Assignment M3_A2

M3A2

by Jennif er Augustus

Submission dat e: 02- Oct- 2017 03:05AM (UT C- 0700)

Submission ID: 855766133

File name: DomesticViolenceAgainstWomen.docx (26.89K)

Word count : 1229

Charact er count : 7085

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Running head: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGANST WOMEN 1

Domestic Violence Against Women Name

Institution Date

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGANST WOMEN 2

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Typical IJerpetrator of domestic violence against women

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Violence against women can be defined as any act of gender -rel ated violen ce that is

likel y to result in or actually results in menta l, se xual, or physical suffering or harm to women including coercion , threats of violent acts or arbitrary depri vation of libert y, whether in private

or public life. In some cases, men are abused by partners (Saili, Mahfo z, Labong, & Putit, 2014). However , domestic violence is in most cases directed toward women. Abusive relationships often involve an imbalance of control and power. The perpetrator uses intimidating , hurtful

beha viors and words to control their partner (Saili Mahfo z, Labong, & Putit, 2014). It might be easy for one to identify domestic viol ence at initial stages . While some relationships tend to be clearly abusive abuse often begins subtly and worsen over time.

Domestic violen ce is about control and power. The perpetrator usua lly wants to dominate the survivor/vict im and wants to secure all the po\ver in the relationship and employs violence to maintain or establish power and authority (Ellsberg , et al., 2015). Perpetrators of domestic violence are often not deranged or sick, but have lea rned, manipulat ive and abusive beha viors and techniques that allow them to control and dominate others and obtain the desired responses (Ellsberg , et al. 2015). In most cases, an abuser will restrict the outlets of a victim , forbidding them from maintaining outside employment family ties and friends . This has an isolating

impact , creating dependenc y and leaving victims with no external support. Perpetrators also limit the options of a survivor by disallowing access to credit cards, checking accoun ts, or other sources of financial independence or mone y.

There is no typical perpetrator of domestic violence against women , but psychologists

have ident ified some characteristics that are common among the perpetrntors (Ellsberg , et al.,

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2015). Many perpetra tors of domestic violence against women often suffer from low self-esteem ,

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGANST WOMEN 3

and their sense of identity and self is often tied to their partner. Thus, if perpetrators feel the y are somehow losing their victims either through emotional detachment , di vorce , separa tion , or pregnancy (the fear their vic tims will replace love for them with the lo ve for the coup le' s child) , they will lash out (Gracia , 2014). In case victims leave through any of the above-mentioned

methods , perpetrators usua lly feel they are losing their self-identi ty, con trol, and power

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(Ellsberg et al. 2015) . This explains why it is usuall y dangerous for victims during periods of

divorce or separation from their partner .

Perpetrators will often do anythin,g ithin their power to maintain control and ensure the

victim is kept under control. This dy nam ic also makes intensif y ing violence inevitable, considering that ma ny victims have to become emotionally unavailable , or have to physically lea ve, in order to ensure their survival. Perpetrators of domestic violence against women may constantl y humilia te, belittle, and criticize their partners (Ellsberg , et al., 2015). Causing the victim to feel stupid , ug ly, crazy, and worthless does not allow for healthy self-perception of a survivor. Low self-esteem may make the victims to feel like they deser ve the abuse , which eventually affect their ability to see themsel ves as worthy of respect and better treatment.

Causes of domestic violence against women

Many of the research regarding the causes of perpetration of domestic violence against women are drawn from the literature on general violence and aggression (Devries, et al., 2013). Both the theory on general violence as well as that on domestic violen ce against women maintain that violen ce emanates from interactions among ind ividual psyc hosoc ial and biological factors and social processes but it is not clea rly known ho w much overlap exist in the de velo pment of violent acts and beha vior against women. Research on male perpetrators of domestic violence have found that some perpetrators confine their violent beha vior to their intimates while others

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGANST WOMEN 4

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tend to be violent in general (Devries et al. 2013) . The most com mo" causes oE domestic violence against women include constant argument with one 's partner refusal to have sex with the perpetrator , neglect of the children, going out of home without informing the partner , failure to cook properly and on tim e, infidelity among others (Devries , et al., 2013). In some cases, inability to bear children also results in domestic violence against women . Alcoholism is also

another major cause of domestic violence against women.

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Criminal and civil legal systems regarding 1>enalties, burden of persuasion, and key players

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( • )for domestic violence against women

The United States passed the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 on September 13

1994. T he origins of the Violence Against Women Act were from the collective effort and contribution of the courts , sexual assault advocates, law enforcement agencies, the battered

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women' s mo vement, and attorneys who urged the United States Congress to formulate

legislation that is aimed at protecting women from domestic violence or intimate partner

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violence (Modi , Palmer , & Arms trong , 2014). The Violence Against Women Act led to the

creation of the Department ' s Office on violence against women to support a long-term federal response to intimate partner violence or violence against women (Modi , Palmer , & Arms trong , 2014). The act provided a $1.6 billion within a period of six years towards thel vestigation and

prosecution of violent acts against women and imposed mandatory and automatic restitution for

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the convicted individuals. Through the Services Training Officers and Prosecutors (STOP)

Formula Grant Program, over $440 million was awarded from 1995 to 2000 to support 9,000 projects that help in addressing domestic violence against women (Modi Palmer & Armstrong 2014).

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGANST WOMEN

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The Violence Against Women Act helps in addressing domestic violen ce stalking,

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sexual assault, and dating violenc e. It focusses on the development of coordinated community

care among attorneys, prosecutors, law enforcement , and victim services (Modi Palmer , &

Armstrong , 2014 ). lf funds battered women shelters and houses and support groups, in addition

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to offering support to the training of indi viduals who provide services to victims of intimate

partner violence . The act also makes intimate partner violence a federal crime in situations where

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state lines are crossed (Modi, Pa lmer , & Armst rong, 2014). The act provides grants to states for

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programs geared to, ards the prevention of violence against women or provision of services for

victims of domestic violence. The act currently provides support for working with tribal organizations and tribes to end domestic violence , stal king, sexual assau lt, and datin g violence

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against women (Modi Palmer , & Arms trong , 2014). The Violence Against Women Act also

changed the civil and criminal justice system by doubling federal penalties for sex offender who

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repeat their acts. Since passage of the act in 19 94, every state has fonnulated laws making

domestic viol ence a crime and each state affirmed criminal rape statutes .

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGANST WOMEN 6

References

Devries K. M. Mak , J. Y., Garc ia-Moreno, C., Petzold , M. Child J. C. Paider, G., . . .

Rosenfeld , L. (2013). The global prevalence of intimate partner violence against women .

Science , 1527-1528 .

Ellsberg, M., Arango, D. J., Morton , M., Gennari, F. Kiples und, S., Contreras M ., & Wa tts, C. (2015). Prevention of violence against women and girls: what does the evidence say? The Lancet, 1555-1566.

Gracia, E. (2014). Inti.mate pa1tner violen ce against women and victim-blam ing attitudes among Euro peans . Bulletin of the World Health Organi zation, 92(5) , 380-381.

Modi , M. N., Palmer , S., & Armstrong, A. (2014). The role of Violence Against Women Act in addressing inti.mate partner violence : a public health issue . Journal of Women' s Health, 23(3) , 253-259.

Saili , J. Mahfoz N. Labong E. P., & Putit, Z. (2014). Domestic Violence against Women.

M3A2

ORIGINALITY REPORT

29%

SIMILARIT Y INDEX

18%

INT ERNET SOURCES

4%

PUBLICAT IONS

25%

ST UDENT PAPERS

PRIMARY SOURCES

1 Submitted to Rutgers University, New Brunswick

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( 2 )www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

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( 3 )Submitted to Laureate Higher Education Group

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4 Submitted to Colorado Technical University Online

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( 5 )Submitted to Florida International University

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6 Submitted to Texas A&M University - Commerce

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( 7 )www.nativeessaywriters.com

Int ernet Source

( 8 )Submitted to Argosy University

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10%

7%

2%

1%

1%

1%

1%

1%

( 9 ) ( 1 )Submitted to University of South Florida

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Submitted to University of Southern California

( 10 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 % )St udent Paper %

11 Bourey, Christine, Whitney Williams, Erin Elizabeth Bernstein, and Rob Stephenson. "Systematic review of structural interventions for intimate partner violence in low- and middle-income countries: organizing evidence for prevention", BMC Public Health, 2015.

( 1 )Publicat ion

new.gbgm-umc.org

( 12 )Int ernet Source %

Submitted to Edison Community College

( 13 ) ( 1 )St udent Paper %

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