Health final essay problems. 5 problems, minimum 100 words EACH
Sylviameng
LSD.pptxTerry Koons
Hallucinogens, Depressants and Opiates
Hallucinogens
LSD
PCP
Ketamine
Mushrooms
Hallucinogens
Drugs that cause changes in a persons perceptions: see images, hear sounds, feel sensations, all seem real, but don’t exist.
History of Hallucinogens
The Native American church
-The American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978
Timothy Leary and the League of Spiritual Discovery
- The Psychedelic Experience
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9x17JcCwyY4
Traditional Hallucinogens: LSD Types of Agents
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), mescaline, psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and myristicin
These drugs cause predominantly psychedelic effects
2013 229,000 age 12 and older had used in the last month
SAMHSA
2019 HCS Survey 5% of OU students had used LSD at least once in the last 30 days
LSD
Usually felt within 30-90 minutes after ingestion and lasting 6-12 hours
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPgpYux8HJQ
Traditional Hallucinogens: LSD Type of Agents
About half of the substance is cleared from the body within 3 hours, and more than 90% is excreted within 24 hours
Effects of this hallucinogen can last 2-12 hours
Tolerance to the effects of LSD develops very quickly
LSD: Emotional and Sensory Effects
Rapidly shifting emotions from fear to euphoria
Hear or feel colors and see sounds
LSD can trigger underlying mental problems and produce delusions, paranoia and schizophrenia-like syndrome
Distortion or transformation of shape and time.
Bad trips
Terrifying thoughts and nightmarish feelings of anxiety and despair, fears of insanity, death or losing control.
LSD: Physical Effects
Increase in blood pressure
Increase in heart rate
Dizziness
Loss of appetite
Dry mouth
Sweating
Nausea
Numbness
Tremors
LSD: Long Term Effects
Persistent Psychosis
-Distortion or disorganization of a person’s capacity to recognize reality, think rationally or communicate with others.
Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (Flashback)
-Spontaneous, repeated, sometimes continuous recurrences of some of the sensory distortions originally produced by LSD.
LSD: Addiction and Tolerance
Addiction
No evidence
Tolerance
Quickly developed
Cross tolerance to other
Hallucinogens
LSD: What to do for a bad trip
Stay calm. If you are scared, the tripper will know it—and feel even more panicky
Be supportive. Define reality. Remind the person that they’re experiencing drug effects that will go away.
Use distractions. LSD users are distractible, so help focus their attention on something more pleasant.
Change the setting. Sometimes, simple changes in setting--dimming lights or turning down music, for instance--is all it takes to calm an anxious, prospective acid casualty.
Other LSD Types of Agents
Mescaline (Peyote)
-Mescaline is the most active drug in peyote; it induces intensified perception of colors and euphoria
-Effects include dilation of pupils, increase in body temperature, anxiety, visual hallucinations, and alteration of body image, vomiting, muscular relaxation; very high doses may cause death
-Street samples are rarely authentic
Mushrooms
A mushroom “trip” tends to last for about four to five hours.
Effects similar to those of LSD.
Used by many indigenous Cultures to induce altered states of consciousness during religious rituals.
2019 HCS survey 5% of OU students had used shrooms at least once in the last 30 days.
Mushrooms
Low doses
Feelings of relaxation, not dissimilar to those of cannabis
Laughing a lot and finding things funnier than they would normally
High doses
The experience is closer to that of LSD, intensified colors and producing visual hallucinations and feeling of euphoria
Mushrooms: Adverse Effects
Misidentification. Some mushrooms are poisonous and cause stomach pains, vomiting, diarrhea and even death.
Some users report getting sick even after ingesting real psilocybin varieties.
Impair judgment.
Can trigger underlying mental disorders and cause schizophrenic-type symptoms.
“Bad trips,” which can include confusion, anxiety and panic. In rare instances, users can experience recurring episodes of anxiety and panic (flashbacks) days, weeks, or even months after a bad trip.
Mushrooms
Addiction
No evidence
Occurs when the user seeks out and takes the drug compulsively
Tolerance
The user needs larger doses of the drug to get the same desired results
PCP Phencyclidine
PCP
Developed as a surgical anesthetic with sedative and anesthetic effects that produce trance-like, out of body, detached from their environment, unpredictable effects.
Phencyclidine, illegal in 1978/Schedule II drug
Usually felt minutes after ingestion and last several hours
Street Names: Angel Dust, Hog, Dippers, Ozone & Rocket Fuel
2013 6 million age 12 and older had used in the their lifetime
SAMHSA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjJSjU9EDUI
PCP: Low Dose Effects
Shallow, rapid breathing
Increased blood pressure and heart rate
Elevated temperature
Distortion of space, time and body image
Exaggerated strength
Hallucinations
Panic
Fear
Invulnerability
Severely disoriented
Violent
Suicidal
PCP: Higher Dose Effects
Changes in blood pressure, heart rate and respiration
Nausea
Blurred vision
Dizziness
Decreased awareness of pain
Muscle contractions
PCP: Very High Doses
Convulsions
Coma
Hyperthermia
Death
PCP: Addiction and Tolerance
Addiction
Memory loss and depression may continue for up to a year after stopping
Tolerance
The user needs larger doses of the drug to get the same desired results
Ketamine
Human and animal anesthetic
White powder that can be smoked, snorted or injected
Street Names:
Special K, K, Cat and Vitamin K
Effects:
Out of body experience, loss of muscle coordination
Depression, amnesia and breathing problems
GHB
Human growth stimulants for body building
Usually a clear, odorless liquid
Popular recreation use due to what has been described as a pleasant alcohol-like high without the hangover.
Can be transported in water bottles or eye droppers and slipped into drinks or taken by the capful.
GHB
It is classified as a sedative-hypnotic, and originally developed as a sleep-aid.
Lower doses- euphoric effects similar to alcohol, relaxed, happy and sociable.
Higher doses- dizzy and sleepy, and can sometimes cause vomiting, muscle spasms, and loss of consciousness.
Overdose- loss of consciousness(temporary coma), and slows down breathing.
Sometimes, and particularly if mixed with alcohol, GHB can slow breathing down to a dangerously low rate, which had caused a number of deaths.
GHB: Effects
Usually felt within 15 minutes and last anywhere from 1-2 ½ hours with after effects lasting 2-4 hours.
Water soluble and is metabolized and out of the body within 4-6 hours
GHB: Effects
Intoxication (similar to 4-6 drinks)
Increased energy
Happiness
Talkative
Difficulty concentrating
Possible nausea
Feeling of affection or playfulness
Mild disinhibition
Sensuality
Enhanced Sexual experience
Loss of gag reflex
GHB: Large Doses
Disinhibition
Sedation
Desire to sleep
Rambling incoherent speech
Giddiness
Silliness
Difficulty thinking
Slurred speech
Passing out( if lose consciousness, always seek medical attention)
Death
GHB: Adverse Doses
Nausea
Headaches
Drowsiness
Dizziness
Amnesia (lead to SA)
Vomiting
Loss of muscle control
Respiratory problems
Loss of consciousness
Being conscious but unable to move especially when combined with other drugs.
GHB: Addiction and Tolerance
Addiction
Similar to alcohol and withdrawal
Can be life threatening
Tolerance
The user needs larger doses of the drug to get the same desired results
GHB: Legislation
October 1996: “Drug-Induced Rape Prevention and Punishment Act” was passed. Increased federal penalties for use of any controlled substance to aid in sexual assault.
February 18, 2000: Hillory J. Farias and Samantha Reid Date-Rape prohibition Act was signed by President Clinton. Made GHB a Schedule I drug, MDMA is Schedule I, Rohypnol is Schedule IV, and Ketamine is Schedule III.
Rohypnol/Valium/Xanax
Brand name benzodiazepine about ten times stronger then valium.
Usually felt within 20-30 minutes after ingestion, peaking at 2 hours, lasting up to 8 hours of more and remaining in the system for up to 20 hours.
Dropped into the drink and dissolves. ROCHE laboratories has made adjustments so that light drinks will turn blue and dark drinks will turn murky.
2019 10% of OU students had used a Benzo in the last 30 days
Benzo: Effects
Drowsiness
Confusion
Impaired motor skills
Dizziness
Disorientation
Memory impairment
Drowsiness
Impaired judgment
Reduced levels of consciousness
Slurred speech
Difficulty walking
Rendered unconscious
Headaches
Benzo: Overdose
Following overdose with oral benzodiazepines
vomiting should be induced (within one hour) if the patient is conscious
Gastric lavage undertaken with the airway protected if the patient is unconscious
Beyond one hour
Activated charcoal should be given to reduce absorption
Respiratory and cardiovascular function should be monitored as they may evidence depression
Central nervous system depression may manifest in degrees ranging from drowsiness, mental confusion, lethargy, to coma and death. Flunitrazepam overdose alone is unlikely to be lethal, but in combination with alcohol, death is considerably more likely.
Benzo: Addiction and Tolerance
•Ohio Deaths involving benzodiazepines were 10.4% or 506 in 2017
Addiction
Occurs when the user seeks out and takes the drug compulsively.
Tolerance
The user needs larger doses of the drug to get the same desired results.
What are Narcotics?
The term narcotic currently refers to naturally occurring substances derived from the opium poppy and their synthetic substitutes.
These drugs referred to as the opioid (or opiate) narcotics because of their association with opium.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XNjamSKsVP0&list=PLA7765EA82892D70B
What are Narcotics? (cont.)
The opioid narcotics possess abuse potential, but they also have important clinical value (analgesic, antitussive).
The term narcotic has been used to label many substances, from opium to marijuana to cocaine.
Pharmacological Effects
The most common clinical use of the opioid narcotics is an analgesics to relieve pain.
The opioid narcotics relieve pain by activating the same group of receptors that are controlled by the endogenous substances called endorphins.
Activation of opioid receptors block the transmission of pain through the spinal cord or brain stem.
Pharmacological Effects (cont.)
Morphine is particularly potent pain reliever and often is used as the analgesic standard by which other narcotics are compared.
With continued use. Tolerance develops to the analgesic effects of morphine and other narcotics.
Physicians frequently under prescribe narcotics, for fear of causing narcotic addiction.
Pharmacological Effects (cont.)
The principal side effects of the opioid narcotics, besides their abuse potential, include:
Drowsiness, mental clouding
Respiratory depression
Nausea, vomiting and constipation
Inability to urinate
Drop in blood pressure
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6g5ODWUyaA
Ohio
Rx Opiate Painkillers
Morphine Methadone
Fentanyl Oxycodone
OxyContin Hydromorphone
Codeine Hydrocodone
2019 AOD survey 13% of OU students had used (opiate painkillers) not prescribed to them.
8% reported taking while drinking alcohol
Narcotic-Related Drugs
Dextromethorphan (OTC antitussive)
Clonidine (relieves some of the opioid withdrawal sympotms)
Naloxone/Naltrexone (narcotic antagonist; used for narcotic overdoses)
National Rx Abuse
Drug treatment admissions for prescription painkillers increased more than 300 percent from 1995 to 2005
Every day, 2500 kids age 12 to 17 try a painkiller for the first time
Opioid analgesic ER visits increased 117% over the last decade, and the death rate surpassed that of heroin and cocaine
There are as many new abusers age 12 to 17 of prescription drugs as there are of marijuana
1 in 5 teens say they have taken a prescription drug without having a prescription for it themselves
Rx Abuse
What are the possible legal consequences of obtaining or providing prescription drugs to others?
Ohio Revised Code-Chapter 2925.11- Possession of Controlled Substances (w/o a legal prescription):
FELONY OF THE FIFTH DEGREE
A violation including a schedule I or II class drug such as Adderall or Ritalin is a prison term of up to 12 months and a fine of up to $2,500
A violation including a schedule III, IV, V class drug such as Vicodin (III), Xanax, Valium, or OxyContin (II) will result in a misdemeanor of the 1st degree, prison term of up to 180 days and a fine up to $1,000
Heroin Abuse
Heroin is classified as a Schedule I drug.
Heroin is the most widely abused illegal drug in European and Far Easter countries.
Greater purity leads users to administer heroin in less efficient ways
Many youths believe that heroin can be used safely if it is not injected
The volume of heroin imported into the U.S has doubled since the 1980’s
Patterns of Heroin Abuse
Emergency room visits due to narcotic overdoses have increased significantly since 2000.
2019 AOD survey 0.21% of OU students had used at least once in the last 30 days.
In Ohio 86% of overdose deaths are related to opioids.
Deaths related to opioids in Ohio, 2017-
Fentanyl 70.7% 3,432
Heroin 20.3% 987
Rx opioids 10.8% 523
Ohio Dept. of Health
Methods of Administration
Sniffing the powder
Injecting it into a muscle (intramuscular)
Smoking
Mainlining (intravenous injection)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3RvyDHhGLs0
Heroin: Short Term Effects
-“Rush,” warm flushing of skin, dry mouth and heavy feeling in extremities.
-Nausea
-Vomiting
-Severe itching
-Clouded mental functioning
-Cardiac function slow
-Breathing slows sometimes to point of death
Heroin: Long Term Effects
Addiction
HIV, Hepatitis B and/or C
Collapsed veins
Bacterial infections
Abscesses (boils)
Infection of heart lining and valves
Arthritis and other rheumatoid problems
Heroin: Addiction and Tolerance
Addiction
High
Occurs when the user seeks out and takes the drug compulsively.
Tolerance
The user needs larger doses of the drug to get the same desired results.
Stages of Dependence
Initially, the effects of heroin are often unpleasant.
Euphoria gradually overcomes the aversive effects.
The positive feelings increase with narcotic use, leading to psychological dependence.
Stages of Dependence (cont.)
After psychological dependence, physical dependence occurs with daily use over a 2-week period.
If the user stops taking the drug after physical dependence has developed, severe withdraw symptoms result.
Withdrawal Symptoms
After the effects of heroin wear off, the addict has only a few hours in which to find the next dose before sever withdrawal symptoms begin.
A single “shot” of heroin lasts 4-6 hours
Withdrawal symptoms –runny nose, tears, minor stomach cramps, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, chills, fever, aching bones, muscle spasms
Heroin Dependence Drugs “Antagonist”
Buperenorphin (subutex)
Methadone
Suboxone
Vivitrol, once a month
Naloxone-for overdose
Narcan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T54LIrCND5I
Heroin Addicts and AIDS
Over 50% of IV heroin users have been exposed to the AIDS virus
Fear of contracting HIV from IV heroin use has contributed to the increase in smoking or snorting heroin
Many who start by smoking or snorting progress to IV administration due to its more intense effects
Risk Reduction
Needle exchange
Athens County-City Health Dept.
Safe injection sites
STI-HIV Testing
Hepatitis A and B testing
Prep
Latex use
Treatment/Recovery
Heroin and Crime
Factors related to crime
Pharmacological effects encourage antisocial behavior that is crime-related
Heroin diminishes inhibition
Addicts are self-centered, impulsive and governed by need
Cost addiction
Similar personality of criminal and addict
Substance Use Disorder Treatment
Drug addiction is a complex illness characterized by intense and, at times, uncontrollable drug craving, along with compulsive drug seeking and use that persist even in the face of devastating consequences.
Too often, addiction goes untreated:
In 2017, an estimated 20.7 million people age 12 and older needed treatment for a substance use disorder. Only 4 million people received treatment, or about 19% of those who needed it.
In 2017, of the more than 18 million people who needed but did not receive treatment for substance use, only 1 million, or 5.7%, of those people felt they needed treatment.
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) has more than 120,000 groups in more than 175 countries around the world, with more than 2 million members.
There are over 14,500 specialized substance abuse treatment facilities in the United States providing a variety of care options, including counseling, behavioral therapy, medication, case management, and other forms of care.
Principles of Effective Treatment
Scientific research since the mid–1970s show key principles that should form the basis of any effective treatment programs:
No single treatment is appropriate for everyone.
Treatment needs to be readily available.
Effective treatment attends to multiple needs of the individual, not just his or her drug abuse.
Remaining in treatment for an adequate period of time is critical.
