Hepatocellular Carcinoma

HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Capstone DMS 319

Submitted to

Dr. Shahida

Submitted by

Adriana Santibanez

Date

OUTLINE

Abstract or introduction

What is Hepatocellular Carcinoma?

What causes Hepatocellular Carcinoma?

Symptoms

Stages

Treatments & cost

Abstract: Heptaocellular Carcinoma is cancer that it is formed in the liver. There are several factors that can lead to the liver getting cancer. The mayor factors are Cirrohisis, Heptatis B and Hepatits C. The symptoms of Heptocellular Carcinoma don’t appear in early stage but the symptoms that some patients experience later on are abdominal discomfort, weight loss, Jaundice which is yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, Gastrointestinal hemorrhage, nausea and persistent itching. There are screening that a patient can undergo to detect the tumor such as Ultrasound, Computed tomography, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Angiography and biopsy.

Conclusion : Hepatocellular Carcinoma can be cured if detected early and if it is given the adequate treatment.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma is the main type of liver cancer that affects most adults and it is the result of many years of liver damage. Hepatcoellular Carcinoma is seen as the results of severe liver damage in men more than women. As mention in the article Incidence Of Heptaocelluoar Carcinoma “The average annual percentage change (AAPC) between 2000 and 2012 was higher in men (increase, 3.7%) than in women (increase, 2.7%), and highest in 55- to 59-year-old individuals (AAPC, 8.9%; 95% CI, 7.1%–10.7%) and 60- to 64-year-old individuals (AAPC, 6.4%; 95% CI, 4.7%–8.2%)The cancerous cell takes place in the Hepatocyte cell which is the main parenchymal tissue of the liver that is about 80% of the liver mass. Furthermore, Liver Cancer is related to the DNA mutation cell which begins to out grow more than normal becoming cancer which ends up to Hepaticellular Carcinoma. There are several factors that lead to Hepatocellular Carcinoma such as Cirrhosis, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. However, some people don’t get regularly check by a doctor and don’t know how far in the stage of liver cancer they are at. There are a variety of tests and treatments they can undergo to prevent their cancer from advancing.

To begin with, Cirrhosis has been the major factor that has causes Hepatocellular Carcinoma due to many years of consuming alcohol. That causes scarring in the liver which then prevents the liver from functioning properly. Once the scar is in the liver the patients liver won’t let blood flow properly which causes the process of nutrients, hormones, natural toxins and drugs to slow down their process. It also reduces the production of proteins and other substances made by the liver. If it is not diagnosed and treated on time this could become a life threatening stage that could terminate a patient’s life. As mention in the article Cirrhosis of the Liver Scientists estimate that cirrhosis of the liver affects about one in 400 adults in the U.S. It affects about 1 in 200 adults age 45 to 54, the age group most commonly affected by cirrhosis. Cirrhosis causes about 26,000 deaths each year in the U.S. and is the seventh leading cause of death in the U.S. among adults 25 to 64 years of age. Patients who are most likely to get cirrhosis are the ones who abuse alcohol, have viral hepatitis , have unprotected sex, are obese, have diabetes, inject drugs and have a history of liver disease. Once cirrhosis is established, however, HCC develops at an annual rate of 1% to 4%. (El‐Serag, H. (2003, December 30)

Furthermore, Hepatitis B is an infection that is caused by HBV which affected the liver. This infection has no cure but can be prevented from getting infected by getting the vaccine. It is very vital that everyone gets vaccinated regardless of their age because kids can be more affected than adults. As mention in Mayo Clinic most adults with hepatitis B recover fully, even if their signs and symptoms are severe. Infants and children are more likely to develop a chronic (long-lasting) hepatitis B infection. The difference between chronic and acute hepatitis is the time and how quick your immune system can fight the infection. Acute Hepatitis B lasts less than six months unlike Chronic Hepatitis which last more than six months leading to serious liver damage because of immune system taking longer to fight the disease. People can get infected by a variety of ways like sexual contact, sharing needles, accidental needle sticks and mother to child.

To continue, Hepatitis C is also an infection that is has no cure and no vaccine. People has to be aware of the ways they could get infected by HCV because it’s a life lasting disease. The ways they could get infected as similar to the HBV and

References

C. (n.d.). Cirrhosis of the liver: What is it, symptoms, causes & stages. Retrieved February 18, 2021, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15572-cirrhosis-of-the-liver

El‐Serag, H. (2003, December 30). Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis C in the United States. Retrieved February 26, 2021, from https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1053/jhep.2002.36807

Hopkins, J. (n.d.). Liver cancer (Hepatocellular Carcinoma). Retrieved February 18, 2021, from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/liver-cancer-hepatocellular-carcinoma?amp=true

Liver cancer. (2019, May 04). Retrieved February 24, 2021, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353659

White, D., Thrift, A., Kanwal, F., Davila, J., & El-Serag, H. (2017, March). Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in all 50 United States, from 2000 through 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5346030/

References: What is hepatocellular CARCINOMA (HCC)? (n.d.). Retrieved February 18, 2021, from https://www.mountsinai.org/care/cancer/services/liver/hepatocellular-carcinoma

(2020, January). Liver Cancer Statistics. Retrieved February 17, 2021, from https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/liver-cancer/statistics