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LRA3sample.docxSample 1
Topic with Connections
With the looming threat of global warming, some countries have chosen to move to use an increasing amount of nuclear power. One of these countries is France, which has chosen to address the problem of nuclear waste possibly getting into the environment in an innovative way, recycling it into new fuel. My main focus will be on the carbon dioxide produced by traditional power plants that have created the need for nuclear, and the French way of dealing with the possibly very harmful waste from their power plants.
Diverse Perspectives
Overall, my sources don’t diverge too much in what they describe as the best option. They pretty much all agree that France has a very good system for their nuclear power. The only true difference in opinion is based on the fact that after the fuel is refined, it is weapons-grade. Which makes it much more important to keep the reprocessed fuel secure.
Search Strategies
Due to the limited nature of primary sources for nuclear power, since it is hard to find individual accounts that are actually relevant to the issues I am addressing, I had to limit my search to mostly government reports that analyze the raw data in order to interpret it for the use of policy setters. So to find the sources, I used two methods. For the Mathias report to the US Senate, I used Google Scholar to find it. I actually got quite lucky to find the IEA report. I was reading through a non-scholarly source in order to learn more for myself. When I got to the end, I read through the sources and found an IEA report for the US. So I went to the IEA site and managed to find another report for France.
Description of Paper Organization
I think that in my paper it will be important to cover a few different topics in order to adequately address my main topic. I will start the paper with my thesis. Then I will give a brief history of the beginning of nuclear research through the beginning of nuclear power and up to current times. Then I will cover why nuclear power is increasing in popularity in some countries (global warming and co2). From there I will go into the problem of nuclear waste and what France is doing to solve this problem in order to have a better nuclear power program.
Annotated References
Scholarly Journals
Krikorian, Shant. “France's Efficiency in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: What Can 'Oui' Learn?” IAEA. IAEA, September 4, 2019. https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/frances-efficiency-in-the-nuclear-fuel-cycle-what-can-oui-learnLinks to an external site. .
This is an article from the International Atomic Energy Agency on France’s nuclear waste reprocessing.
Kryshev, I., T.G. Sazykina, L.N. Isaeva, Risk Assessment from Contamination of Aquatic Ecosystems in the Areas of Chernobyl and Ural Radioactive Patterns, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Volume 64, Issue 1-2, 1 April 1996, Pages 103–107, https://ntserver1.wsulibs.wsu.edu:2137/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a031547Links to an external site.
I found this through the WSU library search engines and it details the risks posed to aquatic ecosystems near Chernobyl.
Sovacool, Benjamin K. “Valuing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Nuclear Power: A Critical Survey.” Energy Policy, February 25, 2008, 2950–63. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421508001997#aep-section-id21Links to an external site. .
This is an article from the Energy Policy journal that details the carbon impacts of nuclear power and other sources of power.
Secondary Sources
Gawande, Kishore, and Hank Jenkins-Smith. “Nuclear Waste Transport and Residential Property Values: Estimating the Effects of Perceived Risks.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, vol. 42, no. 2, 2001, pp. 207–233., doi:10.1006/jeem.2000.1155.
This is an article that evaluates how nuclear waste can have real negative effects on the economy just based on where it is transported.
Goldschmidt, Bertrand. The Atomic Complex : a Worldwide Political History of Nuclear Energy. La Grange Park, Ill.: American Nuclear Society, 1982.
This is a book I checked out from the library that gives a detailed history or nuclear power and weapons.
Primary Sources
Mathias, Charles McC., and United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. Nuclear Power Development in France : Report to the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1981
This is a report that was given to the US Senate regarding Nuclear power development in France.
IEA (2017), "Energy Policies of IEA Countries: France 2016 Review", IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-policies-of-iea-countries-france-2016-reviewLinks to an external site.
I found this report because the IEA was in the works cited in another article I read although it wasn’t a scholarly source. This report gives a detailed analysis of France’s energy plans and policies, including nuclear.
TOPIC with CONNECTIONS
Women’s inequality in Turkey is slowly closing, with the changes to gender inequality beginning with the institution of the Tanzimat Edict in 1839, but studies have shown that female students are still lacking educationally due to traditional beliefs of modern parents.
Since 1859 girls were allowed in secondary school, however it wasn’t until 1997 that education became compulsory in Turkey. However, studies have proven that many girls, ages 6-14, are still not in school. Turkish parents often still follow traditionalist views when it comes to education which explains how this gap still has not closed since it was not until just a few years ago when education became required for children. Since the rate of students dropping out of schools has been equal between male and female genders, the education gap in Turkey still has not closed.
The Tanzimat Edict in 1839 began making the government in Turkey take a closer look at the inequality of the genders, however, women’s Inequality became a debatable topic in 1868 when a newspaper article first began mentioning the various inequalities between the genders, including in education. Women began speaking up about ways in which they were treated differently but mainly about how improving their education would also improve their households. Education in Turkey did not take a turn for improvement until 1997, when education for females became compulsory, however, that has not stopped parents from following traditionalist views in regards to education and still insisting their female children do not need schooling. This research paper will dive into how history has attempted to change the education of females in Turkey since 1839, how it has progressed since that time, and what is still causing the females in Turkey to receive less education than their male counterparts.
DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES
The government in Turkey began making changes to the Ottoman empire in the mid 1800’s, however, these changes did not seem to touch gender inequality until 1908 when women decided to take matters into their own hands to force the government to begin making changes with the start of the women’s movement. However, even with the government stepping in and eventually including making education required of females, many parents in Turkey are still not requiring their female children to attend school. Because of this traditional view of education - where men should be educated and females should care for the home - the inequality of education between the genders still stands. Within my research paper, I will take a look at both the governmental opinions and requirements of education as well as the parental point of view regarding traditional ideas of education for women.
SEARCH STRATEGIES
After revising my research topic and questions, I began searching for more focused articles about education in Turkey. I took to the school library, specifically looking for scholarly articles regarding the gender gaps in education in Turkey. I found several scholarly cited journals. The main difficulty I have found for sources is that many of them are in Turkish. I am currently still searching for some English translations of those resources. The ones that I have found most of my information from, as of now, are listed here. The books I have chosen, I ordered from Amazon and have just begun getting research from. One of them gives a full history of the education in Turkey, including the inequalities present. Primary sources are very difficult since the changes began to take place in the 1800s, I have not been able to find direct sources for this. However, I have found information regarding the Tanzimat Edict which started the changes and will be using it for my research as well.
Description of Paper Organization
I will develop a strong thesis statement, derived from my above explanation of my paper, and begin my paper with that. Directly after that, I look to focus on an introduction which will let my readers know what my paper is about. My first section will include a history of the inequality of the genders, with a focus on education; this will be the historical roots aspect of the problem of gender inequality in Turkey, specifically in education.. I will then move into the history of the government’s involvement with the gender inequality in education beginning with the Tanzimat Edict and continuing to requiring education of females in 1997. I will then move on to the issues that still plague the inequality of education of the genders, specifically focusing on how traditionalist parents and their views of their female children receiving an education. I will conclude my paper with a re-cap of all the information included in the paper and include a strong conclusion.
Bibliography
Secondary sources
Caner A, Guven C, Okten C, Sakalli S. Gender Roles and the Education Gender Gap in Turkey. Social Indicators Research. 2016;129(3):1231-1254. doi:10.1007/s11205-015-1163-7
This is a scholarly Article that has been cited several times, found in the school library, SearchIT. This article discusses the gender gap in Turkey that is still evident today. It gives a great history of the problems that exist in all gender inequality but focuses mainly on the educational system.
Durakbaşa A, Karapehlivan F. Progress and Pitfalls in Women’s Education in Turkey (1839-2017). Encounters on Education. 2018;19:70-89. doi:10.24908/eoe-ese-rse.v19i0.11915
This is a scholarly article found in the school library. It has been cited many times in other educational works and articles. This discusses the educational gap for women in Turkey beginning with the start of the changes and progresses to modern times.
Books
Esmerleda, Cervantes. Address on the Education and Literature of the Women of Turkey. Forgotten Books, 2017.
This is a book that I found on Amazon, I have purchased it but have not finished researching it. In the description, it is described as be a full history of the education of women in Turkey including the educational inequality prevalent in the country.
Nohl, Arnd-Michael, and Arzu Akkoyunlu-Wigley. Education in Turkey. Munster: Waxmann, 2008.
This is a book about the history of education in Turkey which includes information about the inequality between male and female students. I found this one on Amazon though I have not fully read it yet, the description of the book is what pushed me to buy it.
Primary Sources
World Economic Forum. (2018). World Gender Gap - 2018. Switzerland: World Economic Forum.
This my first primary source that I will be getting information regarding ranking of education in Turkey from. This report is available online. It covers genders gaps in education, economics, health and politics.
Barro RJ, Lee J. International data on educational attainment: updates and implications. Oxford Economic Papers. 2001;53(3):541-563. doi:10.1093/oep/53.3.541.
This primary source is a report on educational attainment and the ways it can be corrected. It is in regards to many countries but Turkey is included.
Additional Source
Meltem Ucal, Mary Lou O'Neil & Sule Toktas (2015) Gender and the Wage Gap in Turkish Academia, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 17:4, 447-464, DOI: 10.1080/19448953.2015.1063309
This report was found on the school’s library, it discusses gaps in inequality in Turkey, mainly in academia.
Hanioğlu, M. Ş. (2010). A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton University Press.
I found this book online when I was searching for information on the Tanzimat Edict for a primary source. This gives a great history of the Ottoman Empire and discusses the Tanzimat inside it.
