Prof writing & proposal Devel(DSRT) course

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Research Question: What impact do Dual-Enrollment and Advanced Placement courses have on college acceptance?

Chapter II: Literature Review

History of Higher Education in America

In 1607 Jamestown was founded as the first settlement by the Europeans and in 1629 the

Massachusetts Bay Colony was established (Blitz, 2015). As more and more colonists came to

America the need for higher education became a growing need. In 1636 the Massachusetts Bay

Colony founded the “New College later to be renamed Harvard University (Harvard History).

Long before the Declaration of Independence was signed, and the states made known their

intention to leave British rule education was a priority in America. Eight additional colleges in

total would be established before the nation would be founded - the College of William and

Mary, Yale, Princeton University, Columbia University, University of Pennsylvania, Brown

University, Rutgers University, and Dartmouth. These liberal art colleges allowed education for

clergy, law, business, and medicine and were the only organized higher education until the

founding of The United States of America (Stoeckel, p. 45-46). These institutions would lead

higher education through the American Revolution and into a new era in American history.

From 1776 to 1950? Is it necessary girth and body to lead into the next section?

History of Advanced Placement

The early 1950s brought an awakening to higher education. On the heels of the World

War II some felt that students excelling in already rigorous courses were not challenged enough.

The Ford Foundation published General Education in School and College in 1951 with the idea

that freshman level courses could be offered to select high school students for college credit. In

1952, a planning session in Washington, DC led to college administrators, principals, and

superintendents discussing implementation. Initially seven schools agreed to the program, and

Commented [NC1]:

Commented [NC2R1]: Should this be bulleted?

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then seven more, and then 10 more schools were added. The program grew and gained

momentum. Each school had to determine how students would be chosen, what course offerings

were feasible, and how to implement the exams. May 1954 brought the first standardized

Advanced Placement examinations to the first twenty-seven schools. The standardized tests

headed by Educational Testing Service (ETS) and reported by the School and College Study of

Admissions with Advanced Standing. These exams were compared to those of college freshmen

in the same courses from the colleges involved in implementation. The results led to the creation

of ten subject areas for more development. The summer of 1955 Advanced Placement was

adopted by The College Board. The College Board designed several common practices. Exams

could be no more than 3 hours and the exam fee was set at $10 per exam. A grading scale of 1

(Fail) to 5 (High Honors) was implemented within each subject area. The first group of AP

students to take exams in 1954 enrolled in eighty-two colleges. These colleges had to have scores

reported to them, then the college had to determine to accept the score. The exams along with the

students answers and essays were sent for review. AP Director Charles R. Keller stated that

“College people were reluctant to believe that school teachers, could do something as well as –

or almost as well as – they could. However, the response was generally positive from most

colleges through the initial evaluation process. The College Board scheduled a series of

conferences to discuss educational concerns but to also gain interest at colleges and secondary

schools.

History of Dual-Enrollment

Dual-enrollment (DE) programs began in the 1970s. These programs where high school

students were also enrolled in college allowed high school students to take advanced

rigorous courses and receive high school and college credits. This practice allowed

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students to challenge themselves, have a head start on college, and lower the cost of

college since most DE courses were offered at a discounted rate or for free.

x Differences of DE & AP x Competition of College acceptance

Narrow Categories that are closer to the work you are doing

x Dual-Enrollment and Advanced Placement opportunity growth x Pro s & Con s of DE & AP x High stakes college acceptance

Specific Categories

● What are colleges looking for in applicants?

References

Blitz, M. (2015, September 3). The Oldest City in the United States. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/us-oldest-city-st-augustine-florida-180956434/.

History. https://www.harvard.edu/about-harvard/harvard-glance/history.

Rothschild, E. (1999). Four Decades of the Advanced Placement Program. The History Teacher, 32(2), 175. https://doi.org/10.2307/494439

Stoeckel, A. (1976). Presidents, professors, and politics: the colonial colleges and the American revolution (3rd ed., Vol. 1). Ball State University. Department of History.

Thelin, J. R. (2019). A history of American higher education. Johns Hopkins University Press.