employing additional staff can improve service delivery?

Article #

APA Citation

Article Name

Study Objective

N

Sampling Type (probability or non-probability; subtype)

Who were in the sample (eg. Undergraduate psych majors; homeless persons in Shelter B)

Design: Cross-sectional or longitudinal; Design name (eg. One shot case study, quasi-experimental comparison group; true experimental design

Key Variables Measured: Identify the IV & DV (eg.

Change in level of anger; increase in knowledge about….; satisfaction with…..; gender; employment status, etc)

Measurement Instrument Used (name if standardized; or created by researchers) &

Data Collection Methods (interview, mailed survey, focus groups, etc)

Main Findings

Article # 1

Thomas, J., & Otis, M. (2010). Intrapsychic Correlates of Professional Quality of Life: Mindfulness, Empathy, and Emotional Separation. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research,1(2), 83-98. doi:10.5243/jsswr.2010.7

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/10.5243/jsswr.2010.7.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A817e0cecf35a344c4c55b928d96a0082

Intrapsychic Correlates of Professional Quality of Life: Mindfulness, Empathy, and Emotional Separation

Evaluate relationship between Mindfulness, Empathy, emotional separation to professional quality of life in social workers including compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction.

N=171

LCSWs whose ages ranged from 31 to 80 Sample participants had an average of 21.3 years of social work experience and most participants were female

The ProQOL is a 30-item self-report measure made up of three distinct 10-item scales, each of which measures fatigue, risk of burnout, compassion satisfactionN/A Comment by Windows User: There were two hypotheses in this study, so there were IVs and DVs. (-5 points)

1. Questionnaires were administered by the authors. Comment by Windows User: Good!

2. All data analyses were conducted using SPSS 16.0 for Windows. After an examination of zero-order correlations among all study variables, simultaneous entry ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was used to examine which measures demonstrated the strongest associations with each of the three outcome variables – compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction. Emotional separation, mindfulness, and the four empathy subscales were included in each model

Results indicated a significant relationship between higher emotional separation scores and lower compassion fatigue and burnout scores, as well as higher compassion satisfaction scores. Mindfulness not only demonstrated the strongest association with compassion satisfaction but also contributed significantly to the variance in burnout scores.  

Article # 2

GIBSON, F., McGRATH, A., & REID, N. (1989). Occupational Stress in Social Work. The British Journal of Social Work, 19(1), 1-18. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23708780

Occupational Stress In Social Work

Identify forms and intensities of stress levels in social workers in Northern Ireland

N= 176

Certified Social Workers in Northern Ireland.

IV: Social Workers

DV: Stress levels

.General Health Questionnaire, Maslach Burnout Inventory

While the majority of participants were fulfilled with the role of social worker, nearly 75% had thought about leaving the field due to demands emotionally.

Article # 3

Teixeira, C., Ribeiro, O., Fonseca, A., & Carvalho, A. (2014). Ethical decision making in intensive care units: A burnout risk factor? Results from a multicentre study conducted with physicians and nurses. Journal of Medical Ethics, 40(2), 97-103. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/43282928

Ethical decision making in intensive care units: A burnout risk factor? Results from a multicentre study conducted with physicians and nurses

Examines the burnout risk for clinicians when consistently having to make decisions with life status consequences.

N=115

300 Intensive Care professionals, 27%were physicians and 73% nurses

Mixed

IV: Nurses and Doctors

DV: burnout measure

Maslach burnout inventory with supplemental questions added by researchers.

Ethical decisions were identified as a maker for burnout as a result of interaction with patient families, disclosing information. Due to the nature of each role between nurse and doctor in theses discussions, there is higher burnout associated with nurses. -Due to overlap in role of nurses and social workers when communicating with families, we can potentially bridge the data to reference our topic

Article # 4

Rushton, C. H., Kaszniak, A. W., & Halifax, J. S. (2013). A Framework for Understanding Moral Distress among Palliative Care Clinicians. Journal Of Palliative Medicine, 16(9), 1074-1079. doi:10.1089/jpm.2012.0490

http://web.a.ebscohost.com.proxy.library.nyu.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=5&sid=f06df747-29f7-4a7b-a15d-45a27e67c30c%40sessionmgr4009&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=90259600&db=a9h

A Framework for Understanding Moral Distress among Palliative Care Clinicians

Psychotherapy as a form of effective meaningful intervention, used as foundation for effective intervention win palliative care clinicians, serving as a jumping off point for mindfulness intervention

NA

Non-probability- purposive

NA

Exploration of factors leading to the underlying stress of working in palliative field

NA

There is an underlying moral outrage found in clinicians in the field of palliative care, causing moral distress in the populations treating palliative patients, resulting in fatigue.

-The adaptation and expansion of a conceptual framework offers a promising approach to designing interventions that help clinicians mitigate the detrimental consequences of unregulated moral distress and to build the resilience necessary to sustain themselves in clinical service.

Article # 5

Harrison, K. L., Dzeng, E., Ritchie, C. S., Shanafelt, T. D., Kamal, A. H., Bull, J. H., … Swetz, K. M. (2017). Addressing palliative care clinician burnout in organizations: a workforce necessity, an ethical imperative. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 53(6), 1091–1096. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.01.007

Addressing palliative care clinician burnout in organizations: a workforce necessity, an ethical imperative

Call for examination of the shortage of clinicians in palliative care, to look specifically at a systems perspective to identify factors of burnout as well as the necessary intervention to address the issues in a variety organization that should be helping to address the issue. Past research puts intervention on the individual without actually offering organizational support in clinician health outcomes.

NA

- Routinely measuring and reporting clinician burnout along with other organizational quality metrics would help to monitor whether changes to the practice patterns mitigate or intensify burnout and its concomitant impact on care quality.

- Taking a systems-level approach to burnout and improving the professional lives of clinicians will allow organizations to ensure access to high quality HPC for patients and families.

Article #6

Ginny Sprang, James J. Clark & Adrienne Whitt-Woosley (2007) Compassion Fatigue, Compassion Satisfaction, and Burnout: Factors Impacting a Professional's Quality of Life, Journal of Loss and Trauma, 12:3, 259-280

http://web.b.ebscohost.com.proxy.library.nyu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=5cf3cddd-fd77-42b5-8cb8-6f920638d49a%40sessionmgr120

Compassion Fatigue, Compassion Satisfaction, and Burnout: Factors Impacting a Professional's Quality of Life

N= 1121

Licensure:

MD,

LCSW,

CSW

LPCC

LMFT

LSW

CADC

Psychologist,

Settings:

Community Mental Health,

Public agency,

Private nonprofit

Inpatient Care

Private Practice

Cross sectional

IV: Healthcare professional of varying roles

Professional Quality of Life Scale: 30 item self-report measurement

-102 item survey

Healthcare professionals with greater access to psychotherapy training are better equipped to deal with CF/burnout

# 7

Baer, R.A., Smith, G.T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L., (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 27–45. doi: 10.1177/1073191105283504

http://journals.sagepub.com.proxy.library.nyu.edu/doi/pdf/10.1177/1073191105283504

Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness

The article provides insight into building questionnaire packets, influencing our own study as a metric for qualitative data fathered around the topic of mindfulness. The purposes of this project were to examine psychometric characteristics of recently developed mindfulness questionnaires, to use these instruments to investigate the facet structure of mindfulness, to examine whether identified facets are differentially correlated with a variety of constructs that are conceptually related to mindfulness, and to test whether facets have incremental validity in the prediction of psychological symptoms

N= 613

Undergraduate psychology students

Cross-sectional

DV: Effectiveness in measuring mindfulness outcomes

Questionnaires:

MAAS

FMI

KIMS, CAMS

MQ

When analyzing mindfulness effectiveness, the best approach is multifaceted rather than relying on one form of assessment. Prior scales and measurements should be combined to measure more targeted aspects of mindfulness

# 8

Lisa Quinn-Lee, Leah Olson-McBride & April Unterberger (2014) Burnout and Death Anxiety in Hospice Social Workers, Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care, 10:3, 219-239, DOI: 10.1080/15524256.2014.938891

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15524256.2014.938891?scroll=top&needAccess=true

Burnout and Death Anxiety in Hospice Social Workers, Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care

Identify the burnout rate and more complex issues of anxiety within the field of social work

N= 290

Wisconsin and Minnesota based hospice and palliative care facilities- private and public

Cross-secitonal

DV: Results of questionnaire

Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS), the Death Anxiety Questionnaire (DAQ), a demographic questionnaire

(a) personal interest in hospice social work developed through a variety of ways; (b) although death anxiety decreased from exposure and understanding of the death process, there was increased death anxiety surrounding working with certain patients; and

(c) burnout was primarily related to workload or difficult cases.

#9

Rachael Crowder & Alexandra Sears (2016) Building Resilience in Social Workers: An Exploratory Study on the Impacts of a Mindfulness-based Intervention, Australian Social Work, 70:1, 17-29, DOI: 10.1080/0312407X.2016.1203965

Building Resilience in Social Workers: An Exploratory Study on the Impacts of a Mindfulness-based Intervention

Explore statistically significant difference in participant social workers’ levels of decentring and self-compassion (indicating resilience), burnout, perceived stress and professional quality of life after an MBSR intervention compared to a waitlist group that receives no MBSR intervention.

As well as qualitative experiences of the intervention group of social workers regarding: their relationships within the workplace (e.g., with clients, coworkers, supervisors); and their perceived level of mental health and sense of wellbeing

N= 14

Licensed social workers in Canada

mixed-methods, non-randomized

IV: Weekly support sessions

DV: Levels of evaluation for burnout and intervention effectiveness

-Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL)

-Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI)

-Experiences Questionnaire (EQ)

- Self-compassion Scale (SCS)

- Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)

Individuals reported an improvement in the three constructs of self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness, and a complementary decrease in the constructs of self-judgement, isolation, and over-identification with negative thoughts. The qualitative data also supported this finding; participants spoke about feeling kinder towards themselves, and making different choices around life-and-work balance so as to treat themselves with greater compassion.

#10

Orellana-Rios, C. L., Radbruch, L., Kern, M., Regel, Y. U., Anton, A., Sinclair, S., & Schmidt, S. (2018). Mindfulness and compassion-oriented practices at work reduce distress and enhance self-care of palliative care teams: a mixed-method evaluation of an “on the job“ program. BMC Palliative Care, 17, 3. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-017-0219-7

Mindfulness and compassion-oriented practices at work reduce distress and enhance self-care of palliative care teams: a mixed-method evaluation of an “on the job“ program

10 week longitudinal study: 10-week group program with four main objectives: 1) development of a mindful presence, 2) cultivation of Loving-Kindness 3) the practice of Tong-len in difficult situations and 4) the integration of those practices into daily work activities

staff members of a palliative care center in a faith-based community hospital in Bonn, Germany

Mixed-method, 10 week longitudinal study: 10-week group program with four main objectives: 1) development of a mindful presence, 2) cultivation of Loving-Kindness 3) the practice of Tong-len in difficult situations and 4) the integration of those practices into daily work activities

-Goal attainment scaling (GAS)

-Work Situation (NRS)

-Work Situation (NRS)

-The Symptom Checklist-90-R, Somatization Scale (SCL-90-R-SOMS)

-Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D)

-Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ-20)

-Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) 

participants reported a benefit from the training in the areas of self-care, emotional regulation skills, work-related distress, mindfulness at work and interpersonal connection skills, suggesting that highly compassionate individuals benefit differently from these practices. Qualitative interviews also suggest, that based on their expertise, staff members addressed areas they saw as relevant in order to foster sustainability of their compassionate behaviors at work. This interplay between compassion and wellbeing should be investigated more deeply in order to determine the role of self-care in nurturing compassionate behaviors in health care.