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Running Head: LYME DISEASE 1

LYME DISEASE 5

Lyme disease

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Introduction

Lyme disease is considered to be the most common and popular vector-borne disease occurring in the united states. The condition is caused by bacteria known as Borrelia Burgdorferi and, in some instances, Borrelia mayonii. Humans contract the disease through a bite of infected black-legged ticks. Several of the disease's typical symptoms include headache, fever, fatigue, and skin rash referred to as erythema migrans. If the condition is left untreated, the infection spreads to body joints, the nervous system, and the heart. The disease is diagnosed based on symptoms, physical findings, and the potential exposure to ticks. Patients infected can be treated in two weeks with the use of antibiotics. It can be prevented by using insect repellent, ticks' removal, and application of pesticides. The document below contains a qualitative analysis of Lyme disease infection.

Cardinal sign

An annular rash, erythematous, and expanding, EM is the cardinal sign of Lyme disease and the characteristic early sign of localized Lyme disease. The symptom occurs at the same site of the tick bite after a few days or weeks of the infective bite exposure. In endemic locations, the sign has a high positive and predictive value utilized effectively to trigger presumptive treatment. It is used as an important marker for identifying cases for national and global surveillance statistics ("Hair loss on your legs? You might have a vascular problem," 2019). However, EM characteristic is not pathognomonic. Humans may become accidentally infected in case they intrude towards the ecological niches of these vectors. Research has proven that the infection correlates significantly in the presence of intense enzootic cycles. There is a rapid and continuing emergence of disease infections in the United States. The cardinal sign is crucial for researchers and detectors to identify the most vulnerable areas.

Stages of IGM IgG elevation

The levels of IgM increases and later peaks in about six weeks. It starts to decline continuously and gradually. Immunoglobulin G antibodies are unable to get detected until five weeks after the infection occurs. Its level peak in about four weeks later and may maintain constancy for several coming years. On the other hand, IgM antibodies are detectable three weeks after the patient is infected with Lyme disease; the levels later surge after six weeks and later begin to decrease. The antibodies are the first to be produced as the body tries to respond to the infection. The antibodies are larger than the IgG, and when they are present in large numbers, they may indicate a new recent active condition. The immune system continuously makes antibodies for months or years after the patient is treated; this implies that positive tested blood may turn positive years later, even if the bacteria were treated and no longer present.

Reason for elevation of ESR

The level of ESR may have elevated because of the underlying condition of mild anemia. There is a reduced level of hematocrit in the disease, and the upward flow of plasma also interferes. The aggregate fall of red blood cells is faster. Besides, macrocytic cells can settle rapidly if they have a lower surface area to volume ration. The patient experienced inflammation of and anemia infection, and thus the level of ESR elevated.

Treatment approach

The manifestations and the disease stage should guide the route administration, antibiotic selection, and therapy duration for Lyme disease during treatment. There should be consideration of concomitant medical conditions and allergies if they are present (John, 2020). The use of prompt treatment is recommended since it is proven to increase therapeutic effectiveness and success. Appropriate antibiotic treatment and immediate results to most patients at an early stage lead to rapidly and ultimately. It is recommended that the patient should be administered a single dose of oral doxycycline for prophylaxis for 72 hours after tick removal. I risk bite must be from Ixodes tick and should occur in a highly endemic area. The dose should be 200g for the 38-year adult and 4.4 for any children patient. However, prophylaxis antibiotics should not be administered and given to tick bites that are low risk or equivocal.

Conclusion

In summary, Lyme disease is considered to be the most common and popular vector-borne disease occurring in the United States. The condition is caused by bacteria known as Borrelia Burgdorferi and, in some instances, Borrelia mayonii. Humans contract the disease through a bite of infected black-legged ticks. The levels of IgM increases and later peaks in about six weeks. It then starts to decline continuously and gradually. IgM antibodies are detectable three weeks after the patient is infected with Lyme disease; the levels later surge after six weeks and later begin to decrease. The manifestations and the disease stage should guide the route administration, antibiotic selection, and therapy duration for Lyme disease during treatment. It is recommended that the patient should be administered a single dose of oral doxycycline for prophylaxis for 72 hours after tick removal.

References

Hair loss on your legs? You might have a vascular problem. (2019, June 27). USA Vascular Centers. https://www.usavascularcenters.com/hair-loss-legs-might-vascular-problem/

John, O. (2020, September 7). Lyme disease treatment & management: Approach considerations, treatment of early Lyme disease, Lyme arthritis. Diseases & Conditions - Medscape Reference. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330178-treatment#d1

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