energy paper

CLEAN ENERGY INCENTIVE PROGRAM 9

CLEAN ENERGY INCENTIVE PROGRAM

M3A1 Annotated Bibliography

Achievement of intended outcome

“Al-Sarihi, A., & Cherni, J. A. (2018). Assessing strengths and weaknesses of renewable energy initiatives in Oman: an analysis with strategic niche management. Energy Transitions, 2(1-2), 15-29.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41825-018-0008-9

Summary: The article analyses the strengths and weaknesses of initiatives of renewable energy. In Oman, the Renewable Energy initiatives need to be managed well to enhance large scale implementation of RE. The strengths of RE in Oman include reduction of environmental harm that cause health problems, energy security is enhanced, employment opportunities can be increased as a result of proper management of the RE initiatives. Oman is seeking to find new ways of producing energy so as to limit the production of gases that are emitted in the air hence causing global warming. Progress in Arab nations is taking place to fight the emission of GHG gases.

Author Description: The authors of the article have worked on past dissertations that related to climate change and dynamics that occur in energy. They work at the Centre for Environmental Policy and they have helped provide possible recommendations that nations and energy agencies can adapt and implement to reduce emissions and encourage RE initiatives in the Middle East and in developing nations. The work presented in the paper has no conflict of interest making the article valuable for the study. The authors conducted an ethical study which contributes to the validity and authenticity of the data stipulated in their findings and methodology.

“Finley-Brook, M., & Holloman, E. L. (2016). Empowering Energy Justice. International journal of environmental research and public health, 13(9), 926.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5036759/

Summary: Low income communities and people of color are likely to enjoy health benefits if air and water pollution are reduced. However, the policies that are in place only favour elite groups and corporate interests are a priority. Energy transitions in U.S have an overall impact on environmental injustice. Gas emissions have been combated through carbon tax legislations that can lower demand. EPA measures the benefits of energy policies including curbing of GHG emissions. Energy renewable standards have been applied in more than half U.S.A states. The cost of renewable energy has reduced in the recent times hence creating economic opportunities in both urban and rural settings.

Author Description: Mary Finley-Brook and Holloman Erica worked in the Department of Geography and Environment making them experts in the analysis of statistics in the reduction of gas emissions. The authors did not have any conflict of interest; all the ideas between the two authors were corroborated. The two researchers have conducted previous research related to the topic where environmental organisms are affected by the exposure of harmful gases. Furthermore, Mary Finley-Brook reviewed the literature before publishing the information. Both contributed to the interpretation and analysis of the results pacing insights on advocacy and intervention strategies that can encourage energy justice transformations.

“Hsu, A., Rosengarten, C., Weinfurter, A., Xie, Y., Musolino, E., & Murdock, H. E. (2017). Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in Developing Countries: Contributions to Reducing Global Emissions-Third Report.” https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/22149/1_Gigaton_Third%20Report_EN.pdf?sequence=1

Summary: Developing nations are achieving low cost emission reductions due to energy efficiency and renewable energy initiatives. Since 2016, carbon dioxide emissions have stabilized and by 2040 energy consumption has been forecasted to increase due to rapid economic growth in developing countries. The growth of the RE and EE for the last decade in developing nations provides hope to the mitigation of global warming and reduction of the emission gaps. The Paris Treaty goal is to reduce global temperatures to 2o C and by 2050 the gas emissions should decline. The article asserts that by 2030 the gap would have narrowed to 11–13.5 GtCO2e. The global climate goals can be met if human activities will be decarbonized.

Author Description: Angel Hsu, Carlin Rosengarten, Amy Weinfurter, Yihao Xie are experts in energy research from Yale University. Hannah Murdock is an incredible research coordinator; she has a Masters in Energy and led to successful remission of accurate data based on the progress observed over time since 2016. The author’s education background makes the information stipulated in the journal reliable and important to the implementation of Clean Energy Incentive Program as a policy. The authors are Energy studies who help students in various energy filed programs to gain vast knowledge. Also, the authors are excellent because they provide case studies that contribute to authenticity of statistical data.

Influence on Technology

“Geng, J. B., & Ji, Q. (2016). Technological innovation and renewable energy development: evidence based on patent counts. International Journal of Global Environmental Issues, 15(3), 217-234.” file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Technologicalinnovationandrenewableenergydevelopmentevidencebasedonpatentcounts.pdf

Summary: The innovation of technology plays an important role in the development process of the renewable energy. Technological inventions in the article are considered as an internal driving force for the introduction of renewable energy development and sustainability in various countries across the globe. The article posits that the two concepts depend on one another in an effort to reduce emissions. Environmental regulations and taxes that are imposed on nations in relation to GHG gases do not have a significant impact on reduction of energy pollutions rather rapid technology advancements will help in the mitigation of the greenhouse gases in industries.

Author Description: The two authors of the journal are members of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy with common education backgrounds in energy economics and energy security. Qiang Ji has over twenty peer-reviewed articles in relation to energy and environmental concerns. The ideas they contribute in the article have a general impact on questioning the validity of concepts presented. We can agree that to achieve the Clean Energy Initiative, technology should be able to propel those efforts forward. The analysis of the concepts they present and issues learned have been keenly researched. The authors provide a recommendation on the strategies the target audience should implement making it reliable for future policy implementation and planning.

“Maradin, D., Cerović, L., & Mjeda, T. (2017). Economic effects of renewable energy technologies. Naše gospodarstvo/our economy, 63(2), 49-59.” file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/NasegospodarstvoOureconomyEconomicEffectsofRenewableEnergyTechnologies.pdf

Summary: The rapid development of economic development has led to the introduction of renewable technologies. The RE initiative sparks the development of new technologies which has an impact on the economy. One main factor of the introduction of renewable technology such as power plants has a direct impact on employment because it requires fewer workforces. The invention of the wind energy and biomass plant has an impact on the surrounding. There is need to encourage technological innovations that can generate employment opportunities. The technologies have positive impact on economic growth as they help in fostering development and revitalization of local economies.

Author Description: Dario Maradin is a professor at the Rijeka University in Croatia in the Economics faculty as well as energy economics researcher Also, the author is an expert in the analysis of economic efficiency of various power plants and other technologies of RE. he is known for various international journals in Croatia making the information provide in the journal valid and reliable. The other two authors are also professors specializing in economics and macroeconomics. They have a collaboration of ideas and analysis about how renewable energy plants and other technologies have an impact on the overall economic growth, sustainability and development.

“Owusu, P. A., & Asumadu-Sarkodie, S. (2016). A review of renewable energy sources, sustainability issues and climate change mitigation. Cogent Engineering, 3(1), 1167990.” https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311916.2016.1167990

Summary: The article highlights that renewables are a solution to mitigation of climate change because they are sustainable in meeting the needs of energy. Also, it highlights the opportunities that are associated with renewable energy sources including combating energy to solve the issue of climate change. Renewable energy has led to the development of technology such as hydropower which is safe because pollution is limited because it does not produce GHG gases and has an impact on socio-economic development in a country. Wind, biomass, geothermal energy and direct solar energy have been developed to act as solutions to the problem of climate change and environmental protection.

Author Description: The authors have masters in Sustainable Environment and Energy Systems. The information provided in the article is based on a dissertation that relied on the knowledge they acquired at Middle East Technical University in relation to energy economics, renewable energy, climate change and econometrics. The two authors worked together to analyze the various factors that are related to renewable energy including technologies used to combat climate change and reduce emission of GHG gases into the air. The authors’ work is significant because they provided vital recommendations on improvement of renewable energy concerns and how the ozone layer can be saved from depletion.

Unintended Consequences

“Bridle, R., Sharma, S., Mostafa, M., & Geddes, A. (2019). Fossil fuel to clean energy subsidy swaps: How to pay for an energy revolution. International Institute for Sustainable Development” https://www.iisd.org/sites/default/files/publications/fossil-fuel-clean-energy-subsidy-swap.pdf

Summary: Reformation of fossil fuel subsidies has an impact on reallocation of resources in education, public health and other social aspects. The fossil fuel subsidies are key barriers to the transition of clean energy initiative. The subsidy swap is unintended consequence in the implementation of energy policy because there are so many uncertainties in the reform because it can either deliver permanent or no change in climate change targets. The implementation of swaps depends on the engagement of countries to share experiences. The swap has an impact on other aspects of a country’s economy. The fossil subsidies have declined as a result of renewable energy investments.

Author Description: The authors of the “International Institute for Sustainable Development” collaborated with Hannah Murdock project manager and coordinator making the information in the article valuable. The insights provided about the transition from fossil fuel to clean energy is valid based on the statistics of countries pace on the implementation of the policy. The authors provide recommendations about what countries should do at the global level to alleviate gas emissions. The works done by the authors can be used in financing the energy revolution because it will bring social benefits such as jobs and public health. The information is vital in further dissertation because the authors of IISD have conducted similar research in the past that was significant and prompted reforms.

“Chan, N. W., & Morrow, J. W. (2019). Unintended consequences of cap-and-trade? Evidence from the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. Energy Economics, 80, 411-422.” https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988319300222#!

Summary: The cap and trade initiatives are designed to control and minimize the overall cost of pollution by allowing firms that have a low reduction cost to help in the reduction of emissions in regard to those with a high abatement cost. The arising issue is the impacts the trades have on the welfare due to its redistribution in areas the emissions are generated. Carbon dioxide emissions have reduced and sulphur dioxide emissions as well. There is an issue of policy damage of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. The shift in generation of electricity in regions that have higher sulphur dioxide damage is one of the RGGI initiative drawbacks.

Author Description: The authors have analysed the study of the cap-and trade implications based on a case study of the RGGI in nine states of U.S.A. The study was carried out at the University of Massachusetts Amherst making it a credible source which conducted research suing ethical standards. The author’s affiliations are not provided in detail making me to question whether they were experts in energy economies. The area of energy economies is important and requires experts. The journal is peer-reviewed to mean that the information provided is strictly scholarly and adheres to the standards of research. The findings of the authors call for improvements in government policies to increase the reduction of gas emissions in all regions.

“Kelly-Richards, S., Silber-Coats, N., Crootof, A., Tecklin, D., & Bauer, C. (2017). Governing the transition to renewable energy: A review of impacts and policy issues in the small hydropower boom. Energy Policy, 101, 251-264.” file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Kelly-Richardsetal2017.pdf

Summary: The rapid transition to renewable energies technologies has raised important governance issues despite the benefits the program was intended to fulfil. There are issues that have escalated in regard to the development of small hydroelectric power (SHP) despite its effort to help in the mitigation of climate change. The definition of the SHP is confusing policy making and scholars’ literature. Also, there are issues of lack of knowledge and credit of the impact of social and environment impacts on the SHP. The use of the hydropower technologies has negative implications on local communities which contradicts the climate change policy and strategy.

Author Description: The authors work at the Arizona University, under the faculty of school of Geography and Development. They are excellent researchers in the analysis of energy policies. The contributions they provide in the research is detrimental in the Energy industry because they believe that there is need to observe and access both positive and negative impacts of the renewable energies have on the surrounding as much it will serve as a solution to the problem of climate change. The data presented in the article has an impact on future innovations of renewable technologies. The credibility of the source lies in the review approach of journal articles related to the topic for further research.