Research Methods -A24/A26

Running Head: Describe Components of Chapter 3 7

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Describe Components of Chapter 3

Laura Kay Utgard

Cal Southern University

PSY 87127: Research Methods in Psychology

Linda Fischer

July, 2018

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Components of Chapter 3

Research may be performed either using the quantitative or qualitative research methods based on the kind of information that are required. In this discussion paper, a qualitative research method will be utilized. The focus will be on the method of collecting data and its analysis. Also, the limitation as well as the delimitation this kind of research method. Also, we will point out different techniques that are used to collect data and the major areas of focus that this kind of research is most commonly used. The discussion of this paper will be divided into: research method, participants or the subjects, tools used on the study, data collection methods and the analysis, and providing the limitation as well as the delimitation. Comment by Reviewer: Your text should be left justified..

Methods of data collection Comment by Reviewer: This is not the correct placement or format for this heading. See APA Manual.

The qualitative study is the process of realistic inquiry which focuses on a deeper understanding of the social phenomena within their real setting (Creswell, 2013). The study focuses on why and not what of the social phenomena as well as relies on a direct individual experience on a daily basis. Researchers utilize several systems of inquiring the human phenomena which may include case study, biography, and discourse analysis, historical review grounded hypothesis, ethnography as well as the phenomenology. The qualitative study focuses on three main segments which include the societies, cultures as well as individuals (Creswell, 2013. Even though several inquiry techniques may be used in the qualitative study the most common assumptions are that understanding is subjective instead of objective and the researcher is able to learn from the participants for him or her to be able to understand the life they live (Creswell, 2013). To be able to ensure trustworthiness as well as rigor the qualitative researcher may attempt to sustain a neutral position while he or she is engaging in the qualitative process. Comment by Reviewer [2]: Should be centered see APA Manual and the DP template.

Participant s

The qualitative study focuses on conveying why people have the feelings as well as the thoughts they have and why they tend to impact their behavior (American Psychological Association, 2010). You need to source what follows. The research techniques are used to assist attain insights in the people ’s thoughts as well as feelings, that offer for the qualitative research that may be conducted in the future or it used to assist the researchers to be able to map out the survey tools that are to be used in a quantitative study. In the qualitative study, the main role of a researcher is to try and provide attempts that may be able to offer access to the feelings as well as the thoughts of the research participants. It is not as easy as it seems because it also involves asking people to talk about their private life. At times the experiences that the researcher explores in the mind of the participants may be fresh and in other situations, the participants may not be in a position to relieve their past experiences and this might make the research to be difficult. It is of the researcher to protect the data he or she collects from the participants of his or her research. The techniques for ensuring that the data collected is protected the researcher should clearly articulate to the study participants as well as he or she must be certified by the relevant study ethics board before commencing on his or her research. The researcher, as well as the practitioners who are new to this research method, are required to seek advice from other experienced researchers before commencing the projects. Comment by Reviewer [3]: Not sure what this is? Not correct format or placement. Instrumentation

Study tools

Instrumentations are tools or the means by which the researcher try to measure the items or variable of interest in the process of data collection (source). Instrumentations are not only related to the instrument selection, design, evaluation as well as construction, but they are also related to the conditions under which the designated tools are being administered. Simply the device that the researcher use to be able to collect data is known as the instrument (American Psychological Association, 2010). . You need to source what follows. In the qualitative study, the tools that are used to collect data include case study, biography, discourse analysis, historical review grounded hypothesis, ethnography as well as the phenomenology (source). With the qualitative study focusing on three main segments which include the societies, cultures as well as individuals, its instruments contribute greatly in the data collection because they tend to focus on reasons why certain different societies, people, as well as cultures had different behaviors (source). Finish discussion.

Data Collection Comment by Reviewer [4]: Should be centered.

Based on the philosophical perspective that the researcher takes and the method of collecting data that he or she chooses, the process will include the data generation. What is data generation? Additionally, different research methodologies that are available, there several diverse methods of creating a record of what has been said as well as done when an interview is being conducted such as video recording, as well as taking notes which are handwritten (American Psychological Association, 2010). Source hat follows. Several researchers are known to maintain folders of their field notes to be able to complement the interviews which are audio- recorded. The field notes assist the researcher to be able to maintain as well as comment on environmental contexts, impressions, behaviors, as well as non-verbal cues which may not be captured adequately via the audio recording. Typically they are often handwritten on small notebooks during the interview. The field notes may be able to offer essential context regarding the interpretation of the audio record data as well as may be able to assist in reminding the researcher of the situational factors which may be essential in the time of data analysis. The notes do not need to be formal but they are required to be maintained as well as secured similarly as the transcripts and the audio tapes.

Data Analysis Comment by Reviewer [5]: Should be centered

Conduct qualitative research focuses on the researcher putting him or herself in the position of another person and tries to understand the world from the other person’s perspective, thus the researchers need to be true to the participants. In this part of the qualitative study focuses on interpreting the data which has been collected from the research so as to gain more meaning and for the reader to be able to understand the other person character (source). In this segment the collected data undergoes several stages before it is produced as information the stages include data interpretation, checking and transcribing, reading between the lines, coding as well as theming. The interpretation of data focuses on the theoretical perspective of the researcher and how he best understood the data he or she collected. On the second stage which is checking and transcribing, this stage focuses on the process of altering spoken word into written information. On the third stage which is reading between the lines, the stage focuses on understanding better the participants' phenomena. On the fourth stage which is coding, the stage focuses more on the ability to be able to identify the topics, similarities, differences as well as the issues that have been revealed by the participants’ narrative as well as that that the researcher has interpreted. The process provides the researcher with a much better understanding of the participants' world. The fifth stage which is the theming allows the researcher to combine different codes to produce meaningful information. Comment by Reviewer [6]: You need to source your discussions. There are no sources for this paragraph.

Limitations occur in all kinds of research and they are often beyond the researcher's control and they tend to threaten the validity of the study both externally and internally (American Psychological Association, 2010). . You need to source what follows. The limitations in the qualitative study may include participants dropping out, lack of samples that are representatives of the population that is desired, violating assumption related to parametric review as well as validity data for the survey measures. On the other hand, delimitations are the factors that have the ability to restrict a research in answering particular questions or the inferences that he or she may draw in his or her findings. The delimitation is often based on the intentional choices that one may make regarding where he or she is going to draw his or her project boundary. In the qualitative study, the delimitations are created when the researcher defines his or her population of interest hence creating a boundary for his or her project.

References:

American Psychological Association (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association . (6th Edition). Washington, D.C.

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage. 9781452226101