Capstone Project

Literature Review-Adverse Drugs Effects

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Literature Review-Adverse Drugs Effects

The impacts of adverse drug effects on healthcare cannot be overlooked presently. Studies have presented different evidence to show how ADEs include enhanced costs of medication, unplanned operations, increased patient mortality, and morbidity and operations. While the causes of adverse drug effects are immense (Bugnon et al., 2021). The focus has been to control the effects that result from medical malpractice by eliminating the problem from healthcare. Several scholars have investigated the problem from different perspectives. Although the scholars have approached the problem from different perspectives, all the studies are aimed at developing evidence-based solutions to the problem. The current study is not different as it compared the effectiveness of electronic medication and educating and training the nurses as means of adverse effects.

Research Questions Comparisons

The proposed study will focus on understanding how technology or electronic medication and the education and training of nurses may reduce adverse drug events among the patients, especially those suffering from chronic illnesses. The main elements of the questions are no different from the themes of the questions that have been explored in previous research. A review of the publications included in the current proposal indicates that many of the scholars focused on electronic records, medications, and how their effective interventions contribute to the reduced adverse drug effects among the patients and in a clinical setting in general. For instance, Wang et al. (2018), Kinlay et al. (2021), and Bugnon et al. (2021) in their respective studies focused on electronic medication. In the studies, the authors revealed that the effective use of electronic medication reduces adverse drug effects. Interestingly, the studies mentioned earlier are directly linked to the proposed research proposal. In the proposed study, the focus will be to investigate the effectiveness of electronic medication and the education and training of nurses to eliminate adverse drug effects. For instance, Kinlay et al. (2021) focused on the electronic medication management system. The research question explored how effective electronic medication management reduces adverse drug effects among patients with chronic illnesses. The guiding research question relevant to the currently proposed study significantly relates to the research questions that were proposed by Kinlay et al. (2021). Analysis of the research articles indicates that electronic medication takes vast account in reducing the adverse drug effects in patients. Gregory et al. (2021), is one of the few studies that incorporated a research question in their studies. The research question is also linked to the current proposal to investigate the effectiveness of education and training of nurses and electronic medication in healthcare. Many of the scholars did not employ a research question structure because of the nature of the research subject. Most comparative studies are generally quantitative since different variables are considered in the research that requires the quantification of data.

A Comparison of Sample Populations

The sample population is an important consideration for any research study, especially from a healthcare perspective. The previous studies reviewed in the current proposed study considered different population to attain their research goals. Indeed, many of the scholars did not focus on individual participants and hence did not focus on human populations but reviewed available literature from different publications to compare the elements in their questions. For instance, Li et al. (2019), Gregory et al. (2021), and Martin et al. (2018) did not focus on the human population to achieve their goals. This is no different from the proposed study which will focus on entities (healthcare organizations) that have either implemented electronic medication programs or education and training of nurses as a technique to reduce adverse drug effects. The population size approach that was taken by Bugnon et al. (2021) is very unique, especially in understanding the problem and creating the most effective solution. Bugnon et al. (2021) focus on the entire Swiss population in their study and this could have enhanced the generalization of the study findings. To enhance the generalization of the proposed study findings, the population size will be considerable hence exposing the research to a plethora of information to help deduce the findings.

A Comparison of the Limitations of the Study

Like other research studies, the current study is not devoid of research limitations. Some of the limitations are humanly created while others are caused by the system. Analysis of the previous studies indicates that research sample and selection has been the main obstacle that negatively impacts the findings. A study by Bugnon et al. (2021) noted that a small sample size for statistical measurements was a problem that may have compromised the study findings. Fuller et al. (2018) and Lau et al. (2018) in their separate studies revealed that effective data collection methods and analysis in this area were a huge obstacle for them. Indeed, such studies are complex and they require improved data collection, handling, and analysis method to yield successful findings. It is predicted that data access will be a huge limitation of the current study.

A Conclusion and Recommendations for Further Research

Analysis of the research studies related to the currently proposed study indicates that adverse drug effects pose a significant healthcare challenge. The causes of the ADEs are known and the solutions should be fast-tracked to eliminate the problem. Studies indicate that electronic medication programs are more effective in the management and control of adverse drug effects among patients as compared to other methods. Considering the dominating findings of the studies, a study should be conducted to investigate why education and training of nurses is not the preferred technique to eliminate adverse drug effects.

References

Bugnon, B., Geissbuhler, A., Bischoff, T., Bonnabry, P., & von Plessen, C. (2021). Improving primary care medication processes by using shared electronic medication plans in Switzerland: Lessons learned from a participatory action research study. JMIR Formative Research, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.2196/22319

Fuller, A. E. C., Guirguis, L. M., Sadowski, C. A., & Makowsky, M. J. (2018). Electronic Medication Administration records in long‐term Care Facilities: A scoping review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 66(7), 1428–1436. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15384 .

Gregory, L. R., Lim, R., MacCullagh, L., Riley, T., Tuqiri, K., Heiler, J., & Peters, K. (2021). Intensive Care Nurses' experiences with the new electronic medication administration record. Nursing Open, 9(3), 1895–1901. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.939 .

Kinlay, M., Ho, L. M., Zheng, W. Y., Burke, R., Juraskova, I., Moles, R., & Baysari, M. (2021). Electronic Medication Management Systems: Analysis of enhancements to reduce errors and improve workflow. Applied Clinical Informatics, 12(05), 1049–1060. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1739196 .

Lau, G., Ho, J., Lin, S., Yeoh, K., Wan, T., & Hodgkinson, M. (2018). Patient and clinician perspectives of an integrated electronic medication prescribing and dispensing system: A qualitative study at a multisite Australian Hospital Network. Health Information Management Journal, 48(1), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1833358317720601 .

Li, R., Zaidi, S. T., Chen, T., & Castelino, R. (2019). Effectiveness of interventions to improve adverse drug reaction reporting by healthcare professionals over the last decade: A systematic review. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 29(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.4906

Martin, P., Tamblyn, R., Benedetti, A., Ahmed, S., & Tannenbaum, C. (2018). Effect of a pharmacist-led educational intervention on inappropriate medication prescriptions in older adults. JAMA, 320(18), 1889. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.16131

Wang, H., Meng, L., Song, J., Yang, J., Li, J., & Qiu, F. (2018). Electronic medication reconciliation in hospitals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 25(5), 245–250. https://doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2017-001441 .