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[Appendix A]: Examples- Methods of Definition

From a religious perspective, each example (= evidence) indicates the meaning(s) of the term,

“love” and its connection with the method chosen.

1. Comparison or Contrast

a. Comparison: A word demonstrating similarities.

 Love in the Bible vs. Love is affection.

“a feeling of liking and caring for someone or something” (Merriam-Webster, n.d.).

b. Contrast: A word demonstrating differences.

 Love described in philosophy: Love is “the Moral opposite tendency to selfishness” (The-

Philosophy, n.d.).

2. Characteristics or quality: Demonstrating one’s characters or values in relation to the term.

 Love in Christianity: Love is patient and kind.

“Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It does not

dishonor others, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of

wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always

trusts, always hopes, always perseveres” (English Standard Version, 2001/2016, 1

Corinthians 13:4-7).

3. Historical origin: Illustrating the historical root of the term or how its meaning has been

transformed over time. Also, it could be the linguistic background of the word.

 Love in history/philosophy: The meaning of love has been transformed from a cosmic

principle to caring for children.

“in ancient, pre-Socratic times, we have Empedocles' Love (Philotes) and Strife (Neikos); in

Socratic times, Plato's Eros and Aristotle's Philia; in the middle ages, St. Paul's Agape and St.

Augustine’s Caritas; in the Renaissance, Rousseau's notion of a modern romantic pair of

Emile and Sophie; in modern times, Freud's love as transference; and finally, in postmodern

times we tackle the notion of duties to children” (History of love, n.d., para. 2).

“In Empedocles’ cosmology, Love stands as a cosmic, consistent principle due to which the

world exists through mixing of the elements (earth, air, fire, and water)” (History of love,

n.d., para. 4).

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4. Analogy (metaphor): Comparing an abstract concept (such as love or faith) to something

concrete/physical.

 Love in Buddhism: Love is like a river.

“The source of the river is our hearts and our infinite capacities to love. The path of the

river is our attention and our ability to consciously direct it to the people we care about. As

our river of love flows across the people in our lives, both our love and the person we love

are transformed” (Beach, 2017, para. 6).

 Love in a Christian song: Love is like a river.

“Your love is like a river flowing from my heart

When this cruel world tears us apart

Your love is like a river flowing from my heart

When sharpened words have left their scars

Your love is like a river flowing from my heart” (Word to Worship, n.d., paras. 1-2).

5. Appearance: Illustrating what the term looks like. This method is typically used in a science-

related field.

 For example, you can describe what plant cells look like, based on a view from a

microscope. However, this method is not as useful for abstract ideas such as “love”.

6. Process: Demonstrating how the term might work with step-by-step explanations.

 Love in Christianity: Love is Jesus’s life from birth to death.

"For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in

him shall not perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to

condemn the world, but to save the world through him” (New International Version,

1973/2011, John 3:16-17).

7. Causes and/or effects: Explaining why the term begins (or happens) or Explaining how the

term ends or what the results of the term are.

 Love in psychology: when love is overpowering, love results in limerence.

“In 1979, psychologist Dorothy Tennov, Ph.D., coined the term “limerence” to describe a

somewhat debilitating aspect of being in love. In her book, Love and Limerence: The

Experience of Being in Love, she defines limerence as an involuntary, enormously intense,

and overwhelmingly passionate state in which the “limerent” person can feel obsessed with

and emotionally dependent on the object of their limerence.” (“Lovesick,” n.d., paras. 14-

15)

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8. Connotation: Exploring the emotional connections that come with a word.

 Love in Christianity: Love is a sacrificial heart.

“For one will scarcely die for a righteous person—though perhaps for a good person one

would dare even to die— but God shows his love for us in that while we were still sinners,

Christ died for us” (English Standard Version, 2001/2016, Roman 5:7-8)

9. Functions: Explaining the purpose or what this concept does for us.

 Love in Buddhism: Love is the key to achieve freedom and peace.

According to Thich Nhat Hanh, Buddhist monk, “when our hearts are small, our

understanding and compassion are limited, and we suffer… but when our hearts expand,

these same things don’t make us suffer anymore. We have a lot of understanding and

compassion and can embrace others.” (as cited in Lesley, 2017, para. 4).

10. Examples: Sharing significant people’s stories or ideas that can help explain the term.

 Love in Christianity: Love the unlovable.

“He entered Jericho and was passing through. And behold, there was a man named

Zacchaeus. He was a chief tax collector and was rich. And he was seeking to see who Jesus

was, but on account of the crowd he could not, because he was small in stature. So he ran

on ahead and climbed up into a sycamore tree to see him, for he was about to pass that

way. And when Jesus came to the place, he looked up and said to him, “Zacchaeus, hurry

and come down, for I must stay at your house today.” So he hurried and came down and

received him joyfully. And when they saw it, they all grumbled, “He has gone in to be the

guest of a man who is a sinner.” And Zacchaeus stood and said to the Lord, “Behold, Lord,

the half of my goods I give to the poor. And if I have defrauded anyone of anything, I

restore it fourfold.” And Jesus said to him, “Today salvation has come to this house, since

he also is a son of Abraham. For the Son of Man came to seek and to save the lost” (English

Standard Version, 2001/2016, Luke 10:1-10).

[Sources]:

 Merriam-Webster

 Beach, Z. (2017)

 Lesley, A. (2017)

 The Bible

 Wisdo library

 Word to Worship

 The-Philosophy

 (“Lovesick,” n.d.)

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[Appendix B]: Additional APA Basics (Religious Works)

1) How to cite the Bible?  Citation: When you quote the Bible, you should indicate a citation like below.

(Version of the Bible, year, Book Name Chapter number:Verse number)

For example,

(English Standard Version, 2001/2016, Mark 1:1-10)

 References: List the Bible to your references list once even if you used it multiple times in your

essay.

The version of the Bible. (Year). Website name. URL (Original work published year)

For example,

English Standard Version. (2016). Biblegateway.com.

https://www.biblegateway.com/versions/English-Standard-Version-ESV-Bible/#booklist

(Original work published 2001)