Marketing homework
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Marketing363ConsumerBehavior-W18-WEEK2-1.pdf
Marketing 363
Consumer Behavior
Tom Gillpatrick
Center for Retail Leadership
Winter 2018 Week 2-1
Model of Buyer Behavior Firms Product offering- (4 P’s)
Stages in the Buying Process
Culture &
Psychology
Factors Situational
Factors 1. Problem recognition
2. Information search
3. Information evaluation
4. Purchase decision
5. Post-decision evaluation
Cultural/Values
Subculture Social class
Ref. Groups
Family
Personal
Psychological
-motivation -perception
-learning
-attitudes
Task
Time
Social
Physical
Antecedent
Understand core American cultural values
Summarize changes in self, environment, and other-
oriented values
Discuss values as they relate to green marketing
Discuss values as they relate to cause-related
marketing
Discuss values as they relate to marketing to gay and
lesbian consumers
Discuss values as they relate to gender-based
marketing
L01
L02
L06
L05
L04
L03
Learning Objectives
Key Sociological Terms of Culture
• Artifacts
• Attitudes
• Beliefs
• Deviance
• Ideology
• Markers
• Norms
• Rituals
• Roles
• Status
• Tradition
• Values
Value Systems
Priorities: Set of rankings/ relative
importance of “universal” values
Differentiation between cultures
Core values: shared values within a culture
Enculturation: learning the beliefs and values of
one’s own culture
Acculturation: learning the value system and
behaviors of another culture
Socialization agents: parents, friends/groups,
teachers, church (religion), media
Value a belief that some condition is
preferable to its opposite
Example: looking younger is preferable to looking older Example: freedom is preferable to slavery
We seek others that
share our values/ beliefs
we tend to be exposed to
information that supports our
beliefs
Products/services =
help in attaining
value-related goal
consumer consistently select
products that consistently deliver
consequences which in turn leads to
value fulfillment
value - attitude - behavior
People make decisions
based on social values.
when choice is tied to a value, that choice
becomes more attractive to people that
share that value
Values are connected integrally to social change; as individual representations of
society goals, individual values change over time as people assume different roles in
life and as society changes.
http://www.gurusoftware.com/Guru
Net/Social/Topics/Values.htm
Social Values
• Groups have values shared by its
members.
• Conditions and characteristics
that members of the group
consider important.
• Values can often be identified by
noting which people receive
honor or respect.
• Members that express values that
are in serious conflict within a
group’s norm may face censure.
In class exercise - quick poll
On a piece of paper, write down the value that is most
important to you or that you hold as a central aspect of
your existence.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30-year longitudinal findings
Cultural values are widely held beliefs that affirm what is desirable.
Observable shifts in behavior, including consumption behavior, often reflect
underlying shifts in cultural values.
Therefore, it is necessary to understand the underlying value shifts in order to
understand current and future consumer behavior.
Changes in American Cultural Values
The Good Wife’s
Guide (1950’s)
Much of these may seem outrageous, but this was the reality for a woman
in those times. Below are some examples of what the article suggested.
1. Plan the next day’s dinner the night before so that you can have it hot
and ready for your husband right as he walks in. This lets him know you’re
thinking of him and care about his needs.
2. Men are hungry when they come home after work, so a good meal is part
of a proper, warm welcome home.
3. About 15 minutes before your husband arrives, take a quick pause
to prepare yourself by touching up your makeup, sprucing up your
hair, and generally freshening up. He’s seen a lot of work-weary
people all day, so look your best.
4. Be interesting and engaging for him. His day is filled with boring
work, so one of your duties is to provide a lift when needed. http://www.trendzified.net/good-housewife-guide/
5. Just before he arrives, do a quick sweep throughout the house to clear away all
the clutter and do a quick dusting.
6. In the winter, prepare and light a fire for his return so he can relax by it. He’ll feel
like he’s in a haven of rest and order, which will give you a boost too. Catering to
your husband’s comfort will provide you with a wealth of personal satisfaction.
7. Prepare the children so that their hair is
combed and hands and faces are washed.
8. Children are treasures and should behave as
such. Minimize the noise when he arrives by
encouraging them to be quiet. Eliminate any
noises from vacuums, washers, or dryers.
9. Always greet him in a cheery and positive
manner. Give a warm smile and show a sincere
desire to please.
10. Regardless of what you may need to discuss with your husband and/or how important it might be to you, the moment of his arrival is not the time. His conversation topics are more important so let him talk first.
11. Evenings are his time. Do not complain if he comes home late or goes out for dinner (or anywhere else) without you. You must try to understand that his world is full of strain and pressure and he needs to be able to relax.
12. A good wife’s goal is to make the home a place of tranquility and calm that her husband can renew himself in.
13. Never greet him with problems or complaints
14. If he’s late for dinner, or even if he stays out all night, don’t complain. This is minor compared to what he’s gone through that day.
15. His comfort is your priority. Have him kick back on a comfy chair or in the bedroom and have hot and cold drinks ready for him.
16. Fluff his pillows and take his shoes off. Talk in a low, soothing voice.
17. Don’t question his actions or judgment. Remember, he is the master of the house and will always exercise his will. You have no right to question him.
18. A good wife knows her place.
It’s fascinating to think that just 60 years ago, things were so different. I wonder what people will write about our generation in 60 years?
Traditional, Current, and Emerging American Values
Changes in American
Cultural Values
Self-Oriented Values
Religious/Secular; Sensual Gratification/Abstinence;
Postponed/Immediate Gratification; Hard work/Leisure;
Material/Nonmaterial; Active/Passive
Environment-Oriented Values
Cleanliness; Tradition/Change; Risk Taking/Security; Problem
Solving/Fatalistic; Admire/Overcome Nature; Performance/Status
Other-Oriented Values
Individual/Collective; Diversity/Uniformity; Limited/Extended;
Youth/Age; Competition/Cooperation; Masculine/Feminine
Changes in American Cultural Values
Green Marketing
Cause-Related Marketing
Marketing to Gay and Lesbian
Consumers
Gender-Based Marketing
Marketing Strategy and Values
Green Marketing
Shades of Green Market Segments
Some highly motivated overall and will pay more for eco-friendly
•Eco-Centrists and Respectful Stewards
Some motivated by efficiency, practicality, and family
•Proud Traditionalists and Frugal Earth Mothers
Some very dismissive of environmental concerns
•Eco-Villians
As we saw earlier, values related to the environment vary
across consumers. Marketers must adapt.
The FTC has updated its Green Guides relating
to environmental claims. Some key elements of
the revised guides include:
•qualifying claims
•third-party certifications and seals
Thus, firms must avoid greenwashing –
promoting environmental benefits that are
unsubstantiated and on which they don’t deliver.
Green Marketing and Regulation
Where is This?
Values-Based Supply Chains
(VBSCs) Growers treated as strategic partners vs. input
suppliers
Able to provide increased volumes and reduced
transaction costs through aggregation
Differentiated products – local branding
Rewards and responsibilities distributed
equitably across the supply chain
Product’s value includes “story” of the people and business practices
Values Based Supply Chains
in Action
Food: National to Cultural
to Personal Identity
“All distinct cultural, ethnic, and [nations] define themselves, and tend
to denigrate others, by asserting the superiority of the foods that
represent their social and moral values.
What 'we' eat is good and what 'they' eat is bad. ... meanings
associated with specific foods, the ways of preparing and eating
them also involve cultural, ethnic, and social class prejudices.
At the individual level, eating habits can be quite revealing of
personality [identity].
“Local” and “Sustainable”: Changing context in the food system
Demand for new values: “local/regional,” “sustainable” has increased markedly
Little infrastructure in the current food system to get foods
with these values from “farm to fork”
New entities, enterprises emerging everywhere, especially
as part of distribution networks.
Engage small and mid-scale growers
Become part of “values-based supply chains”
Conceptual Framework of the Research
Demographic
Variables
Materialism
Values
Sustaina
-bility
Attitude
Pro-
Sustainability
Behavior
Perception that
Marketing can be
Change Agent
Perceived
Importance of
sustainability to
Business
Perceived
Self-
Efficacy
Knowledge of
Sustainability
+
+ +
+
+ -
+/ -
+/ -
METHOD
• Data were collected using Survey research and an online self-administered
questionnaire from a sample of 200 business students in their final years of
business education at a German business school (NGU) and an American
business school (PSU). Sample size was 100 at each school for a total of 200
respondents. Business students were felt to be a good proxy for future
business decision makers.
• Measures- the list of items and scales used in this research were based on
research by Pantelic et al. (2014). Those authors reviewed the literature on
sustainability and business education for sustainability and proposed a number
of multi-item factors that could be used to measure attitudes and behavior. We
adapted those scales and assessed there reliability. In addition we added
Richin’s and Dawson’s(1992) 18 item scale that measure Materialism- Richins
and Dawson (92).
• All attitude constructs were measured via 7-point Likert scales ranging
from “strongly disagree” = 1 to “strongly agree” = 7.
30
Reliability tests for scales Reliability tests of scales German data, n=100 Combined, n=200 USA
Data
Scales Number of
items
Cronbach’s
alpha (α)
Materialism 18 0.874
Centrality (Subscale) 7 0.689
Happiness (Subscale) 5 0.828
Success (Subscale) 6 0.812
Sustainability Attitude 5 0.766
Perceived self-efficacy
(combined= 3 items) 3 0.795
Self Report Sustainability
knowledge 3 0.635
Pro sustainability behavior 7 0.765
31
alpha (α)
0.848
0.755
0.819
0.802
0.775
0.778
0.677
0.823
alpha (α)
0.800
0.813
0.786
0.795
0.743
0.736
0.736
0.818
Materialism Mean P <
Items Germany USA
Materialism- Success
I admire people who own expensive homes, cars, and
clothes. 4,09 4,45 .110
Some of the most important achievements in life
include acquiring material possessions. 3,59 3,48 .614
I don't place much emphasis on the amount of
material objects people own as a sign of success. 3,65 3,63 .930
The things I own say a lot about how well I'm doing in
life. 3,83 3,87 .874
I like to own things that impress people. 3,37 3,95 .012
I don't pay much attention to the material objects
other people own. 3,71 4,13 .057
Materialism
Centrality Means
P <
Germany USA
I usually buy only the things I need. 4,40 4,00 .067
I try to keep my life simple, as far as possessions are
concerned. 4,27 3,72
.012
The things I own aren't all that important to me. 4,90 4,69 .317
I enjoy spending money on things that aren't
practical. 2,38 3,41
.000
Buying things gives me a lot of pleasure. 4,50 4,57 .739
I like a lot of luxury in my life. 3,95 4,08 .564
I put less emphasis on material things than most
people I know. 4,25 4,20
.755
Materialism Happiness
Mean P<
German USA
I have all the things I really need to enjoy life. 2,92 3,25 .129
My life would be better if I owned certain things I don't
have. 3,64 4,08 .050
I would be happier if I owned nicer things. 3,16 3,98 .000
I'd be happier if I could afford to buy more things. 3,53 4,68 .000
It sometimes bothers me quite a bit that I can't afford to
buy all the things I'd like. 3,80 4,17 .125
Attitude Toward Sustainability Mean P <
Items Germany USA
We, should radically change our way of living to offset
the dangers of unsustainable life-styles and consumption
patterns.
4,69 5,25 .001
The Earth’s resources are limited and if we continue to
use these resources in an unsustainable way, the world
may not survive.
5,62 5,73 .583
I feel a personal obligation to engage in sustainable
practices. 4,54 5,20 .000
I actively try to contribute to sustainability by changing
my consumption patterns and life-style (preferring to
buy/eat/support organically grown and local products,
recycling, saving water and…
4,46 5,20 .000
I avoid buying products from companies that engage in
harmful, unsustainable, business practices. 3,73 4,96 .000
Perception of Personal
Responsibility (Self-Efficacy)
Mean P<
Items Germany USA
My individual contributions to a sustainable society are too
little to be meaningful. 4,19 3,98
,360
The solution to sustainability problems are not in the hands
of the common citizen. 5,03 4,61
,079
It is the responsibility of developed countries to solve the
environmental problems of the world. (CUT from scale) 3,53 3,18
,122
Sustainability problems should be left to the experts. 5,12 4,41 ,001
Environmental problems make the future of the world look
bleak and hopeless. (Cut from Scale) 3,62 3,17
,040
Perceived Importance to
Business Decision-makers in my country
Mean P<
Items Germany USA
Sustainability issues are very important to companies
in my country. 5,34 4,46 .000
Sustainability concerns in my country are very
important to executives when companies develop and
implement their strategies (investment, product
development, marketing, etc.).
4,92 4,23 .000
Following sustainability practices can help companies
in my country achieve their goals or obtain benefits
from their sustainable conduct. Cut this item
5,13 5,32 .201
If companies in my country perform unsustainable
practices that come under public scrutiny, the extent
of damage to its business (sales, profit, brand image)
would be substantial. Cut this item.
4,98 4,81 .394
Pro-Environmentally Friendly Behavior Means P<
Items Germany USA
I support local/fair trade/organic products. 3.95 4.93 ,000
I actively recycle/reduce waste/compost 5.27 5.65 ,006
I use public transit, walk/bike and less auto 3.86 4.58 ,259
I try to save energy and water usage 5.08 5.31 ,000
I try to educate myself about sustainable issues 3.71 4.82 ,000
I take active political action supporting
sustainability 1.62 3.78 ,000
I engage in activities to conserve nature 1.88 3.74 ,000
Conceptual Framework of the Research
Demographic
Variables
Materialism
Values
Sustaina
-bility
Attitude
Pro-
Sustainability
Behavior
Perception that
Marketing can be
Change Agent
Perceived
Importance of
sustainability to
Business
Perceived
Self-
Efficacy
Knowledge of
Sustainability
+
+ +
+
+ -
+/ -
+/ -
Regression model for “Pro-Sustainability Behavior”
as the dependent variable
Variable β P <
Attitude 0,621 0,000 Self-efficacy 0,197 0,000 knowledge 0,114 0,016 Materialism -0,049 0,259 Age 0,07 0,073 Gender -0,06 0,054 Notes:
β is standardized Beta.
Adjusted R2 = 0.658, F = 64.85, p < 0.000 , df = 6, (193)
n = 200
Regression model for PSB as the dependent variable
40
Regression model for “Marketing as
a Change Agent” as the dependent variable
Variable β P <
Attitude 0,339 0,000 Self-efficacy 0,026 0,703 knowledge 0,151 0,030 Materialism -0,110 0,088 Age 0,075 0,073 Gender 0,183 0,054 Notes:
β is standardized Beta.
Adjusted R2 = 0.249, F = 12, p < 0.000 , df = 6, (193) Durbin Watson=2,131
n = 200
Regression model for Mktg. as Change Agent as the dependent variable
41
Regression model for “Importance to
Business” as the dependent variable
Variable β P <
Attitude -0,041 0,640 Self-efficacy -0,115 0,141 knowledge 0,143 0,075 Materialism 0,016 0,827 Age 0,088 0,451 Gender 0,059 0,435 Notes:
β is standardized Beta.
Adjusted R2 = 0.003, F = 1.09, p < 0.368 , df = 6, (193) n = 200
Regression model for Importance of Sustainability to Business as the dependent
variable
42
Cause-Related Marketing (CRM) is
marketing that ties a company and its
products to an issue or cause with the
goal of improving sales or corporate
image while providing benefits to the
cause.
Cause-Related Marketing (CRM)
Gender roles in the U.S.
are shifting, with both
genders making many
purchase decisions.
Example: Today, women
influence 80% of all
vehicles sold.
Gender-Based Marketing
Market Segmentation
Traditional Housewife
Trapped Housewife
Trapped Working Woman
Career Working Woman
Gender-Based Marketing
Market Segmentation Based on Role Identity
Product Strategy
Marketing Communications
Retailing Strategy
Moving beyond stereotypes:
Rather than adapting colors to fit stereotypes
(e.g., pink power tools), companies are
adapting their features in ways that make
their products more functional.
Product Strategy
Retail Strategy
Men are increasingly shopping for
household and other products
traditionally purchased by
females, and females are
shopping for “masculine” products
such as lawn mowers and power
tools.
Retailers have begun showing
very masculine men shopping for
household products and carry
power tools targeted at women.
Gender-Based Marketing
A subculture is a segment of a larger culture whose members share distinguishing
values and patterns of behavior.
Identification with a Subculture Produces Unique Market Behaviors
The Nature of Subcultures
2015
13.7%
African Americans
Hispanics
Asian Americans
Native Americans
Asian-Indian
Americans
Arab Americans
Ethnic Subcultures
Key Markets Today
Ethnic subcultures are those subcultures whose members’ unique
shared behaviors are based on a common racial, language, or
nationality background.
Major Ethnic Subcultures in the US 2010-2030
Ethnic Subcultures
Ethnic Subcultures
Demographics
Buying Power
This group represents $910 billion in buying power and is
expected to grow by 25% through 2014.
On average, African Americans are younger than the
white population and tend to have less education and lower
household income levels, but differences continue to
decrease as a function of education.
Target opportunities exist across a broad range of income.
One third of black household incomes >$50,000.
African Americans
Segments Identified by Yankelovich
African Americans
Regional Subcultures
Christian Subcultures
- Roman Catholic
- Protestant
- Born-Again Christian
Religious Subcultures
- Jewish
- Muslim
- Buddhist
Non-Christian Subcultures
Understand the critical role that demographics play in
influencing consumer behavior
Define the concept of generations and discuss the
generations that exist in America
Explain the concept of social stratification and the role
that socioeconomic factors play
Identify and discuss the major social classes in
America
Understand how social class is measured
Discuss the role of social class in developing
marketing strategies
L01
L02
L06
L05
L04
L03
Learning Objectives
Where Is The Growth For Luxury Brands?
Who do you think will fuel growth in luxury brands
in the future?
Aspiring Group – 35 years or older with income
of $100k-199k in income (65% of all people who
earn $100k or more per year)
Emerging Group – Under 35 years old with
$100k-199k in income (12% of all people who
earn $100k or more per year)
Source: D. Hirschman, “On Road to Riches,” Advertising Age, May 23, 2011, p. 9.
Consumer Behavior In The News…
Where Is The Growth For Luxury Brands?
Who do you think will fuel growth in luxury brands in the future?
Emerging Group – Under 35 years old with $100k-199k in
income – if you answered Emerging you are right!
Though smaller, Emerging are younger and will move into the
truly affluent ($200k plus) – a big predictor of luxury purchases
Aspiring no longer “feel” wealthy in today’s economy, which
relates subjective discretionary wealth (SDI)
Source: D. Hirschman, “On Road to Riches,” Advertising Age, May 23, 2011, p. 9.
Consumer Behavior In The News…
Global Population Growth
is Driven By Developing Countries World Population 1950-2050.
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision (2005).
6.1 B
8.7 B
2.5 B
Community Service Council of Greater Tulsa
10 Largest Countries in the World
in 2007 and 2050 Projections
Population (millions) Population (millions)
China 1,318 India 1,747
India 1,132 China 1,437
United States 302 United States 420
Indonesia 232 Indonesia 297
Brazil 189 Pakistan 295
Pakistan 169 Nigeria 282
Bangladesh 149 Brazil 260
Nigeria 144 Bangladesh 231
Russia 142 Dem. Rep. of Congo 187
Japan 128 Philippines 150
2007 2050
Source: Population Reference Bureau, 2007 World Population Data Sheets (2007).
Community Service Council of Greater Tulsa
Population Pyramid Projections
2010 2050
Population Change
Among States
Pew Research Center, March 2009, Magnet or Sticky? A State-by-State Typology
Where are people moving to?
▪ Raleigh, NC
▪ Austin, TX*
▪ Charlotte, NC*
▪ Phoenix, AZ
▪ Dallas, TX*
▪ San Antonio, TX
▪ Houston, TX
▪ New Orleans, LA
▪ Atlanta, GA
▪ Denver, CO*
Data from 2008 Census released in March ’09
*Corresponds with data from American Moving and Storage Association
Population and Size
Occupation
Education
Income
Age
Demographics
Demographics and Social Stratification
Demographics and Social Stratification
Demographics and Social Stratification
Demographics
Age
U.S. Age Distribution1
Key Growth Categories
Demographics and Social Stratification
18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+
Demographics and Social Stratification
Pre-Depression
Depression
Baby Boom
Generation X
Generation Y
Generation Z
Mature Market
Understanding American Generations
Generation Timeframe
Interbellum ~1900
Silent Between WW
War Baby WWII
Baby Boom 1946-1964
X 1965-1985
Y 1986-2002
Z’ 2003+
Changing Demographics: Generations
Generation Tween (z) Gen Y Gen X Boomers
Age (approx.) 8-14 15-28 29-45 45+
Population (m) 25-35 50-70 40-50 75-85
Spending ($B/y) $190 $200 $125 $2,000
Characteristics • “The richest generation” and the “most influential
generation in history”
• View TV ads as “just
advertising”
• The Now! generation
• Impatient
• Family-oriented
• Inquisitive
• Opinionated
• Diverse
• Time managers
• “Street Smart”
• Word of mouth
marketing is effective
• Savvy and cynical
consumers
• Prize experiences, not
acquisitions
• Entering their money-
making years
• Income will continue to
grow.
• Do not worry about future,
job, or financial security.
• Home-centric and family-
oriented.
• Health is a big concern.
A Generation or age cohort is a group of
persons who have experienced a common
social, political, historical, and economic
environment.
Cohort analysis is the process of describing
and explaining the attitudes, values and
behaviors of an age group as well as
predicting its future attitudes, values, and
behaviors.
Understanding American Generations
Youth Market
Relatively “new” phenomenon in human history?
“Teenage” first used to describe youth generation in 1950s
Global youth market = massive and $
How to Target the Mature Market
Gerontographics has identified the following four
segments of the mature market:
- Healthy Indulgers
- Ailing Outgoers
- Health Hermits
- Frail Recluses
Understanding American Generations
Compared to prior generations, Boomers are:
Higher income, higher education
More tech savvy
Defining retirement differently
Boomers also are:
Strong market for “anti-aging” products, travel, and
financial services
Often alienated by overly “youth oriented” appeals in ads
Baby Boom Generation: A Closer Look
Understanding American Generations
Marketers must look beyond the stereotypes:
Stereotype 1
•Boomers all have the same values and outlook
Stereotype 2
•Boomers are self-centered
Stereotype 3
•Boomers are not tech savvy
Stereotype 4
•Boomers are married empty nesters who are
downsizing
Stereotype 5
•Boomers are all retiring early and wealthy
Segmenting the Boomer Market
Understanding American Generations
Beyond the stereotype:
Early stereotype – Xers as disenfranchised youth
•Reality 1– Xers are more highly educated than previous
generations
•Reality 2– Xer women are more highly educated than
Xer men
•Reality 3– Xers are getting married, having families and
facing the time pressures associated with these events
•Reality 4– Reaching Xers requires special attention to
media, particularly online
Generation Xers: A Closer Look
Understanding American Generations
Really Two Sub-Markets: Young Gen Y and Older Gen Y
Expected to have at least as high of education level as
previous generation
Very tech savvy including Internet, text messaging, and
social media
A strong market for apparel with brands like Metropark
Tapping into consumer-generated buzz works with the high
level of social media of this segment
Generation Yers: A Closer Look
Understanding American Generations
Targeting Generation Z
Known as Digital Natives, Generation @, Net Generation
$200 billion purchase power!
Buying patterns formed as young teen will follow through life
Gen Z easily bored; use of music, language and images key
to remain relevant and fresh
Understanding American
Generations
Social Rank and Social Class System
Status Crystallization
Social Structure in the United States
The Coleman-Rainwater Hierarchy
The Measurement of Social Class
Social Stratification and Marketing Strategy
Social Stratification
We are all familiar with the concept of social class, but most of us would have
difficulty explaining our class system to a foreigner.
Social rank is one’s position relative to others on one or more dimensions
valued by society, also referred to as social class and social standing.
A social class system is a hierarchical division of a society into relatively
distinct and homogeneous groups with respect to attitudes, values, and
lifestyles. "Pure” social classes do not exist in the U.S. or most other
industrialized societies.
Social Stratification
Status dimensions, such as parental status, education, occupation and
income, set limits on one’s lifestyle, including one’s residence.
Status crystallization, which is moderate in the U.S., reflects the consistency
of these status dimensions.
Web Exercise What Social Class are You?
Play the “Chintz or Shag” Game from PBS Click button to link to PBS site
Social Stratification
Social Standing is Derived and Influences Behavior
Social Structure in the United States
Social Structure in the United States
Social Structure in the United States
Source: Information for this table adapted from Richard P. Coleman, “The Continuing Significance of Social Class in Marketing,” Journal
of Consumer Research, December 1983, p. 267; and Richard P. Coleman and Lee P. Rainwater, with Kent A. McClelland, Social Standing
in America; New Dimensions of Class (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1978).
*Income is 2010 inflation adjusted dollars using U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI) data.
Upward Pull Strategy
Middle Americans
Social Structure in the United States
There are two basic approaches to measuring
social status:
- Single-item index
- Multi-item index
Since an individual’s overall status is influenced
by several dimensions, single-item indexes are
generally less accurate than are well-developed
multi-item indexes.
Measurement of Social Class
Single-Item Index
Education
Occupation
Income
Marketers generally think of these as direct
influencers of consumption behavior rather than
determinants of status that then influence
behavior.
Measurement of Social Class
Multi-Item Index
Hollingshead Index of Social Position
Index of Social Position (ISP)
Measurement of Social Class
Social status is largely derived from demographics; that is, one’s income,
education, and occupation go a long way toward determining one's social
class or status.
Should marketers use an overall measure of social status (a multi-item index)
or a demographic variable such as income?
Unless the marketer is interested in social standing per se, he/she will most
likely focus on demographic characteristics as direct influencers on consumer
behavior!
Demographics or Social Status?
Measurement of Social Class
Social Stratification and Marketing
Continuing With the
Marketing Adventure
