 'capitalist mode of production' is a creation of the 'industrial revolution' and the division of labor resulting from that.
Marx connects the family as the most primitive representation of the origin of the labor division
In German ideology Marx portrays the wife and children as slaves in the division of labor
The capitalist system surplus was formed and dominated production and the surplus as well, making it feasible for divisions and classes to create
The excess of materials comes with the unequal sharing of the surplus creating a clash between people. Marx alleged that Communism would eradicate the division of labor
By virtue of this division, Marx's capitalist reality is further more breaking into two great sections directly facing off to each other; these classes once again are; the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
41
Communism
Communism is a form of government which endeavors to give power to workers and abolish social class. Its socioeconomic structure encourages the formation of a classless, stateless society centered on universal ownership of the Means of production.
It is usually thought as a division of the larger socialist movement that pencils in on the many political and intellectual movements that trails their origins back to the work of theorists of the industrial revolution and the French Revolution.
Communism makes an attempt to suggest an subsitute to the troubles alleged to be innate with representative democracy, capitalist economies and the legacy of imperialism and colonialism.
42
Found a clearer picture and just a little reformatting
The Communist Manifesto
The Communist Manifesto is a statement of the goals of a communist organization. Yet it has attested to be a good deal more than that. It has also functioned as a brief and concise clarification of the thoughts that form the groundwork of communist and socialist ideology.
But Marx believed that there was an conclusion to this development. He thought at some point the working class would eradicate all the residual classes. He deemed that if there was only one class, class struggle would cease to exist.
The Communist Manifesto still finds support among many political groups and its views and ideas are meaningful of examination because there are economic and historical truths entrenched within it. It has also established to be the basis of one of the most well-known economic and political developments of the 20th Century
http://www.willisms.com/archives/manifesto.gif
43
Methodology (Lisa Collins)
Even though advanced technology was not available for Marx it did not stop him from his social analysis. Even without modern techniques such as survey research, mathematical or statistical analysis that are regarded as providing the basis for sound research, he made extensive use of empirical data wherever possible.
44
The use of reason following close examination of issues and problems in the social world make up Marx social analysis
From the quantitative and qualitative observations Marx made, along with what he gained from others, he abstracted a range of beliefs which were collected into a substantial analysis.
45
His Methods earned respect around the world
46
KARL MARX (Cassandra Carson)
Personally, I like to call him the last of the old Testament prophets. He basically prophesized that man would someday create a paradise on earth. That we would all someday live in brotherhood, sharing our talents and our wealth.
47
C, you’ll notice that I found a clearer picture of the one in the last slide and incorporated your text from the side before that
Theoretical Orientation
RATIONAL
COLLECTIVE
NONRATIONAL
INDIVIDUAL
Mead
Simmel
Durkheim
Weber
Marx
As you can see, Marx falls within the Collective/Ration quadrant meaning he sees individuals are highly influenced by society, but are also motivated to work towards personal gain.
Graph (Scott Applerought / Laura Desfor Edles, 2007: pg 32.) Recreated by Virgil Casayuran
Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach
With regard to religion, Marx fully accepted Feuerbach's claim in opposition to traditional theology that human beings had created God in their own image;
Marx's criticizes Feuerbach on the grounds that he has failed to understand why people fall into religious alienation and so is unable to explain how it can be transcended
Marx's explanation is that religion is a response to alienation in material life, and therefore cannot be removed until human material life is emancipated, at which point religion will wither away.
(Source: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/)
49
This is the update from prior
The human mind is a part of nature and subject to the laws of nature. Man can be observed and measured Saint Simon believed wholeheartedly in (human) progress. (Goodwin/Scimecca, 27 )
Henri Saint Simon
Adam Smith
Analyzed the consequences of economic freedom, the role of self-interest, the division of labor and the role of markets. Smith was a champion of free trade and competition. (Goodwin/Scimecca, 48 )
David Ricardo
Sought to Clarify Smith’s work. He introduced “technological progress” & “foreign trade” as means by which the economy would regulate itself. He said that it was impossible to have a “general glut” or excess supply of goods in an economy (Goodwin/Scimecca, 48,49)
50
THE FOUR MAIN QUESTIONS
What is the source of social order/ solidarity and/or conflict in the work of Karl Marx?
Materialism
Social class relationships
The ultimate order “good society” flows out of the conflicts necessitated by social–class relationships
Laid the groundwork for the development of conflict theory in the field of sociology
51
Changed font color and added animation might add pictures
What is the relationship between consciousness mind and society in Marx’s sociology?
Structured by social conditions
Consciousness is a social product
Material conditions
Shape the minds/hearts of people
Sow the seeds of its own destruction
In summary "It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but on the contrary, it is their social existence that determines their consciousness.”
52
What are the methodological issues raised in the work of Karl Marx and how are they addressed and answered?
Once committed to empirical methodology
Rejected Hegelian idealism
Developed a historical materialism grounded in empirical realities
The first to argue in social theory that social scientist is not to simply understand society , but to change it
53
Does Karl Marx’s sociology help sociology develop a society in which freedom can best be realized?
He accepted the evolutionary argument that societies develop along a specific direction,
he did not agree that each successive stage presents an improvement over the previous stage.
Marx noted that history proceeds in stages in which the rich always exploit the poor and weak as a class of people.
Only by socialist revolution led by the proletariat (working class), will any society move into its final stage of development: a free, classless, and communist society.
Marx's view of social change
it does not rely on people remaining passive in response to exploitation or other problems in material culture.
it presents tools for individuals wishing to take control and regain their freedom. Unlike functionalism and its emphasis on stability,
Marx holds that conflict is desirable and needed to initiate social change and rid society of inequality.
54
Marx neglects the possibility that Proletariat values
Critical Assessment (Virgil Casayuran)
may be the same as that of the Bourgeoisie’s
While conflict between classes is a constant of history, Revolution will never bring about a classless society, rather it simply perpetuates a “circulation of elites” (Goodwin/Scimecca,83,84 )
55
Marx fails to consider:
Nationalism
For example:
While in the midst of the USA’s worst financial crisis, the Great Depression -
56
Instead of seizing the opportunity to overthrow the US government
US workers (proletariats) did not hesitate to jump to Sovereign aid!
(Goodwin/Scimecca,83,84 )
Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and Germany Declared war soon after
57
Marx couldn’t possibly perceive that there will be enormous shifts in technology & occupational structures, especially in the US, that will expand the middle class not diminish it.
58
Marx’s analysis of “conflict” is seen as one sided.
Dahrendorf – both conflict and consensus are necessary conditions for social order to persist and change.
59
Karl Marx and the Promise of Sociology
Marx’s sociology, coupled with how he lived his life, is an exemplary model of the promise of sociology.
The social scientist’s role, in addition to simply interpreting the world, is to act to change it.
Marx’s life and work represented a protest against dehumanization, alienation, and the transformation of people into ‘things’ (Goodwin/Scimecca,87 )
60
CONCLUSION:
While inequity and exploitation still exists, and while sweatshops continue to provide cheap labor from voiceless workers, the work of Karl Marx will always be the voice for those who cannot speak for themselves.
61
THE END
62
Slide Graphics and Picture Credits
slide 1 - http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2026/1792587001_dda1f82d35.jpg slide 2 - http://english.sxu.edu/sites/kirstein/?p=958 slide 4 - http://www.chinese-flag.org/ slide 4 - http://www.misscubala.com/home/index.html slide 4 - http://www.world-flags-symbols.com/gdr/ slide 4 - http://www.worldclassflags.com/prod-ussr-flag.htm slide 5 - http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v105/Hybrid315/che.gif slide 5 - http://www.missmao.co.uk/main%20images/mao01.jpg slide 5 - http://img404.imageshack.us/img404/6806/lenin010605nv9.jpg slide 6 - http://gerald-massey.org.uk/jones/b_marx.htm slide 7 - http://www.europa-marchand.com/home.html slide 7 - http://farm1.static.flickr.com/110/276535665_82ad681d0e.jpg?v=0 slide 8 - http://www.stoptheaclu.com/archives/2008/02/16/a-few-thoughts-about-germany-yesterday-and-today/ silde 9 - http://faculty.frostburg.edu/phil/forum/Marx.htm slide 10 - http://laser.physics.sunysb.edu/~tobi/ slide 10 - http://www.cronicas-da-lilian.com.br/cronica_lilian_27_eng.htm slide 10 - http://www.tompgalvin.com/places/de/thueringen/jena.htm slide 11 - http://josephscalice.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/11/jenny-von-westphalen.jpg slide 11 - http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/marx/fotos/marx_2.jpg slide 12 - http://greenfunkdan.blogspot.com/2008/09/garnauts-renewables-market-failure-is.html slide 12 - http://www.familie-gertenbach.de/e_ueber%20uns.htm slide 13 - http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/marx.html slide 14 - http://www.a-t-s.net/shared/images/destinations/Paris4.jpg slide 14 - http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/volume38/38-024.jpg slide 14 - http://images.google.com/hosted/life/f?q=Friedrich+Engels&imgurl=b64d2a8611cb5f2a slide 15 - Religion quote slide 16 - Saint simon - http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/65/26565-004-D48E2D4B.jpg slide 16 - adam smith - http://www.greekshares.com/uploaded/files/adam_smith.jpg slide 16 - david ricardo – http://econc10.bu.edu/economic_systems/Theory/Classical/ricard_xacc_anim.gif slide 17 - http://www.43places.com/places/view/104350/brussels-brussels-capital-region-belgium slide 18 – quote
63
slide 19 - http://www.phonebookoflondon.com/ slide 20 - http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/volume38/38-185.jpg slide 21 - http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/subject/newspapers/new-york-tribune.htm slide 21 - http://www.zeno.org/Philosophie/M/Marx,+Karl slide 22 - http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/80284/38447/The-British-Museum-London-a-Greek-Revival-building-designed-by slide 23 - http://www.uberreview.com/2007/08/karl-marxs-das-kapital-book-money-bank.htm slide 24 - http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1864/iwma/index.htm slide 25 - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Karl_Marx_Grave.jpg slide 26 - eulogy quote slide 27 - http://news.webshots.com/photo/2088516850093197618iKPVlf slide 28 - http://www.cityof.lawton.ok.us/Library/images/books1.jpg slide 29 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hegel_portrait_by_Schlesinger_1831.jpg slide 29 - http://www.weltchronik.de/ws/bio/f/feuerbachL/fl01872a-FeuerbachLudwig-18040728b-18720913d.jpg slide 30 - http://images.amazon.com/images/P/0486424650.01._SX140_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg slide 31 - http://www.theory.org/~matt/hazmag/communism.png slide 31 - http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2064/1888133087_bfc5c3218b_o.jpg slide 31 - http://www.goodbadmusic.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/p1060546.JPG slide 31 - http://www.iowaworkforce.org/labor/laborecard/images/vc038577u.jpg slide 31 - http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/startup-capital-intro.gif slide 31 - http://www.ebibleteacher.com/backgrnd/religion.jpg slide 31 - http://www.speedysigns.com/images/osha/large/NOTICE21.gif slide 32 – slide 33 - www.cartoonstock.com slide 34 - http://i4.tinypic.com/673tv1s.jpg slide 35 - http://racereligion.library.cornell.edu/gfx/religion.jpg slide 35 - http://www.social-exclusion-housing.com/world-religion.gif slide 42 - http://mklasing.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/motivaional_communism.jpeg slide 43 - http://www.willisms.com/archives/manifesto.gif slide 45 - http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/3/3f/250px-Budamarxeng.jpg slide 46 - http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/911/50425068.JPG slide 47 - http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/images/10002484_Karl%20Marx.jpg slide 48 - Graph (Scott Applerought / Laura Desfor Edles, 2007: pg 32.) Recreated by Virgil Casayuran slide 49 - http://www.zgapa.pl/zgapedia/data_pictures/_uploads_wiki/f/Feuerbach_Ludwig.jpg slide 50 - Saint simon - http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/65/26565-004-D48E2D4B.jpg slide 50 - adam smith - http://www.greekshares.com/uploaded/files/adam_smith.jpg slide 50 - david ricardo - http://econc10.bu.edu/economic_systems/Theory/Classical/ricard_xacc_anim.gif slide 55 - graphics provided by Microsoft Clipart - arrangment Virgil Casayuran slide 56 - http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/243118/97370/Breadline-in-New-York-City-during-the-Great-Depression slide 57 - http://encarta.msn.com/media_461547852/bombing_of_pearl_harbor.html slide 58 - graphics provided by Microsoft Clipart - arrangment Virgil Casayuran slide 59 - http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/paedagogik/Seminare/moeller02/06rollentheorie/text2.html slide 60 - http://www.worldreviewer.com/images/flickrcache/1_1223_939725140_e67570bda2.jpg slide 61 - http://www.geocities.com/whydoyoukeepdeletingme/sweatnew.bmp slide 61 - http://www.dclabor.org/ht/a/GetImageAction/i/69181 slide 61 - http://theissue.com/images/uploaded/cache/255-width-676.jpg slide 62 - http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2026/1792587001_dda1f82d35.jpg
